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5:0@AB25==K5

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<8:>;>3, :0=4840B 18>;>38G5A:8E =0C:

>A:20
2014


3;02;5=85
B 02B>@0 ................................................. 8
;03>40@=>AB8........................................ 9
2545=85.................................................. 12
A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2 ......................... 12
(0<?8=L>= ?>;52>9 ............................... 24
(0<?8=L>= 42CA?>@>2K9 ...................... 25
(0<?8=L>= 42C:>;LF52>9 ..................... 29
(0<?8=L>= >1K:=>25==K9 ................... 30
(0<?8=L>= ;5A=>9 ................................. 32
(0<?8=L>= 65;B>:>689 ........................ 33
>;52:0 B25@40O ...................................... 34
;L10B@5;;CA A;820NI89AO .................. 35
"@CB>28: >25G89 ...................................... 36
CE><>@ F570@A:89 ................................ 38
CE><>@ ;8<>==>-65;BK9 .................... 40
CE><>@ :@0A=K9 .................................... 42
078 ......................................................................... 50
0H8F0 .................................................................... 50
0AB>9:0, 20@80=B 1.............................................. 50
0AB>9:0, 20@80=B 2.............................................. 50
0AB>9:0 87 <CE><>@0 4;O :><?@5AA>2,
?>2O7>: 8 @0AB8@0=89 .......................................... 51
0AB>O2H89AO A>: <CE><>@0
4;O :><?@5AA>2 ...................................................... 51
CE><>@=K9 G09 (B>=878@CNI89
>1I5C:@5?;ONI89 =0?8B>:) ............................. 51

CE><>@ ?0=B5@=K9 ............................... 53
;54=0O ?>30=:0....................................... 55
CE><>@ :@0A=5NI89 ............................ 58
>?;02>: A5@K9 ....................................... 60

CE><>@ 2>=NG89 ................................... 61
?5=>: A525@=K9 ..................................... 63
?5=>: 274CBK9 ....................................... 66
?5=>: <54>2K9 ...................................... 67
?5=>: B5<=K9 ......................................... 68
?5=>: 4C1>2K9 ....................................... 69
@@5=8O ?=520O ....................................... 69
A:>:>@8=5 <OA=0O .................................. 70
2574>28: 383@><5B@8G5A:89 ................ 72
C@8:C;O@8O CE>284=0O ......................... 73
>@>28: 1@>=7>2K9 ................................. 76
>;LA:89 3@81 .......................................... 77
5;K9 3@81 5;>2K9 ................................. 79
>44C1=8: ................................................ 81
5;K9 3@81 A>A=>2K9 .............................. 82
5;K9 3@81 4C1>2K9 ............................... 83
>E>28: 75;5=K9..................................... 84
0;>F5@0 :;59:0O .................................... 85
09A:89 3@81 ............................................ 86
>;>20G C4;8=5==K9 ............................... 87
>;>20G <5H:>284=K9 ............................ 88
8A8G:0 65;B0O ........................................ 90
>4>G=0O =0AB>9:0
?@8 701>;520=8OE ?5G5=8 ................................... 92
=B835;L<8=B=0O 2>4>G=0O =0AB>9:0
(20@80=B 1) .............................................................. 92
=B835;L<8=B=0O 2>4>G=0O =0AB>9:0
(20@80=B 2) .............................................................. 92
@8 <0;>:@>288 .................................................... 92

&5@@5=0 >4=>F25B=0O ............................. 93
>:@CE0 A>A=>20O .................................... 94


3

3;02;5=85

!?>@K=LO .................................................. 95
B20@ A?>@K=L8 ?@8 <83@5=8. .......................... 98
!?>@K=LO ?@8 =0@CH5=88
:@>2>>1@0I5=8O ................................................... 98
$5@<5=B A?>@K=L8 >B =0@:>7028A8<>AB8....... 98
0AB>9:0 A?>@K=L8
?@8 4>;38E <5=AB@C0F8OE .................................... 98

>2>@CH:0 15;5A0O .................................. 98
>2>@CH:0 1C;02>=>30O.......................... 99
>2>@CH:0 ?@>A25G820NI0O ................. 100
>2>@CH:0 ?>4>3=CB0O ............................ 102
>2>@CH:0 A5@0O ...................................... 103
>428H5==8: ............................................ 104
>;;818O ;5A>;N1820O .......................... 105
!CE;O=:0 42C;5B=OO ................................. 106
02>7=8: A5@K9 ........................................ 107
02>7=8: 15;K9 ....................................... 109
02>7=8: @0AA5O==K9.............................. 111
02>7=8: 4><0H=89 ................................ 112
02>7=8: <5@F0NI89 ............................. 113
>@48F5?A 2>>@C65==K9 ....................... 114
0CB8==8: 1@0A;5BG0BK9 ........................ 118
0CB8==8: =04;><;5==K9 ...................... 119
0CB8==8: :@>202>-:@0A=K9 .................. 120
0CB8==8: :>7;8=K9 ............................... 121
>@>=>G=8: @>6:>284=K9 ..................... 122
@5?84>BCA <O3:89 .................................. 124
>:0;LG8: 3;04:89 ................................... 125
@8?B>?>@CA 2>;L2>=>A=K9 .................. 126
>:0;LG8: =02>7=K9................................ 127
>:0;LG8: ?>;>A0BK9 .............................. 128
C1:0 4C1>20O ........................................... 130
540;5>?A8A 1C3@8ABK9 .......................... 131
0;L48=8O :>=F5=B@8G5A:0O.................. 133
"@ND5;L >;5=89 ...................................... 134
-:A848O 65;578AB0O ................................ 136
5G5=>G=8F0 >1K:=>25==0O .................. 137
8<=89 3@81 ............................................. 139
"@CB>28: >1K:=>25==K9 ........................ 144
"@CB>28: >:09<;5==K9 ........................... 146
"@CB>28: ?;>A:89..................................... 148
"@CB>28: ;0:8@>20==K9 ......................... 149
5<;O=0O 725740 10E@><G0B0O .............. 153
5<;O=0O 725740 A2>4G0B0O ................... 154
5<;O=0O 725740 <5H:>284=0O ............. 155

5<;O=0O 725740 B@>9=0O ....................... 156
01>@=K9 3@81 ......................................... 158
>:@CE0 5;>20O........................................ 159
@81-10@0= ................................................ 160
!B@>G>: >1K:=>25==K9 .......................... 164
!8=O: .......................................................... 166
6528: :>@0;;>284=K9 .......................... 167
6528: 3@515=G0BK9................................ 168
C1:0 :>@=520O ......................................... 170
6528: 65;BK9 ......................................... 172
83@>F815 :>=8G5A:0O ............................. 173
83@>D>@ 4CH8ABK9 ................................ 175
83@>D>@ 65;B>20B>-15;K9 ................... 176
83@>D>@ >;82:>2>-15;K9 ..................... 177
>6=>>?5=>: A5@=>-65;BK9 .................. 178
>6=>>?5=>: :8@?8G=>-:@0A=K9 .......... 179
>;>:>==8F0 70>AB@5==0O...................... 180
'030 ............................................................ 181
?5=>: ;5B=89 .......................................... 186
0:>28F0 @>7>20O .................................... 188
 K68: A>A=>2K9 ....................................... 189
 K68: 5;>2K9........................................... 191
@C74L ?5@5G=K9 ...................................... 192
@C74L A8=5NI89 ..................................... 193
@C74L =0AB>OI89 .................................... 194
>@L:CH:0 ................................................. 195
!:@8?8F0 ................................................... 196
>;>G09 .................................................... 197
"@CB>28: A5@=>-65;BK9 .......................... 198
>64528: 3830=BA:89 .............................. 201
"@CB>28: ;8AB25==8G=K9........................ 203
>415@57>28: >1K:=>25==K9 ............... 205
>4>A8=>28: 65;B>-1C@K9..................... 206
8;>;8AB=8: AJ54>1=K9 ........................ 207
5=78B5A 15@57>2K9 ................................ 211
 O4>2:0 D8>;5B>20O ................................ 212
 O4>2:0 ;8;>2>=>30O .............................. 214
 O4>2:0 3830=BA:0O .................................. 215
>64528: H8?>20BK9 ............................. 216
>64528: 3@CH5284=K9 ......................... 217
 O4>2:0 A:CG5==0O ................................... 218
@81-7>=B8: 2KA>:89 ............................... 219
53=8NG=8: 25B>G:>2K9 ......................... 220
'5A=>G=8: ;C:>2K9.................................. 221


4

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

53=8NG=8: BKG8=:>284=K9 ................. 222
?5=>: ;C3>2>9 ........................................ 223
'5A=>G=8: >1K:=>25==K9 ...................... 225
5=56:0 H8@>:>?;0AB8=G0B0O .............. 227
5@8?8;CA 3830=BA:89 ............................ 228
!<>@G>: :>=8G5A:89................................ 229
!<>@G>: AJ54>1=K9 ................................ 231
<D0;>BCA <0A;8G=K9 ........................... 233
#45<0=A85;;0 A;878AB0O ........................ 235
5H5=:0 ?>74=OO ..................................... 236
0=5;;CA 2O6CI89 .................................. 237
!28=CH:0 B>;AB0O .................................... 238
!28=CH:0 B>=:0O ...................................... 239
5F8F0 ?C7K@G0B0O.................................. 240
5A5;:0 >1K:=>25==0O............................ 241
5:>B>@K5 A?>A>1K ?@83>B>2;5=8O
8 ?@8<5=5=8O ......................................................... 243
;O =0@C6=>3> ?@8<5=5=8O ............................... 244

"@CB>28: ;>6=K9 ..................................... 245
!>A=>20O 3C1:0 ......................................... 247
'5HC9G0B:0 >;LE>20O .............................. 248
'5HC9G0B:0 7>;>B8AB0O .......................... 249
'5HC9G0B:0 :0<545=>A=0O ..................... 250
'5HC9G0B:0 G5HC9G0B0O ......................... 251
'5HC9G0B:0 A:>;L7:0O ............................. 252
C1:0 15@57>20O ....................................... 253
87>;8B :@0A8;L=K9 ............................... 255
5H5=:0 ;8<>==>-65;B0O ...................... 257
5H5=:0 @>6:>284=0O ............................ 258
5H5=:0 AB5?=0O ...................................... 259
5H5=:0 CAB@8G=0O .................................. 261
5H5=:0 ;53>G=0O .................................... 263
;NB59 >;5=89 ......................................... 264
"@CB>28: G5HC9G0BK9 ............................. 265
"@CB>28: 7>=B8G=K9 ................................ 267
>6=>56528: ABC45=8ABK9 .................... 268
A8;>F815 ?>;C;0=F5B>284=0O ............ 269
"@CB>28: :8=>20@=>-:@0A=K9 ................ 271
 >30B8: 3@>745284=K9 ............................ 272
>;;818O ?OB=8AB0O ................................ 273
 >4>BCA 4;0=5284=K9 ............................. 274
>;?0: :>;LG0BK9 .................................... 275
!K@>56:0 A8=5-65;B0O ........................... 277
>43@C74>: 15;K9 ................................... 278
>43@C74>: G0AB>?;0AB8=G0BK9 ............ 279

0;C9 .......................................................... 280
>43@C74>: G5@=5NI89 .......................... 281
!K@>56:0 A5;54>G=0O >;82:>20O ......... 282
!K@>56:0 ?8I520O .................................. 283
!K@>56:0 75;5=>20B0O ........................... 284
!K@>56:0 1C@5NI0O ............................... 285
6528: ?5AB@K9........................................ 286
!0@:>AF8D0 02AB@89A:0O ........................ 287
!0@:>A><0 H0@>284=0O .......................... 288
)5;5;8AB=8: >1K:=>25==K9 ................. 290
>6=>4>64528: 1>@>402G0BK9 ............ 292
@81=0O :0?CAB0 ....................................... 294
!B5@5C< 65AB:>2>;>A8ABK9 ................... 296
!B@>18;C@CA H?030B>=>389 ................... 297
!B@>18;C@CA G5@5=:>2K9 ....................... 298
!B@>D0@8O A8=5-75;5=0O ........................ 299
>7;O: ........................................................ 300
 5H5B=8: ?>;>=>6:>2K9 ....................... 301
0A;5=>: 75@=8ABK9 ............................... 302
0A;5=>: ;8AB25==8G=K9 ...................... 303
0A;5=>: 65;BK9 .................................... 304
"@CB>28: 3>@10BK9 .................................. 305
"@CB>28: 65AB:>2>;>A8ABK9 .................. 306
"@CB>28: @07=>F25B=K9.......................... 308
@>60;:0 DC:CA>284=0O......................... 309
@>60;:0 >@0=6520O .............................. 311
5;5=CH:0 ................................................. 313
0FCB0:M ................................................... 314
 O4>2:0 A5@0O ........................................... 316
 O4>2:0 65;B>-:@0A=0O ........................... 317
5;G=K9 3@81 .......................................... 318
>;>2=O :C:C@C7K..................................... 319

@>G85 284K 3@81>2 .............................. 322
Agrocybe paludosa (J.E. Lange) K�hn.
et Romagn. (>;52:0 1>;>B=0O)......................... 322
Boletus queletii Schulzer
(C1>28: 5;5) ...................................................... 322
Bulgaria inquinans (Pers.) Fr.
(C;30@8O ?0G:0NI0O) ......................................... 323
Catathelasma imperiale (Fr.) Singer.
(0B0B5;07<0 F0@A:0O).......................................... 323
Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. : Fr.
( >30B8: 25@<8H5;5284=K9) .............................. 323
Clavaria purpurea O.F.M�ll. : Fr.
( >30B8: ?C@?C@=K9) ........................................... 323
Clavariadelphus truncatus (Qu�l.) Donk
( >30B8: CA5G5==K9) ............................................ 323


5

3;02;5=85

Clitocybe fragrans (With.) P. Kumm.
(>2>@CH:0 1;03>CE0NI0O) ................................ 324

078 8 4@C385 D>@<K
4;O =0@C6=>3> ?@8<5=5=8O ................................ 332

Clitocybe odora (Bull.) P. Kumm.
(>2>@CH:0 0=8A>20O) .......................................... 324

@81=>9 ?>@>H>: ................................................. 332

Collybia peronata (Bolton) P. Kumm.
(>;;818O >1CB0O) ................................................ 324
Cortinarius collinitus (Pers.) Fr.
(0CB8==8: ?0G:0NI89) .................................... 324

@81K 8 485B>;>38O (>1I85
@5:><5=40F88, ?>;57=K5 3@81=K5
1;N40 8 703>B>2:8) ................................ 333
0G8=:8 4;O ?5;L<5=59, ?8@>3>2, ?8@>6:>2 . 336

Cortinarius flexipes (Pers.) Fr.
(0CB8==8: A>3=CB>=>6:>2K9) ........................ 324

$0@H8 4;O ?8@>6:>2,
?5;L<5=59 8 >2>I59 ............................................. 337

Gyroporus castaneus (Pers.) Fr.
(8@>?>@ :0HB0=>2K9) ........................................ 325

!>CAK ....................................................................... 337

Hydnellum suaveolens (Scop.) P. Karst.
(84=5;;C< ?0ECG89) ............................................ 325

@81=0O ?0AB0 ......................................................... 343

Irpex lacteus (Fr.) Fr.
(@?5:A <>;>G=>-15;K9) ................................... 325

5;L<5=8 8 20@5=8:8 ........................................... 344

Lentinellus cochleatus (Pers.) P. Karst.
(5=B8=5;;CA CE>284=K9) .................................. 325
Lepiota aspera (Pers.) Qu�l.
(5?8>B0 H5@>E>20B0O) ....................................... 326

@81=>5 <0A;>........................................................ 342
@81=K5 1C;L>=K................................................... 343
"CH5=K5 3@81K ...................................................... 345

59AB285 3@81>2 =0 701>;520=8O
8 1>;57=5==K5 A>AB>O=8O G5;>25:0...... 346

Leucopaxillus gentianeus (Qu�l.) Kotl.
(5;>A28=CE0 3>@5G02:>20O) .............................. 326

;:>3>;L=0O 7028A8<>ABL .................................... 346

Mycena rorida (Scop.) Qu�l.
(8F5=0 @>A8AB0O) ............................................... 326

<=578O ................................................................... 346

Panus conchatus (Bull. : Fr.) Fr.
(0=CA CE>284=K9)............................................... 326

=B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL ......................... 346

Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr.
("@CB>28: 78<=89) ............................................... 327
Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire.
(A0B8@5;;0 0=4>;;O) ....................................... 327
Russula aurea Pers.
(!K@>56:0 7>;>B8AB0O) ....................................... 327

;;5@38O .................................................................. 346
=B80=>:A8G5A:>5 459AB285............................... 346
=B828@CA=0O 0:B82=>ABL ................................... 347
=B835@>=B>;>38G5A:>5
(?@>B82 AB0@5=8O) ................................................. 347
=B84>B ................................................................... 347
=B8<CB035==K9 MDD5:B .................................... 347
=B8>:A840=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL ............................. 347

Russula paludosa Britzelm.
(!K@>56:0 1>;>B=0O) .......................................... 327

=B8?0@078B=0O 0:B82=>ABL
(?@>AB59H85) ......................................................... 347

Russula sanguinea (Bull.) Fr.
(!K@>56:0 :@>202>-:@0A=0O) ............................ 327

=B8B>:A8G5A:>5 459AB285 ................................. 347

Russula sardonia Fr.
(!K@>56:0 A0@4>=8:A>20O) ................................ 328

D@>48780: ............................................................ 347

Tremella foliacea Pers.
(@>60;:0 ;8B>20B0O) .......................................... 328

5AA>==8F0 ............................................................ 347

Tricholoma sulphureum (Bull.) P. Kumm.
( O4>2:0 A5@=>-65;B0O) ...................................... 328
Tricholoma ustale (Fr.) P. Kumm.
( O4>2:0 >?0;5==0O) ............................................ 328
Volvariella gloiocephala (DC.)
Boekhout et Enderle
(>;L20@85;;0 A;878AB>3>;>20O) ...................... 328

73>B>2;5=85 =0AB>52, 2KBO65:,
<0759 8 ?>@>H:>2 2 4><0H=8E
CA;>28OE .................................................. 331

AB<0 ........................................................................ 347
5A?;>485 ............................................................... 347
>;57=L ;LF359<5@0,
AB0@G5A:>5 A;01>C<85 .......................................... 347
>;57=L >B:8=0 ................................................... 347
>;57=L 0H8=0   5:0 ...................................... 347
>;57=L 0@:8=A>=0 ............................................ 347
>;5CB>;ONI55 (>1571>;820NI55) ................ 347
>@>402:8 ............................................................... 348
>;>AK (CA8;5=85 @>AB0, 1;5A: 8 B. ?.) ............. 348
@0AB0=85 =>3B59 .................................................. 348
O6CI55 A@54AB2> ................................................. 348

!?8@B>2>9 =0AB>9 ................................................ 331

5;L<8=BK (M=B5@>18>7, B5=8>7, B@8E>F5D0;57,
0A:0@84>7, >?8AB>@E>7, :;>=>@E>7, H8AB>A><>7,
;O<1;8>7, =5<0B>4K) ............................................ 348

KBO6:8 .................................................................. 332

5<>@@>9 ................................................................. 348

>4=K9 =0AB>9 ....................................................... 331


6

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

8?5@B>=8O ............................................................. 348

0@04>=B>7 ............................................................. 350

=>9=K5 @0=K, =0@K2K, 3=>9=K9
:>=JN=:B828B, O72K, ?@>;56=8 ......................... 348

0@0;8G ................................................................... 350

>;>2=K5 1>;8, <83@5=8...................................... 348

5G5=L ..................................................................... 350

5@<0B8BK............................................................... 348

=52<>=8O.............................................................. 351

8015B...................................................................... 348

>403@0, ?>403@8G5A:89 0@B@8B ........................ 351

8DB5@8O ................................................................ 348

>;>20O A8AB5<0 (701>;520=8O) ........................ 351

0@>?>=860NI55 ............................................... 348

>G5G=K5 1>;57=8 ................................................ 351

5;57K (M=4>:@8==K5 701>;520=8O,
>?CE0=85 8 4@.) ...................................................... 348

@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 (2 B. G. 01AF5AAK,
DC@C=:C;57K) ......................................................... 351

5;G53>==>5 .......................................................... 348

@>B82>3@81:>20O 0:B82=>ABL .......................... 351

01>;520=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (A:;5@>7,
E>@5O, M?8;5?A8O, A?07<K A>AC4>2) ................... 348

A8E8G5A:85 701>;520=8O,
>B:;>=5=8O, =52@>7K ............................................ 351

01>;520=8O 4KE0B5;L=>9 A8AB5<K
(2>A?0;5=8O, 1@>=E8BK,  ,
3@8?? 8 B. ?.) ........................................................... 348

A>@807 ................................................................... 351

01>;520=8O 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3>
B@0:B0 ...................................................................... 349

5@5;><K................................................................ 350

 0: ............................................................................ 351
 0=K, CH81K, @0=>70682;ONI55 ...................... 352
 2>B=>5 A@54AB2> .................................................. 352

01>;520=8O ACAB02>2 (@52<0B87<, 0@B@8B,
?>;80@B@8B 8 B.?.) ................................................. 349

!5@45G=0O 1>;L ...................................................... 352

@5=85 ..................................................................... 349

!8=4@>< E@>=8G5A:>9 CAB0;>AB8 ...................... 352

<<C=>45?@5AA0=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL ................... 349

!;018B5;L=>5 ......................................................... 352

<<C=>AB8<C;OF8O, 8<<C=><>4C;OF8O .......... 349

!;CE (CEC4H5=85) .................................................. 352

<?>B5=F8O, >A;01;5=85
?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O ................................................ 349

!=>B2>@=>5 ............................................................ 352

0<=8 (?>G:8, 65;G=K9 ?C7K@L 8 4@.) ............. 349
;8<0:A ................................................................... 349
>A<5B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2> (CE>4 70 :>659,
C3@8, <>@I8=K, ><>;06820NI55 8 B.?.) .......... 349
@>25=>A=0O A8AB5<0, A>AC4K,
:@>25B2>@5=85 ....................................................... 349

!5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK5 701>;520=8O .................. 352

!B@5AA (040?B>35==>5 459AB285) ...................... 352
"8D, ?0@0B8D ......................................................... 352
">=878@CNI55 ....................................................... 352
"@><1>7 ................................................................... 353
"@C4=K5 @>4K, =5?>;=K9 01>@B, 0B>=8O
<0B:8, AB8<C;OF8O <0B>G=KE A>:@0I5=89 ...... 353

0:B0F8O (CA8;5=85) ............................................ 349

"C15@:C;57 :>68 (2>;G0=:0,
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075=0 8 4@. D>@<K) ............................................. 353

8<D0B8G5A:0O A8AB5<0 ...................................... 349

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#A?>:>8B5;L=>5 ..................................................... 353

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%>;5@0...................................................................... 353

0B>G=K5 :@>2>B5G5=8O,
:8H5G=K5 :@>2>B5G5=8O ..................................... 350

%>;5AB5@8= (A=865=85 C@>2=O) ........................ 353

@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 (@0=K) ........................ 349

>G53>==>5 (48C@5B8:) ...................................... 350
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5@2=0O A8AB5<0 ................................................... 350
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>@<0;870F8O >1<5=0 25I5AB2,
>1I5C:@5?;ONI55 ................................................ 350
>@<0;870F8O ?8I520@5=8O.............................. 350
1<>@>65=8O ........................................................ 350
68@5=85, F5;;N;8B ........................................... 350
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-:75<0 ..................................................................... 353
-:;0<?A8O ............................................................... 353
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;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2 .......................... 354
Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus
('5;>25G5A:0O 0A:0@840) ..................................... 354
Aspergillus flavus J.H.F. Link
(A?5@38;; 65;BK9) ............................................. 354
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7

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Aspergillus niger van Tieghem
(A?5@38;; G5@=K9) ............................................. 355

Pasteurella multocida (0AB5@5;;57) ................. 360

Bacillus cereus Frankland et Frankland .............. 355

Plasmodium falciparum William H. Welch
(0;O@89=K9 ?;07<>489)................................... 360

Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn
(!5==0O ?0;>G:0) .................................................. 355

Primate Lentivirus group
(8@CA 8<<C=>45D8F8B0 G5;>25:0) .................. 360

Brucella abortus Meyer et Shav (@CF5;;57) .... 355

Propionibacterium acnes
(Gilchrist) Douglas et Gunter .............................. 360

Candida albicans (C.P. Robin) Berkhout
(>;>G=8F0) .......................................................... 356
Candida tropicalis Berkhout ................................. 356
Chlamydia trachomatis (%;0<848>7).................. 356

Proteus vulgaris Hauser (@>B59) ..................... 361
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schr�ter)
Migula (!8=53=>9=0O ?0;>G:0) .......................... 361

Clostridium tetani (Fl�gge) Bergey et al.
(!B>;1=OG=0O ?0;>G:0) ....................................... 356

Rabies virus (5H5=AB2>) .................................... 361

Corynebacterium xerosis
Lehmann et Neumann ........................................... 356

Salmonella typhi (@NH=>9 B8D) ...................... 361

Cryptococcus neoformans
(San Felice) Vuill. ................................................... 356

Salmonella paratyphi (0@0B8D) ........................ 361
Salmonella typhimurium
(0;>G:0 @5A;0C) ................................................ 361
Sarcina lutea (!0@F8=0 65;B0O) .......................... 361

Cytomegalovirus (&8B><530;>28@CA) ............... 356

Serratia marcescens Bizio (!5@@0F8O) ............... 362

Ebolavirus
(5<>@@038G5A:0O ;8E>@04:0 -1>;0) ............... 357

Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach
(!B0D8;>:>:: 7>;>B8ABK9)................................ 362

Enterobacter aerogenes (Ewing and Fife)
Gavini et al ............................................................... 357

Staphylococcus epidermidis
(Winslow et Winslow) Evans................................ 362

Enterobius vermicularis Linnaeus
(AB@8F0) ............................................................... 357

Streptococcus agalactiae
Lehmann et Neumann ........................................... 362

Enterococcus faecalis
(-=B5@>:>:: D5:0;L=K9) ................................... 357

Streptococcus mutans Clarke (0@85A) ............. 363

Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani
et Chalmers (8H5G=0O ?0;>G:0) ....................... 357
Flavivirus virus
(8@CA :;5I52>3> M=F5D0;8B0) ......................... 357
Giardia intestinalis (Lambl) Kofoid
et Christiansen (8H5G=0O ;O<1;8O)................. 358
Helicobacter pylori (Marshall et al.)
Goodwin et al. ......................................................... 358
Hepatitis viruses (8@CA=K9 35?0B8B)............... 358
Herpes simplex virus (8@CAK ?@>AB>3>
35@?5A28@CA0 G5;>25:0 B8?>2 1 8 2
(HSV-1 8 HSV-2)) ................................................ 358
Human enterovirus C (>;8><85;8B) .............. 358
Human respiratory syncytial virus
( 5A?8@0B>@=K9 A8=F8B80;L=K9
28@CA G5;>25:0, RSV) ............................................ 359
Influenza (8@CA 3@8??0) .................................... 359
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter)
Trevisan (0;>G:0 $@84;5=45@0) ..................... 359
Leishmania amazonensis (59H<0=8>7) .......... 359
Listeria monocytogenes
(E. Murray et al.) Pirie (8AB5@8>7) ................... 359
Microsporum gypseum (E. Bodin)
Guiart et Grigoraki.................................................. 359
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Zopf
(0;>G:0 >E0)...................................................... 360
Mycoplasma Nowak (8:>?;07<>7) ................. 360
Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta) Blanchard
(>H0GLO (A818@A:0O) 42CCAB:0) ....................... 360

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein)
Chester (=52<>:>::) ......................................... 363
Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach ................... 363
Taenia solium Linnaeus (!28=>9 F5?5=L)........ 363
Trichomonas vaginalis Donn
(;030;8I=0O B@8E><>=040) .............................. 363
Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas
(>;57=L (030A0).................................................. 363
Trichuris trichiura L. (;0A>3;02)........................ 364
Ureaplasma urealyticum (#@50?;07<>7) ............ 364
Varicella zoster virus (5B@O=0O >A?0) ............... 364
Variola major virus (0BC@0;L=0O >A?0) ............ 364
Vibrio cholera Pacini
(%>;5@=K9 281@8>=) ........................................... 364
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer)
Smith et Thal (A524>BC15@:C;57) ..................... 364

!?8A>: 284>2 3@81>2
=0 @CAA:>< O7K:5 ................................... 365
!?8A>: 284>2 3@81>2
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!?8A>: 8A?>;L7>20==>9
;8B5@0BC@K ............................................. 374
0 @CAA:>< O7K:5 .................................................. 374
0 8=>AB@0==KE O7K:0E ....................................... 376
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1

!0;020B @A;0=>2 ( >AA8O, !0=:B-5B5@1C@3,
!0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:>5 <8:>;>38G5A:>5 >1I5AB2>):
Amanita virosa, Armillaria gallica, Boletus edulis,
Cantharellus cibarius, Cordyceps militaris, Cortinarius
armillatus, Cortinarius collinitus, Cortinarius
sanguineus, Cortinaruis traganus, Craterellus
cornucopioides, Cyathus striatus, Gloeophyllum
sepiarium, Gomphidius glutinosus, Gyromitra
esculenta, Inocybe rimosa, Kuehneromyces mutabilis,
Laccaria laccata, Lactarius repraesentaneus,
Marasmius androsaceus, Morchella conica, Panellus
stipticus, Panus conchatus, Pluteus cervinus,
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Russula paludosa,
Sarcosoma globosum, Trametes pubescens.

8@8;; K:>2 ( >AA8O, >A:20):
Calocybe gambosa, Hygrocybe conica, Hygrophorus
olivaceoalbus, Lepista personata, Omphalotus
olearius, Paxillus atrotomentosus, Pisolithus tinctorius,
Psilocybe semilanceata, Strobilurus stephanocystis.

;5:A59 >@1C=>2 ( >AA8O, !0=:B5B5@1C@3):
Ramaria botrytis.

;53 5AA;5@ ( >AA8O,  >AB>2-=0->=C):
Auricularia auricula-judae, Leucopaxillus gentianeus,
Volvariella bombycina.

8;L35;L< >=>?;52 (5@<0=8O, "N18=35=):
Boletus reticulatus, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma
lucidum, Lycoperdon echinatum, Meripilus giganteus,
Oudemansiella mucida, Paxillus atrotomentosus.

! ?>;=>9 ?>41>@:>9 D>B>@01>B "0BLO=K !25B;>2>9 2K <>65B5 ?>7=0:><8BLAO =0 55 A09B5 �#4828B5;L=K9 <8@ 3@81>2�
mycoweb-stv.ru.
2
51>;LH0O G0ABL <0B5@80;>2 1K;0 8A?>;L7>20=0 8 4;O A>AB02;5=8O D>B>:>;;0659.


11

;03>40@=>AB8

3>@L @>< ( >AA8O, ?>A. 0@>2A: C@038=A:>3> @-=0 @0A=>O@A:>3> :@0O):
Boletus pinophilus, Hydnellum suaveolens, Hydnum
repandum, Panus conchatus, Sarcosoma globosum,
Suillus cavipes.

!5@359 C:0H8= ( >AA8O,  0<5=A:>5):
Daldinia concentrica, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus
pulmonarius, Polyporus umbellatus, Rhodocollybia
maculata, Sarcosoma globosum, Suillus bovinus.

;5=0 C:0H8=0 ( >AA8O,  0<5=A:>5):
Clitocybe diatreta, Coltricia perennis, Coprinus
comatus, Elaphomyces granulatus, Gyroporus
cyanescens, Irpex lacteus, Lyophyllum decastes,
Peziza vesiculosa, Russula sanguinea, Russula
xerampelina, Stereum hirsutum, Trametes gibbosa,
Trametes versicolor.

0@8A0 5B@>28G (5;0@CAL, 8=A:):
Albatrellus ovinus, Armillaria ostoyae, Boletus
reticulatus, Boletus subtomentosus, Clavaria fragilis,
Clitocybe fragrans, Coltricia perennis, Cortinarius
flexipes, Cortinarius traganus, Crepidotus mollis,
Lactarius deliciosus, Leucopaxillus giganteus,
Lycoperdon echinatum, Paxillus atrotomentosus,
Russula cyanoxantha, Russula densifolia.

"0BLO=0 !25B;>20 ( >AA8O, >A:20):
Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus
bitorquis, Agaricus silvaticus, Agaricus xanthodermus,
Amanita citrina, Amanita muscaria, Amanita
pantherina, Amanita phalloides, Amanita rubescens,
Armillaria borealis, Ascocoryne sarcoides,
Boletus badius, Bulgaria inquinans, Calocera
viscosa, Cantharellus cibarius, Cerrena unicolor,
Chroogomphus rutilus, Clitocybe clavipes, Clitocybe
nebularis, Clitocybe odora, Clitopilus prunulus, Collybia
dryophila, Collybia peronata, Coprinus atramentarius,
Coprinus comatus, Coprinus disseminatus, Coprinus
domesticus, Coprinus micaceus, Cyathus striatus,
Cyathus striatus, Daedalea quercina, Daedaleopsis
confragosa, Exidia glandulosa, Flammulina velutipes,
Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma
applanatum, Geastrum fimbriatum, Gloeophyllum
sepiarium, Grifola frondosa, Hericium coralloides,
Heterobasidion annosum, Hypholoma fasciculare,
Hypholoma lateritium, Kuehneromyces mutabilis,
Lactarius piperatus, Lactarius vellereus, Laetiporus
sulphureus, Leccinum scabrum, Leccinum versipelle,
Lenzites betulina, Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon
pyriforme, Marasmiellus ramealis, Marasmius
androsaceus, Marasmius oreades, Marasmius_
prasiosmus, Marasmius scorodonius, Megacollybia
platyphylla, Morchella conica, Mycena rorida, Panellus
stipticus, Paxillus involutus, Phallus impudicus,
Phellinus igniarius, Phellinus pini, Pholiota alnicola,
Pholiota aurivella, Pholiota lubrica, Pholiota squarrosa,
Piptoporus betulinus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pluteus

cervinus, Polyporus brumalis, Polyporus squamosus,
Psathyrella candolleana, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum,
Russula delica, Russula foetens, Sarcoscypha
austriaca, Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma
verrucosum, Stereum hirsutum, Strobilurus tenacellus,
Stropharia aeruginosa, Suillus grevillei, Trametes
gibbosa, Trametes hirsuta, Trametes versicolor,
Tremella foliacea, Tremella mesenterica, Tricholoma
sulphureum, Tricholomopsis rutilans, Urnula craterium,
Xerula radicata, Xylaria hypoxylon, Xylaria polymorpha.

=4@59 !<8@=>2 ( >AA8O, >A:20):
Agaricus campestris, Amanita muscaria, Amanita
pantherina, Amanita vaginata, Calvatia excipuliformis,
Cortinarius infractus, Daldinia concentrica, Gyroporus
castaneus, Hydnum repandum, Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca, Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus, Inocybe
rimosa, Inonotus obliquus f. sterilis, Lactarius
deterrimus, Lactarius rufus, Lactarius volemus,
Macrolepiota procera, Marasmiellus ramealis, Panellus
serotinus, Pholiota lubrica, Polyporus umbellatus,
Russula vesca, Suillus granulatus, Tricholoma
equestre, Tricholoma portentosum, Tylopilus felleus.

@8=0 #E0=>20 ( >AA8O, !B02@>?>;L):
Armillaria borealis, Boletus aereus, Clitocybe geotropa,
Ganoderma lucidum, Geastrum triplex, Gyromitra
fastigiata, Hericium erinaceus, Hygrocybe conica,
Hygrophorus agathosmus, Hygrophorus eburneus,
Morchella esculenta, Rhodotus palmatus, Russula
aurea, Russula nigricans, Russula virescens, Suiluls
luteus, Volvariella gloiocephala, Xerula radicata.

0;5@89 $54N=8= ( >AA8O, 8?5F:):
Sarcodon imbricatus.

;LO $@0Q=>2 ( >AA8O, >A:20):
Boletus luridus, Lepista nuda.


2545=85
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CAB@0=5=8O =5C3>4=KE ;8G=>AB59. @81K =0H;8 8A?>;L7>20=85 2 1KBC 8 ?@8<5=O;8AL 4;O 4>1K20=8O >3=O. B:C40 1K 5I5 27O;>AL A;>2> �B@CB>28:8�? B A;>20 �B@CB�, @07C<55BAO.  2 =0H5 2@5<O
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8 4>@>3>9 48709=5@A:89 <0B5@80;.
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AB>:>2 8 CB8;870F88 1KB>2KE >BE>4>2 157 3@81>2
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1

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8:>4@525A8=0 ?@8<5=O5BAO 8 4;O H;8D>2:8
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?@>872>4AB20 AK@0 B@51C5BAO D5@<5=B @5==8=
(E8<>78=), 8;8 AKGC6=K9 D5@<5=B. A=>2=>9
8AB>G=8: ?@8@>4=>3> @5==8=0   ?5@5B5@BK5
65;C4:8 <>;>G=KE B5;OB, ?@8G5< 2>7@0AB B0:8E
B5;OB >1KG=> =5 1>;55 10 4=59. 5;> 2 B><, GB>

$5@<5=BK 3@81>2 =0H;8 H8@>:>5 ?@8<5=5=85 2 =0@>4=>< E>7O9AB25. 0?@8<5@, ?5:B8=07K, @07@CH0NI85 <56:;5B>G=K9
�F5<5=B� @0AB8B5;L=KE B:0=59   ?5:B8=, 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O >A25B;5=8O D@C:B>2KE 8 >2>I=KE A>:>2. A?>;L7>20=85 D5@<5=B>2 4@52>@07@CH0NI8E 3@81>2 ?>72>;8;> A>740BL M:>;>38G5A:8 1>;55 G8ABK5 B5E=>;>388 ?>;CG5=8O F5;;N;>7K 8 ?@>4C:B>2
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4;O @07@CH5=8O 8 CB8;870F88 A0<>3> AB>9:>3> 18>?>;8<5@0 @0AB8B5;L=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O   ;83=8=0, >AB0NI53>AO =58A?>;L7>20==K< 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?>;CG5=8O F5;;N;>7K. @81=K5 ?@>B507K, @07@CH0NI85 15;:8, 4>102;ONB 2 <>NI85 A@54AB20 4;O
C40;5=8O 703@O7=5=89 15;:>2>9 ?@8@>4K.  MB8E F5;OE 8A?>;L7CNBAO 284K 8 HB0<<K B5@<>D8;L=KE 3@81>2, @0ABCI8E ?@8
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13

2545=85

2 1>;55 ?>74=5< 2>7@0AB5 =0@O4C A @5==8=>< C
B5;OB =0G8=05B 2K@010BK20BLAO 7=0G8B5;L=>5
:>;8G5AB2> ?5?A8=0, :>B>@K9 CEC4H05B :0G5AB2> AK@0. >=OB=>, GB> B0:>5 ?@>872>4AB2>
>G5=L 4>@>3>. 7 AK@>56:8 A8=5NI59 A0=:B@5B5@1C@3A:8<8 CG5=K<8 1K; ?>;CG5= 3@81=>9
D5@<5=B @CAAC;8=. >;3@0<<0 D5@<5=B0 2 B5G5=85 ?>;CG0A0 A25@BK205B 2 ?;>B=K9 A3CAB>: 100 ;
<>;>:0. 4=0:>, =5A<>B@O =0 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK M:A?5@8<5=B>2, D5@<5=B ?> =58725AB=K< <=5 ?@8G8=0< ?>G5<C-B> =5 =0H5; ?@8<5=5=8O 2 AK@>20@5=88.
5A:>;L:> 284>2 =5A>25@H5==KE 3@81>2,
?0@078B8@CNI8E =0 =0A5:><KE, 2K@0I820NB
=0 702>40E <8:@>18>;>38G5A:>9 ?@><KH;5==>AB8. >=F5=B@0B0<8 A?>@ MB8E 3@81>2, 2K?CA:05<KE ?>4 =0720=8O<8 �1>25@8=� (53>
3@81-?@>4CF5=B   Beauveria bassiana), �25@B8F8;;8=� (Verticillium lecani) 8 4@., >?@KA:820NB
@0AB5=8O 2 B5?;8F0E 8 ?>;5 4;O 70I8BK >B =0A5:><KE-2@548B5;59. @5?0@0B B@8E>45@<8=, ?>;CG05<K9 87 =5A>25@H5==>3> 3@810 Trichoderma
charzianum, ?@8<5=ONB 4;O 1>@L1K A 3@810<8  
2>71C48B5;O<8 1>;57=59 @0AB5=89. >=F5=B@8@>20==K<8 A?>@0<8 =5:>B>@KE D8B>?0B>35==KE
3@81>2   ?0@078B>2 A>@=KE @0AB5=89 >?@KA:820NB ?>;O 4;O >A2>1>645=8O >B A>@=O:>2. A?>;L7>20=85 B0:8E <8:>?5AB8F84>2 ?>72>;O5B
C<5=LH8BL :>;8G5AB2> ?@8<5=O5<KE E8<8G5A:8E
?5AB8F84>2 8 B5< A0<K< A45;0BL 70I8BC @0AB5=89
M:>;>38G5A:8 1>;55 G8AB>9.
0A;C68205B 2=8<0=8O ?@8<5=5=85 M:AB@0:B>2 87 =5:>B>@KE 3@81>2 2 :0G5AB25 AB8<C;OB>@0 @>AB0 @0AB5=89 (38115@5;;8=K). B45;L=K5

284K 3@81>2 <>3CB ?@52@0I0BL >?8;:8 8 4@C385
>@30=8G5A:85 >BE>4K 2 MDD5:B82=K5 C4>1@5=8O.
51>;LH0O 4>102:0 B@CB>28:>2 2 :>@< :>@>20<
?>2KH05B =04>8 <>;>:0, 0 <0AA0 >?8;>:, ?@>@>AH0O <8F5;85< 3@81>2, AB0=>28BAO ?@83>4=>9 4;O
:>@<0.
1I58725AB=>, GB> 4@>668 (@>4 Saccharomyces), 8A?>;L7C5<K5 4;O F5;>3> @O40 >B@0A;59 ?8I52>9 ?@><KH;5==>AB8 (?>;CG5=85 ?820,
28=0 8 4@.), A0<8 ?> A515 O2;ONBAO ?8B0B5;L=K<8,
B. :. A>45@60B 15;:8, C3;52>4K, 68@K, 28B0<8=K.
5 A;CG09=> ?82=K5 4@>668 O2;ONBAO ;5G51=K< A@54AB2><. 081>;LH55 7=0G5=85 4;O G5;>25:0 8<55B Saccharomyces cerevisiae (?5:0@A:85
4@>668). @>66520O 18><0AA0 E>@>H> CA208205BAO >@30=87<>< G5;>25:0, ?>MB><C 4@>668 A?5F80;L=> 2K@0I820NBAO 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59. E ?@8<5=ONB 2 684:>< 2845 8 2 B01;5B:0E.
! B>G:8 7@5=8O ?8I52>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O 3@81K ?@54AB02;ONB >3@><=CN F5==>ABL. E ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 ?>GB8 =0 90 % A>AB>OB 87 2>4K 8 684:8E
?@>4C:B>2.  =8E A>45@68BAO 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 15;:0 (20 40 %), MB> 2 ?>;B>@0-420 @070
1>;LH5, G5< 2 >2>I0E.  3@810E ?@54AB02;5=K 8
F5==K5 68@>2K5 25I5AB20, :>B>@K5 ?@0:B8G5A:8
F5;8:>< CA20820NBAO >@30=87<><. >;O C3;52>4>2 A>AB02;O5B 17 60 %. 7 <8=5@0;L=KE M;5<5=B>2 ?@8ACBAB2CNB :0;89 8 D>AD>@, :0;LF89
8 65;57>, ?@8G5< 2 ?@>F5=B=>< >B=>H5=88   2
420-B@8 @070 1>;LH5, G5< 2 <OA5. !J54>1=K5 3@81K 1>30BK 28B0<8=0<8: 2 8E ?;>4>2KE B5;0E >1=0@C65=K 28B0<8=K A, B1, B2, C, D, PP 8 4@. @><5
B>3>, >=8 O2;ONBAO 18>;>38G5A:8<8 :0B0;870B>@0<8 >1<5==KE ?@>F5AA>2 2 >@30=87<5 G5;>25:0
8 682>B=KE. > A>45@60=8N <8=5@0;L=KE 25I5AB2 3@81K 1;87:8 : D@C:B0<.  =8E <=>3> M:AB@0:B82=KE 8 0@><0B8G5A:8E 25I5AB2, 1;03>40@O
:>B>@K< 3@81K B0: 2:CA=K. @81=>9 >B20@ 2>71C6405B A5:@5B>@=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 65;C4>G=>3>
A>:0, =5 CABC?0O 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 <OA=K< >B20@0<. !CH5=K5 15;K5 3@81K ?> ?8B0B5;L=>AB8
?@52>AE>4OB O9F0 8 :>;10AC, 0 3@81=>9 1C;L>= 2
A5<L @07 :0;>@89=55 <OA=>3>. #AB0=>2;5=>, GB>
07>B8ABK5 25I5AB20 ACH5=KE 3@81>2, 87<5;LG5==KE 2 ?>@>H>:, CA20820NBAO =0 80 90 %, 0 07>B
F5;KE 3@81>2 8;8 3@81>2 1>;55 3@C1>3> ?><>;0   3>@074> EC65. >MB><C G5< <O3G5 3@81K 8

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (?5:0@A:85 4@>668).


14

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

K@0I820=85 8 ?@83>B>2;5=85 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2 2 /?>=88 8 8B05   :0@B8=K A@54=525:>2KE
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G5< <5;LG5 >=8 =0@570=K 8;8 @074@>1;5=K (@07<>;>BK), B5< ;53G5 8 ;CGH5 ?5@520@820NBAO >@30=87<>< G5;>25:0.
> ?><8<> ?8B0B5;L=>AB8 8 28B0<8==>AB8,
C 3@81>2 5ABL 8 5I5 >4=> 15AF5==>5 :0G5AB2>  
<=>385 87 =8E >1;040NB O@:> 2K@065==K<8 ;5:0@AB25==K<8 A2>9AB20<8.
=0=85 F5;51=KE A2>9AB2 3@81>2, ?>;CG5==>5,
A:>@55 2A53>, ?@8 =01;N45=88 70 ?>2545=85< 48:8E 682>B=KE, 1K;> 4>ABC?=> =5 B>;L:> G5;>25:C
@07C<=><C (Homo sapiens), => 8 53> =5 ?@>H54H8< �1@8B2K 0@28=0� 1@0BLO<   =50=45@B0;LFC (Homo neanderthalensis) 8 45=8A>2A:><C G5;>25:C1. #65 50 000 ;5B =0704 =50=45@B0;LFK =5
B>;L:> CA?5H=> 2;045;8 7=0=8O<8 8 =02K:0<8
2>5==>-?>;52>9 E8@C@388, <0AB5@A:8 A@0I820;8 ?5@5;><K 8 ;5G8;8 2K28E8, => 8 ?>;L7>20;8AL
3@810<8 :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI8< 8 @0=>70682;ONI8< A@54AB2><. 5=8A>2A:85 ;N48, =0945==K5 2 2008 3>4C 2 ?5I5@5 5=8A>2>9 =0 ;B05,
B0:65 ?>;L7>20;8AL 3@810<8 4;O 70682;5=8O @0=
06 80 000 ;5B =0704. C 8 =0H 40;5:89 ?@0IC@
:@><0=L>=5F2, @07C<55BAO, >B<5B8;AO 4>AB0B>G=> ?@>428=CBK<8 ?>7=0=8O<8 >B=>A8B5;L=>

1

;5:0@AB25==KE A2>9AB2 3@81>2. "0:, =0?@8<5@,
B8@>;LA:89 -F83, 2>7@0AB :>B>@>3> >F5=8205BAO
2 5300 ;5B, A@548 25I59 8<5; ?@8 A515 A2O7:8 87
42CE 284>2 B@CB>28:>2. 48= 87 =8E   B@CB>28:
=0AB>OI89 (Fomes fomentarius), 2E>48; 2<5AB5 A
:@5A0;>< 8 ?8@8B>< 2 A>AB02 >3=820, 4@C3>9 65  
15@57>2K9 B@CB>28: (Piptoporus betulinus), >1;040NI89 0=B810:B5@80;L=K<8, 0=B8?0@078B8G5A:8<8 8 ?@>B82>@0:>2K<8 A2>9AB20<8, 25@>OB=>,
8A?>;L7>20;AO 2 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE. > =5:>B>@K< ?@87=0:0< -F8 1K; H0<0=><, 0 H0<0=
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15

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<8@0, ?>MB><C A >A=>2=K<8 =0720=8O<8   @M9H8 (Ganoderma lucidum), :020@0B0:M (Trametes
versicolor), H88B0:M (Lentinula edodes), <08B0:M (Grifola frondosa) 8 4@. 2A5-B0:8 8<55B A<KA;
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8< B815BA:89 :>@48F5?A :8B09A:89 (Cordyceps
sinensis) 8 A59G0A AG8B05BAO ?@87=0==K< �8<?5@0B>@><� A@548 F5==59H8E ?@8@>4=KE ;5:0@AB25==KE ?@5?0@0B>2 8 AK@LO B@048F8>==>9 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=K.
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16

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

>;>=8O Penicillium notatum.
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2 2@>?C 4><CAC;L<0=A:0O 0@01A:0O :C;LBC@0).
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1

�Cultura callawaya� by Oblitas Poblete, Enrique. 1963.

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8 <8=5@0;>21. >?>4;8==> 8725AB=>, GB> :0;0209O 2K?>;=O;8 >?5@0F88 =0 3>;>2=>< <>735 5I5
2 700 3>4C =. M. 5=8F8;;8= 7=0E0@8-:0;0209O >B:@K;8 2 M?>EC 8=:>2, 4>1K2 53> 87 A<5A8 3@81:>2
8 ?>@065==>9 8<8 ;8AB>G=>-75@=>2>9 :0H8FK
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2 1928 3>4C ;5:A0=4@>< $;5<8=3>< 87 HB0<<0
3@810 2840 Penicillium notatum =0 >A=>25 A;CG09=>3> >B:@KB8O: MB>B ?;5A=52K9 3@81>: ?>?0; 2
:C;LBC@C 10:B5@89 87 2=5H=59 A@54K 8 >:070; =0
=8E A8;L=>5 10:B5@8F84=>5 2>7459AB285.
 1940 1941 3>40E 0=3;89A:89 10:B5@8>;>3
%>C0@4 #. $;>@8, 0 B0:65 18>E8<8:8 -@=AB '59=
8 >@<0= #. %8B;8 @01>B0;8 =04 2K45;5=85< 8
?@><KH;5==K< ?@>872>4AB2>< ?5=8F8;;8=0
A=0G0;0 2 =3;88, 70B5< 2 !(. =8 2?5@2K5 8A?>;L7>20;8 53> 4;O ;5G5=8O 10:B5@80;L=KE 8=D5:F89 2 1941 3>4C.  1945 3>4C $;5<8=3C, $;>@8
8 '59=C 1K;0 ?@8AC645=0 >15;52A:0O ?@5<8O
?> D878>;>388 8 <548F8=5 �70 >B:@KB85 ?5=8F8;;8=0 8 53> F5;51=>3> 2>7459AB28O ?@8 @07;8G=KE 8=D5:F8>==KE 1>;57=OE�.  !!!  ?5@2K5 >1@07FK ?5=8F8;;8=0 ?>;CG8;8 2 1942 3>4C
<8:@>18>;>38 . . @<>;L520 8 ". . 0;578=0.
8=0840 8AA0@8>=>2=0 @<>;L520 0:B82=> CG0AB2>20;0 2 >@30=870F88 ?@><KH;5==>3> ?@>872>4AB20 ?5=8F8;;8=0. !>740==K9 5N ?@5?0@0B
�?5=8F8;;8=-:@CAB>78= -� 1K; ?>;CG5= 87
HB0<<0 3@810 2840 Penicillium crustosum.
=0G5=85 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?5=8F8;;8=0 2>
2@5<O B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 1941 1945 3>4>2
B@C4=> ?5@5>F5=8BL.
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17

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?@8<8B82=KE ;CG8ABKE 3@81:>2 Streptomyces
globisporus streptomycini, 0 B0:65 4@C38E @>4AB25==KE 8< <8:@>>@30=87<>2.
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Medusomyces gicevii. "5;> MB>3> 3@810 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =5 B>;L:> <8F5;89 A0<>3> 3@810, => 8
A:>?;5=85, 7>>3;5N C:ACA=>:8A;>9 10:B5@88  
Bacterium xylinum. @81=>9 :><?>=5=B G09=>3> 3@810 >B=>A8BAO : 3@C??5 4@>6652KE 3@81>2
87 @>4>2 Torulopsis, Mycoderma, Saccharomyces.
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3@81=>9 :><?>=5=B >1@07C5B 0=B818>B8: 10:B5@8F848=, 0:B82=K9 ?@>B82 4875=B5@88 8 ?@8
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1

C;LBC@0 ;CG8ABKE 3@81:>2 Streptomyces globisporus.
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 ?>A;54=85 45AOB8;5B8O 0=B818>B8:8 ?>;CG0NB =5 B>;L:> 87 =87H8E, => 8 87 2KAH8E 3@81>2, B0: :0: <=>385 AJ54>1=K5 8 O4>28BK5 3@81K AB0;8 >1J5:B>< 8AA;54>20=8O CG5=KE ?@8
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2K45;5==KE 5AB5AB25==K< ?CB5<, B0: 8 A8=B5B8G5A:8E 8;8 <>48D8F8@>20==KE, 2 B>< G8A;5 A>45@60I8E @07;8G=K5 <8=5@0;L=K5 4>102:8. >;8A0E0@84K 8A?>;L7CNBAO =5 B>;L:> 4;O A>740=8O
;5:0@AB25==KE ?@5?0@0B>2 8;8 >2, => 8 4;O
A>740=8O ?8I52KE 8 :>@<>2KE 4>102>:. "5@?5=K
8 A5A:28B5@?5=K E0@0:B5@=K 2 >A=>2=>< 4;O 4@52>@07@CH0NI8E 3@81>2, MB> @07;8G=K5 ;0:B>=K,
0;L45384K 8 :5B>=K, A?8@BK 8 :8A;>BK. ;O =8E
E0@0:B5@=> :0=F5@>AB0B8G5A:>5 8 0=B8AB@5AA>2>5 (040?B>35==>5) 459AB285. 8?84K 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 4;O A>740=8O ?@5?0@0B>2
4;O ;5G5=8O 8 ?@>D8;0:B8:8 A5@45G=>-A>AC48ABKE 701>;520=89, 2>A?0;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2,
@0= 8 >6>3>2KE ?>25@E=>AB59, ?>2KH5=8O :;5B>G=>3> 8<<C=8B5B0; >B<5G5=> 8 8=3818@>20=85
>=:>35=570.
><8<> ?5@5G8A;5==KE 2KH5 A>548=5=89
3@81K A>45@60B 8 4@C385 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=K5
25I5AB20: 0<8=K, 0;:0;>84K, ?@>872>4=K5 8<8407>;0, 8=4>;L=K5 8 0@><0B8G5A:85 A>548=5=8O,
18>0:B82=K5 ?83<5=BK 8 ?>;8?5?B84K.
865 O :@0B:> >E0@0:B5@87CN >A=>2=K5
284K 0:B82=>AB8 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2, >?8@0OAL 2 F5;>< =0 4>:;04 . . @0A=>?>;LA:>9
8 . . 5;8F:>3> �A:CAAB25==> :C;LB828@C5<K5 1078480;L=K5 3@81K :0: >A=>20 ;5G51=>->74>@>28B5;L=KE ?@>4C:B>2�1. ! ?>;=K<
A?8A:>< 701>;520=89 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8<
;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2 2K A<>65B5 >7=0:><8BLAO 2 ?@8;>65=88.
=B8:0=F5@>35==0O 8 ?@>B82>>?CE>;520O
0:B82=>ABL, AB8<C;OF8O 8<<C==>9 A8AB5<K.
@>B82>@0:>20O 0:B82=>ABL >1=0@C65=0 C <=>38E 3@81>2. -B>, =0?@8<5@, 284K @>4>2 Agaricus
(H0<?8=L>=), Auricularia (4@>60;:0 �8C48=>
CE>�), Boletus (15;K9 3@81), Calvatia (4>64528:-3>;>20G), Coprinus (=02>7=8:), Flammulina
(78<=89 3@81), Ganoderma (B@CB>28: 30=>45@<0), Grifola (3@81-10@0=), Hericium (56528:), Inonotus (B@CB>28:), Lentinula (H88B0:M),
Nidula (3=574>2:0), Paxillus (A28=CH:0), Pholiota
(G5HC9G0B:0), Piptoporus (15@57>20O 3C1:0),
Pleurotus (25H5=:0), Trametes (B@CB>28: B@0<5B5A), Tremella (4@>60;:0), Tricholoma (@O4>2:0),

0B5@80;K 4>:;04>2 1-9 @>AA89A:>9 =0CG=>-?@0:B8G5A:>9 :>=D5@5=F88 �:BC0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K 8==>20F89 A =5B@048F8>==K<8 @0AB8B5;L=K<8 @5AC@A0<8 8 A>740=85 DC=:F8>=0;L=KE ?@>4C:B>2�. ., 2001.


21

2545=85

Volvariella (2>;L20@85;;0) 8 <=>385 4@C385.
> <5E0=87<C 459AB28O 3@81=K5 25I5AB20,
>1;040NI85 ?@>B82>@0:>2>9 0:B82=>ABLN, <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 425 >A=>2=K5 3@C??K. 5@20O
>1J548=O5B 25I5AB20, =5?>A@54AB25==> 2>7459AB2CNI85 =0 :;5B:8 7;>:0G5AB25==KE >?CE>;59.
B>@CN 3@C??C A>AB02;ONB A>548=5=8O, :>B>@K5
>ACI5AB2;ONB ;5G51=K9 MDD5:B, AB8<C;8@CO @01>BC 8<<C==>9 A8AB5<K >@30=87<0.
0: E8<8>B5@0?52B8G5A:85 035=BK, A?>A>1=K5 ?>402;OBL @0728B85 @0:>2KE :;5B>:, >?8A0=K
A8=B578@>20==K5 3@810<8 B5@?5=>84K, AB5@>84K, 30<<0-?8@>=K, F8B>B>:A8G5A:85 D5=>;K,
68@=K5 :8A;>BK 8 4@.
B>@CN 3@C??C A>AB02;ONB 8<<C=>B5@0?52B8G5A:85 035=BK, ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>5 459AB285
:>B>@KE >A=>2K205BAO =0 CA8;5=88 8<<C==KE
>B25B>2. >402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> A>548=5=89 MB>9 3@C??K, 2K45;5==KE 87 284>2 A5<59AB2
Polyporaceae (25H5=:>2K5), Tricholomataceae
(@O4>2:>2K5) 8 Agaricaceae (H0<?8=L>=>2K5),
?@54AB02;5=> ?>;8A0E0@840<8, >A=>2=K< :><?>=5=B>< :>B>@KE O2;ONBAO 1-3-�-D-3;N:0=K.
5E0=87< 8<<C=>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 459AB28O
3@81=KE <5B01>;8B>2 >A=>20= =0 CA8;5=88 @07;8G=KE 8<<C==KE >B25B>2, >1KG=> ?>402;5==KE C >=:>;>38G5A:8E 1>;L=KE: =0 0:B820F88
<0:@>D03>2, CA8;5=88 0:B82=>AB8 "-:;5B>:, ?>2KH5=88 C@>2=O AK2>@>B>G=KE D0:B>@>2, =0
<8=>@=KE MDD5:B0E, ?@82>4OI8E : C<5=LH5=8N
B>:A8G=>AB8 E8<8>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E A@54AB2.
KO2;5=K <5B01>;8BK 1078480;L=KE 3@81>2
A 0=B8:0=F5@>35==>9 0:B82=>ABLN, A?>A>1=K5
1;>:8@>20BL MDD5:B @O40 :0=F5@>35=>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8, N-1CB8;-N-1CB0=>;=8B@>7>0<8=0.
8?>;8?845<8G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL. !?>A>1=>ABL A=860BL A>45@60=85 E>;5AB5@8=0 2 :@>28
>1=0@C65=0 C <=>38E B@CB>28:>2KE 3@81>2, 0 B0:65 C H;O?>G=KE 3@81>2, >B=>AOI8EAO : A5<59AB20<
Polyporaceae 8 Agaricaceae. 5E0=87< A=865=8O
A2O7K20NB, 2>-?5@2KE, A> A=865=85< A:>@>AB8
A8=B570 E>;5AB5@8=0, 2>-2B>@KE, A 04A>@1F859
E>;5AB5@8=0 =0 3@81=KE ?>;8<5@0E 8 A A>>B25BAB25==K< CA8;5=85< 53> 2K2>40 8, 2-B@5BL8E, A
C25;8G5=85< 0:B82=>AB8 ;5F8B8=-E>;5AB5@>;0F8;B@0=AD5@07K, D5@<5=B0, ?@82>4OI53> : CA:>@5=8N 40;L=59H8E ?@52@0I5=89 E>;5AB5@8=0.
59AB285 =0 :@>2O=>5 402;5=85. #AB0=>2;5=>, GB> M:AB@0:BK B@CB>28:0 ;0:8@>20==>3> (Ganoderma lucidum) <>3CB =>@<0;87>20BL

:@>2O=>5 402;5=85 :0: ?@8 38?5@B>=88, B0: 8
?@8 38?>B>=88. !?>A>1=>ABL @53C;8@>20BL ?>2KH5==>5 :@>2O=>5 402;5=85 >?8A0=0 B0:65
C 25H5=>: (Pleurotus), 3@810-10@0=0 (Grifola
frondosa), H88B0:M (Lentinula edodes), B@CB>28:0 A:CG5==>3> (Albatrellus confluens). !@548
18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE 25I5AB2, >1;040NI8E
?>4>1=K<8 A2>9AB20<8, <>6=> >B<5B8BL, =0?@8<5@, ?5?B84>3;N:0= 8 D@C:B>3;N:0=, 3@8D>;8= 8 =5>3@8D>;8=.
5G5=85 A0E0@=>3> 48015B0. ;>4>2K5 B5;0
=02>7=8:0 15;>3> (Coprinus comatus) CA?5H=>
8A?>;L7CNBAO ?@8 ;5G5=88 A0E0@=>3> 48015B0 C
G5;>25:0. @8 MB>< >B<5G5=> @57:>5 A=865=85
A>45@60=8O A0E0@0 2 :@>28. !>548=5=8O, 2K7K20NI85 C<5=LH5=85 A>45@60=8O A0E0@0 2 :@>28
>?KB=KE 682>B=KE, 2K45;5=K 8 87 ?;>4>2KE B5;
B@CB>28:0 ;0:8@>20==>3>.  3@810E @>40 Agaricus
(H0<?8=L>=) >1=0@C65=K ;5:B8=K, A?>A>1AB2CNI85 ?@52@0I5=8N ?@>8=AC;8=0 2 8=AC;8=.
@>B82><8:@>1=0O 0:B82=>ABL. 7 <0:@><8F5B>2 87>;8@>20=> >:>;> 60 B8?>2 0=B818>B8:>2, 0:B82=KE 2 >B=>H5=88 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=KE
8 3@0<>B@8F0B5;L=KE 10:B5@89, 0 B0:65 <8:@>A:>?8G5A:8E 3@81>2, 2:;NG0O 4@>668. 59AB2CNI85 25I5AB20 ?@8=04;560B : @07;8G=K< :;0AA0< E8<8G5A:8E A>548=5=89   B5@?5=>840<,
E8=>=0<, ?C@8=0<, ?8@8<848=0<, ?@>872>4=K<
D5=>;>2 8 4@.
!@548 =081>;55 206=KE @57C;LB0B>2 8AA;54>20=89 ?>A;54=8E ;5B A;54C5B >B<5B8BL
>1=0@C65=85 2 :C;LBC@0;L=>9 684:>AB8 B@CB>28:0 Phanerochaete velutina <5B01>;8B>2, >1;040NI8E 8718@0B5;L=>9 0:B82=>ABLN 2 >B=>H5=88 Helicobacter pylori   <8:@>>@30=87<0,
2K7K20NI53> O72C 65;C4:0.
@>B82>28@CA=0O 0:B82=>ABL. >:070=>, GB>
M:AB@0:BK 87 3@81>2 @>4>2 Boletus (15;K9 3@81),
Calvatia (3>;>20G), Suillus (<0A;5=>:), Lentinula
(H88B0:M) 8 4@. <>3CB 8=3818@>20BL @0728B85 28@CA>2 3@8??0. :B82=>ABL ?@>B82 28@CA0 8<<C=>45D8F8B0 G5;>25:0 2 A8AB5<5 B:0=8 ?>:070;8
M:AB@0:BK 87 3@810-10@0=0 8 H88B0:M.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 MB> �-D-3;N:0=K   :0=F5@>AB0B8:8,
2K45;5==K5 87 ?;>4>2KE B5;, 8 2>4>@0AB2>@8<K5
;83=>-3;8:>?@>B58=>2K5 :><?;5:AK, 87>;8@>20==K5 87 02B>;870B0 3;C18==>3> <8F5;8O.
!?>A>1=>ABL H88B0:M ?@>O2;OBL ?@>B82>28@CA=CN 0:B82=>ABL A2O7K20NB A =5A?5F8D8G5A:>9 8=4C:F859 A8=B570 8=B5@D5@>=0.


22

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

40?B>35==>5
459AB285.
A8;>B@>D=K5
(4@52>@07@CH0NI85) B@CB>28:8 8 H;O?>G=K5
3@81K  8AB>G=8:8 18>0=B8>:A840=B>2. =B8>:8A;8B5;L=>5 459AB285 A2O7K20NB A >1@07>20=85< 3C<8=>?>4>1=>3> :><?;5:A0. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E H88B0:M >1=0@C65=>
25I5AB2> A 0=B8<CB035==>9 0:B82=>ABLN, 1;>:8@CNI55 >1@07>20=85 N-=8B@>7>-A>548=5=89.
!;54C5B B0:65 >B<5B8BL @0728B85 =59@>B@>?=>3> =0?@02;5=8O. 7 F5;>3> @O40 3@81>2 2K45;5=K 25I5AB20, ?>;>68B5;L=> 2;8ONI85 =0
=52@>;>38G5A:85 701>;520=8O. 5:>B>@K5 87
=8E C65 22545=K 2 <548F8=A:CN ?@0:B8:C :0:
;5:0@AB25==K5 ?@5?0@0BK, 4@C385 B>;L:> 8AA;54CNBAO. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 87 A?>@K=L8 (Claviceps)
?>;CG5=K ?@5?0@0BK >B 3>;>2=>9 1>;8 8 <83@5=8 :0D5@3>B, 48384@>M@3>B0<8=, <5B875@384,
<5B8;M@3><5B@8=; ?@8 45<5=F88 (?@8>1@5B5==>< A;01>C<88) 8A?>;L7CNBAO ?@5?0@0BK
A?>@K=L8 3845@38= 8 =8F5@3>;8=, 0 ?@8 1>;57=8
0@:8=A>=0   ;87C@84, 1@><>:@8?B8=, :015@3>;8= 8 ?5@3>;84. -:AB@0:BK 56528:0 3@515=G0B>3> (Hericium erinaceus) ?@8<5=ONBAO :0:
D0:B>@K @>AB0 8 <85;8=870F88 (>1@07>20=8O
<85;8=>2>3> A;>O) =5@2=KE :;5B>: in vitro. 0:
=59@>B@>?=>5 A@54AB2> ?@8 CEC4H5=88 ?0<OB8,
45?@5AA8OE, B@52>6=KE A>AB>O=8OE, ?0@0=>95 8
H87>D@5=88 8A?>;L7C5BAO 459AB2CNI55 25I5AB2> 3@81>2 @>40 ?A8;>F815 (Psilocybe) ?A8;>F8=.
0H;8 ;5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K ?@8<5=5=85 8
2 :>A<5B8:5. 0 8E >A=>25 A>740=K @07;8G=K5
:@5<K 8 <0A:8 (2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L   2>AAB0=02;820NI85 :>6C), ;>AL>=K 4;O C;CGH5=8O :0G5AB20
2>;>A 8 4@C385 ?@>4C:BK.
@><5 2KH5?5@5G8A;5==KE MDD5:B>2 8725AB=K 3@81K   ?@>4CF5=BK :0@48>B>=8:>2
(=>@<0;87CNI8E @01>BC A5@45G=>9 <KHFK),
25I5AB2, CA?>:0820NI8E =5@2=CN A8AB5<C, 28B0<8=>2, =570<5=8<KE 0<8=>:8A;>B 8 ?8I52KE
2>;>:>=. #G8BK20O, GB> >48= 8 B>B 65 284 3@810
<>65B A8=B578@>20BL F5;K9 A?5:B@ 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE 25I5AB2 (G030, H88B0:M, @M9G68,
25H5=:0, 15;K9 3@81, <CE><>@ 8 B. ?.), <=>385
D0@<0:>;>38G5A:85 :>@?>@0F88 84CB ?> ?CB8
A>740=8O :><?;5:A=KE ?@>4C:B>2, A>G5B0NI8E
7=0G8B5;L=CN ?8B0B5;L=CN 8 ;5G51=>->74>@>28B5;L=CN F5==>ABL.
 :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 <>6=> ?@825AB8 /?>=8N,
2:;NG82HCN H88B0:M 2 G8A;> 452OB8 =0F8>=0;L-

=KE 1;N4 8 ?@>4C:B>2 ?8B0=8O, A?>A>1AB2CNI8E
74>@>2LN 8 4>;3>;5B8N.
 ?>A;54=85 45AOB8;5B8O 2KOA=8;>AL, GB>
?@>B82>@0:>2>9, 0=B810:B5@80;L=>9 8 ?@>G59
0:B82=>ABLN, 0 B0:65 >1I8< B>=878@CNI8< MDD5:B>< >1;040NB =5 B>;L:> 0780BA:85 :C;LB828@C5<K5 �M:7>BK� 8 2A5< 8725AB=0O G030, =5A:>;L:> 284>2 ;5:0@AB25==KE B@CB>28:>2 8 25H5=:8,
=> 8 =0H8 A0<K5 >1KG=K5 ;5A=K5 8 ?>;52K5
48:>@0ABCI85 3@81K   15;K5, <0A;OB0, ;8A8G:8,
@K68:8, A<>@G:8, H0<?8=L>=K, @O4>2:8, 3>2>@CH:8, 56528:8 8 B. 4. 8 B. ?.
"5?5@L =5>1E>48<> A:070BL ?0@C A;>2 8 > =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5. 8B09FK :8B09F0<8, 0 01>@835==>5 =0A5;5=85 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8  >AA88 A
402=8E 2@5<5= =5 B>;L:> 5AB 3@81K, => 8 ;5G8BAO 8<8. 0: 8 1>;LH8=AB2> A@54=5?>;>A=KE =0@>4=KE @5F5?B>2, ;5:0@AB25==>5 8A?>;L7>20=85
H;O?>G=KE 3@81>2 (0 B0:65 4>64528:>2) A2>48BAO 2 >A=>2=>< : ?@83>B>2;5=8N <0759, =0AB>52
8 :><?@5AA>2.  ?@8=OB88 2=CB@L @5G8 >1KG=>
=5 845B. (;O?>G=K5 3@81K 8 4>64528:8 C 68B5;59 ;5A=>9 7>=K ?@8<5=O;8AL (8 ?@>4>;60NB
?@8<5=OBLAO) :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 8 70682;ONI55 @0=K A@54AB2> (=0 <0=5@ ?>4>@>6=8:0), :0: <078 8 :><?@5AAK ?@>B82 @52<0B87<0,
?0@0;8G0, 0@B@8B0, @048:C;8B0, ?>403@K, @07;8G=KE <KH5G=KE, :>AB=KE 8 ACAB02=KE 1>;59, B. 5.
A:>@55 4065 2 D878>B5@0?52B8G5A:><, G5< 2 D0@<0:>;>38G5A:>< 0A?5:B5, E>BO :>6=K9 BC15@:C;57 8 @0: :>68 ;5G0BAO 8<5==> =0@C6=> <07LN
87 :@0A=>3> <CE><>@0. 04> A:070BL, GB> A?5:B@
284>2 F5;51=KE H;O?>G=KE 8 4>64528:>2KE 3@81>2, ?@87=0205<KE =0H59 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=>9,
4>2>;L=> C7>:. >64528:8-3>;>20G8 :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55, 25A5;:0 8 :@0A=K5 <CE><>@K   865 A =8<8 8 (?>?CB=>) 4;O 2A53> >AB0;L=>3>, ;8A8G:8 :0: ?@>B82>?0@078B=>5 A@54AB2>,
2>B 8 25AL A?8A>:. @0240, 2 ?>A;54=55 AB>;5B85
:@0A=K9 <CE><>@ 8 25A5;:0 =0G0;8 8A?>;L7>20BLAO =0A5;5=85< 8 :0: 2=CB@5==55 A@54AB2>, 2
?5@2CN >G5@54L ?@>B82 B0:8E 701>;520=89, :0:
BC15@:C;57, 48015B, 1>;57=8 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3> B@0:B0, @0: 65;C4:0, 0 B0:65 :0: >1I5B>=878@CNI55 8 2>AAB0=02;820NI55 A@54AB2> (=0?@8<5@, 2 2845 <CE><>@=>3> G0O).
A=>2=K5 8A?>;L7C5<K5 2 =0@>4=KE @5F5?B0E B@CB>28:>2K5 3@81K   MB> G030 (Inonotus
obliquus) 8 ;8AB25==8G=K9 B@CB>28: (Laricifomes
officinalis). 45AL @5GL 845B, =0>1>@>B, ?@0:B8G5-


23

2545=85

A:8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> > 2=CB@5==5<, 0 =5 =0@C6=>< C?>B@51;5=88.  <=>3>G8A;5==KE ?>;57=KE
A2>9AB20E MB8E 8 4@C38E B@CB>28:>2 O ?>4@>1=>
@0AA:06C ?@8 >?8A0=88 A0<8E 3@81>2.
G5=L H8@>:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO :@0A=K9 <CE><>@ (40 8 1;54=0O ?>30=:0) 2 3><5>?0B881. > O
=5 25@N 2 �?0<OBL 2>4K�, 8 3><5>?0B8G5A:85 @5F5?BK A <CE><>@>< 8 4@C38<8 ;5:0@AB25==K<8
3@810<8 ?@82>48BL =5 1C4C.
@028;0 A1>@0 3@81>2 :0: ;5:0@AB25==>3>
AK@LO 2 F5;>< =5 A8;L=> >B;8G0NBAO >B B0:>2KE
?@8 A1>@5 8E 4;O ?8I52KE F5;59. "@51C5BAO A>1;N40BL BC 65 >AB>@>6=>ABL, GB>1K 2 :>@78=C =5
?>?0;8 O4>28BK5 284K, E>48BL 70 3@810<8 2 B>B 65
A57>=, M:8?8@>20BLAO ?> B5< 65 ?@028;0<. @81K,
:>B>@K< ?@54AB>8B ACH:0, =04> =5 <KBL, 0 B>;L:>
>G8I0BL >B ;5A=>3> A>@0. 5 3>4OBAO 4;O A1>@0
A;8H:>< AB0@K5 (?5@57@5;K5), 70?;5A=5252H85,
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(0<?8=L>= 42CA?>@>2K9
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Agaricus bitorquis (Qul.) Sacc.

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Agaricus campestris L. : Fr.

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H0<?8=L>=0 2 3>@>4A:8E CA;>28OE   H0<?8=L>=
B@>BC0@=K9, 8;8 42C:>;LF52>9 (A. bitorquis). >A;54=89 ;53:> >B;8G8BL ?> 42>9=><C :>;LFC =0
=>6:5. 7 A;01> O4>28BKE A;54C5B C?><O=CBL
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53> A 15;>>:@0H5==K<8 A<5@B5;L=> O4>28BK<8
;5A=K<8 <CE><>@0<8 >G5=L <0;0.

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8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
(0<?8=L>= >1K:=>25==K9 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO
B5<8 65 ?@52>AE>4=K<8 ;5G51=K<8 8 ?@>D8-

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0=B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL, >= ?>;575= ?@8
48015B5 (<5E0=87< ?>:0 =5 OA5=, => A2O70= A ?>2KH5=85< A5:@5F88 8=AC;8=0), A=8605B C@>25=L
E>;5AB5@8=0 8 A;C68B MDD5:B82=K< 8<<C=>AB8<C;OB>@><.
7 ?;>4>2KE B5; H0<?8=L>=0 >1K:=>25==>3>
?>;CG5= 0=B818>B8: H8@>:>3> A?5:B@0 459AB28O
030@84>:A8=, 3C18B5;L=> 459AB2CNI89 =0 @07;8G=K5 1>;57=5B2>@=K5 <8:@>>@30=87<K.
K45;5==K9 87 MB>3> 3@810 0=B818>B8: :0<?5AB@8= ?>402;O5B B8D>7=CN 8 ?0@0B8D>7=CN
?0;>G:8, 0 B0:65 7>;>B8ABK9 AB0D8;;>:>::.
@>4>;60NBAO 8AA;54>20=8O ?>78B82=>3>
2;8O=8O H0<?8=L>=0 >1K:=>25==>3> =0 70682;5=85 O72 8 ?@>;56=59.
0AB>9:8 3@810 A=8<0NB 3>;>2=CN 8 A5@45G=CN 1>;L, >1;040NB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN 8 O2;ONBAO 0=B80;;5@35=0<8. >@>H>:
87 ?;>4>2KE B5; E0@0:B5@87C5BAO O@:> 2K@065==K<8 0=B8A5?B8G5A:8<8 A2>9AB20<8.
%0@0:B5@87C5BAO ?@>B82>?>:070=8O<8, 0=0;>38G=K<8 B0:>2K< C H0<?8=L>=0 42CA?>@>2>3>.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 @>AA89A:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 >1K:=>25==K9 H0<?8=L>= 8A?>;L7>20;8 4;O ;5G5=8O 48015B0 8 :0: 2>AAB0=>28B5;L=>5 A@54AB2> ?@8 C:CA0E 7<59.
 8B05 >1K:=>25==K5 H0<?8=L>=K C?>B@51;ONB 2 :0G5AB25 ;5G51=>3> A@54AB20 >B :>@8, E@>=8G5A:8E 0@0E=>848B>2, AC4>@>6=>3> A8=4@><0,
3@8??0 8 4@.
 (>B;0=488 B>=:> =0@570==K5 ?;>4>2K5
B5;0 MB>3> 3@810 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O ;5G5=8O >6>3>2.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
=0;>38G=K B0:>2K< 4;O H0<?8=L>=0 42CA?>@>2>3>. A?>;L7C5BAO 2 2845 ?>@>H:0, =0AB>52 8
2KBO6:8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO :0: H0<?8=L>= 42CA?>@>2K9. >
A>45@60=8N CA208205<KE >@30=87<>< G5;>25:0
15;:>2 A@02=8< A 15;K< 3@81><. >4E>48B 4;O


32

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

2A5E 284>2 :C;8=0@=KE 1;N4 8 703>B>2>:. 3> 8A?>;L7CNB 2 A2565< 2845, 60@OB, 20@OB, ACH0B 8 <>-

@>7OB, A>;OB, <0@8=CNB 8 :>=A5@28@CNB, 3>B>2OB
2KBO6:C 8 ACE>9 ?>@>H>:.

Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff.

(0<?8=L>= ;5A=>9
!5<59AB2>: (0<?8=L>=>2K5 (Agaricaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 1;03CH:0, :>;?0:.

?8A0=85
0A5;O5B E2>9=K5 (?@58<CI5AB25==> 5;>2K5) 8
A<5H0==K5 ;5A0. '0AB> 2AB@5G05BAO =0 <C@0259=8:0E 8 2>7;5 =8E. "O30 : <C@0259=8:0< C MB>3>
3@810 >1JOA=O5BAO, A:>@55 2A53>, B5<, GB> <C@02L8 @0A?@>AB@0=ONB 53> A?>@K. (;O?:0 480<5B@>< 6 15 A<, A=0G0;0 O9F5284=>-:>;>:>;LG0B0O,
70B5< ?;>A:>2K?C:;0O, @602>-1C@>-:>@8G=520O,
2 A5@548=5 1>;55 B5<=0O 8 A =51>;LH8< ?;>A:8<
1C3>@:><, G5HC9G0B0O 8;8 2>;>:=8AB0O. ;0AB8=:8 A=0G0;0 3@O7=>20B>-:@0A=>20BK5, 70B5<
B5<=>-?C@?C@=>-1C@K5. >6:0 8 16 � 0,5 1,5 A<,
2 >A=>20=88 CB>;I5==0O, ?>;0O, 3@O7=>20B>-15;0O, A 15;K< C7:8< 8 B>=:8< ?;5=G0BK< :>;LF><,
G0AB> 8AG570NI8<. O:>BL B>=:><OA8AB0O, 15;0O, =0 @07@575 1KAB@> :@0A=5NI0O, 2:CA A;04:>20BK9, 70?0E :8A;>20B>->AB@K9, ?@8OB=K9.
@81 ?;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5. 0 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88 2AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5.

!E>4=K5 284K
 1;87:8< AJ54>1=K< ;5A=K< 2840< >B=>AOBAO
H0<?8=L>= ?5@5;5A:>2K9 (A. sylvicola), >B;8G0-

NI89AO 15;>9 H;O?:>9 8 :>68F59, 65;B5NI59
?@8 ?@8:>A=>25=88, 0 B0:65 H0<?8=L>= 023CAB>2A:89 (A. augustus), 1>;55 :@C?=K9 3@81, A
B5<=>-:>@8G=52>9 8;8 B5<=>->@0=652>9 8 :>@8G=52>9 2 F5=B@5 H;O?:>9. B 15;>>:@0H5==KE
A<5@B5;L=> O4>28BKE ;5A=KE <CE><>@>2 >B;8G05BAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L F25B>< H;O?:8 8 ?;0AB8=>:, 0 B0:65 :@0A=5NI59 =0 A@575 <O:>BLN.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
2@>?59A:8<8 8AA;54>20B5;O<8 4;O 3@810 ?>:070=> 8<<C=>;>38G5A:>5 8 35<0B>;>38G5A:>5 459AB285, ?@>B82>@0:>20O 0:B82=>ABL, 0 B0:65 A?>A>1=>ABL : @53C;OF88 3;8:5<88. <5@8:0=A:85
A?5F80;8ABK CAB0=>28;8, GB> ?@8 2:;NG5=88 2
485BC A. silvaticus =>@<0;87C5BAO :@>2O=>5 402;5=85 8 A=8605BAO C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.


33

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

>4E>48B 4;O <=>38E 284>2 :C;8=0@=KE 1;N4.
3> 8A?>;L7CNB 2 A2565< 2845, 60@OB, 20@OB, ACH0B, 3>B>2OB 2KBO6:C 8 ACE>9 ?>@>H>:.

Agaricus xanthodermus Genev.

(0<?8=L>= 65;B>:>689
!5<59AB2>: (0<?8=L>=>2K5 (Agaricaceae).
!8=>=8<K: (0<?8=L>= @K65NI89.

?8A0=85
@81 8<55B 3;04:CN H;O?:C 480<5B@>< 5 13 A<,
15;CN, 65;BCN 8;8 A5@>20BCN, 65;B5NICN 2
?>@0=5==KE <5AB0E. # AB0@KE M:75<?;O@>2 >=0
A5@>-:>@8G=520O, :>340 ACE0O   @0AB@5A:820NI0OAO. ;0AB8=:8 4>;3> >AB0NBAO 1;54=K<8,
A5@>20BK<8, 70B5< ?@8>1@5B0NB :@0A=>-:>@8G=52K9 F25B. >6:0 6 12 � 1,2 1,5 A<, @>2=0O, 2
>A=>20=88 A =51>;LH8< :;C15=L:><, 15;0O, H5;:>28AB>-1;5ABOI0O, 65;B0O 8;8 A5@>20B0O, A 15;K< :>;LF><. O:>BL 15;0O, A;01> 65;B5NI0O,
C >A=>20=8O =>6:8 1KAB@> ?@8>1@5B0NI0O =0AKI5==>-65;BK9 F25B. :CA <O:>B8 =52K@078B5;5=, 70?0E A8;L=K9, =5?@8OB=K9, :0@1>;>2K9.
(0<?8=L>= 65;B>:>689 @0AB5B =0 ;C30E 8
?0AB18I0E, 2 A040E 8 ?0@:0E, => B0:65 2 E2>9=KE
8 ;8AB25==KE ;5A0E, G0I5 ?> >?CH:0<. A>15==>
>18;5= >= ?>A;5 4>6459. 5@8>4 ?;>4>=>H5=8O
A 8N;O ?> >:BO1@L.
@81 O4>28B, 2K7K205B 65;C4>G=K5 8 :8H5G=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20. 0?0E <>65B 1KBL 5;5 @07;8-

G8<, => ?@8 20@:5 H0<?8=L>=0 65;B>:>653> @57:> CA8;8205BAO.
AB@5G05BAO, 2 >A=>2=><, 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8
 >AA88.

!E>4=K5 284K
>65B 1KBL A?CB0= A H0<?8=L>=>< >1K:=>25==K< (A. campestris) 8 H0<?8=L>=>< ?>;52K<
(A. arvensis), >B :>B>@KE >B;8G05BAO =5?@8OB=K< D5=>;L=K< 70?0E><. 7 A;01>O4>28BKE 284>2 1;87>: : H0<?8=L>=0< :0@1>;>2><C
(A. phaeolepidotus) 8 ;5A=><C H0<?8=L>=C ?;>A:>H;O?:>2><C (A. placomyces).

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 O4>28B>3> H0<?8=L>=0 65;B>:>653> 1K;8
2K45;5=K 0=B818>B8:8 ?A0;;8>B8= 8 030@8F8=,
459AB2CNI85 =0 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5 10:B5@88 8
Salmonella. A0;;8>B8= 8 030@8F8= B0:65 >1;0-


34

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

40NB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN 8 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 >=:>;>388.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
>A:>;L:C 3@81 A;01> O4>28B, ?8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 ?@>B82>?>:070=>.
725AB=> <=>3> A;CG052 =>@<0;L=>3> C?>B@51;5=8O MB>3> 3@810 2 ?8IC, >4=0:> AB>;L 65
@0A?@>AB@0=5=K 8 A;CG08 BO65;KE 65;C4>G=KE
>B@02;5=89. !8<?B><K ?@>O2;ONBAO >18;L=K<
?>B>>B45;5=85<, ?>=>A><, 65;C4>G=K<8 :>;8:0<8 8 AC4>@>30<8. !>3;0A=> AB0B8AB8:5, >:>;> 50 %
>B@02;5=89 =5AJ54>1=K<8 8 O4>28BK<8 H0<?8=L>=0<8 ?@8E>48BAO 8<5==> =0 MB>B 284 3@810.

Agrocybe molesta (Lasch.) Sing.

>;52:0 B25@40O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 03@>F815 B25@40O, G5HC9G0B:0 65AB:0O, ?>;528F0 B25@40O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 3 10 A<, ?>;CH0@>284=0O, A
2>7@0AB>< @0A?@02;O5BAO 4> ?;>A:>9, A >AB0B:0<8
?>:@K20;0 ?> :@0N. >68F0 ACE0O, A5BG0B>-B@5I8=>20B0O, ?>GB8 15;0O 8;8 F25B0 A;>=>2>9 :>AB8, 65;B>20B0O 8;8 1C@>20B0O. ;0AB8=:8 G0ABK5,
?@8@>AH85, :@5<>2K5, A5@>-1C@K5, 70B5< 3;8=8ABK5, B5<=>- 8;8 ?C@?C@=>-:>@8G=52K5. @0O
?;0AB8=>: =5@>2=> 707C1@5==K5, G0AB> A25B;K5,
E;>?L5284=>->?CH5==K5. >6:0 5 10 � 0,3 1 A<,
F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, A?;>H=0O, 2 7@5;>AB8 A C7:>9
?>;>ABLN, 65AB:0O, C >A=>20=8O A E;>?L5284=K<
=0;5B><, 15;>20B0O 8;8 A;53:0 65;B>20B0O, A C7:8< @C1G0BK< 15;K< :>;LF><, :>B>@>5 =5 2A5340
70<5B=>. O:>BL >G5=L ?;>B=0O, 15;>20B0O. :CA,
:0: ?@028;>, 3>@L:>20BK9, 70?0E A;01K9, 8=>340
=5?@8OB=K9.
@81K @0ABCB A@548 B@02K 2 0=B@>?>35==KE
;0=4H0DB0E: A040E, >3>@>40E, =0 307>=0E, ?>;OE,
@565 2 ;5A0E =0 ?>4AB8;:5 8;8 >AB0B:0E 4@525A8=K. =>340 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 B5?;8F0E. ;>4>=>A8B
A <0O 4> :>=F0 A5=BO1@O ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5
 >AA88.

!E>4=K5 284K
>;52:0 B25@40O >G5=L ?>E>60 =0 ?>;52:C @0==NN (A. praecox), @07;8G8O 8E 2 >A=>2=>< <8-

:@>A:>?8G5A:85, 8 G0AB> MB8 3@81K A>18@0NBAO
2<5AB5, :0: >48= 284. 5>?KB=K5 3@81=8:8 <>3CB A?CB0BL <>;>4CN ?>;52:C B25@4CN A B>=:>=>38<8 H0<?8=L>=0<8   >BG5B;82>-:;C15=L:>2K<
(Agaricus abrutibulbus, >B;8G05BAO 65;B5NI59
>B ?@8:>A=>25=8O H;O?:>9, G0ABK<8, A2>1>4=K<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8 8 B>;ABK< 15;K< :>;LF><),
0 B0:65 ?>;52K< (Agaricus arvensis, >B;8G05BAO 15;>20B>-?0;52>9, 65;B5NI59 A 2>7@0AB><
H;O?:>9, G5HC9G0BK< A=87C :>;LF><, A2>1>4=K<8 1;54=>-@>7>2K<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8 8 70?0E><
<8=40;O). 5AJ54>1=0, O4>28BKE 42>9=8:>2 =5B.


35

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

!>45@68B 0=B818>B8: 03@>F818=, ?>402;ONI89
459AB285 1>;57=5B2>@=KE 10:B5@89 8 3@81:>2.

!>18@0NB <>;>4K5 8 7@5;K5 3@81K. G8I5==K5
8 87<5;LG5==K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O
?@83>B>2;5=8O A?8@B>2KE 8 2>4=KE =0AB>52, 2KBO6:8 8 ?>@>H:0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
725AB=> 8A?>;L7>20=85 2 N6=KE @538>=0E  >AA88 2 :0G5AB25 0=B8A5?B8:0.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
7-70 3>@L:>20B>9 8 65AB:>9 <O:>B8 3@81 8<55B
=87:CN ?8I52CN F5==>ABL. A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A2565< 2845 ?>A;5 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O.

Albatrellus confluens (Alb. et Schwein.) Kotl. et Pouzar.

;L10B@5;;CA A;820NI89AO
!5<59AB2>: ;L10B@5;;>2K5 (Albatrellaceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 :@5<>20O, 65;B>20B>-@>7>20O A :@0A=>20BK< >BB5=:><, 65;B>20B>-:>@8G=520O, 8=>340
?>GB8 >@0=6520O. !> 2@5<5=5< >=0 AB0=>28BAO
1>;55 @K659 8;8 @>7>2>-1C@>9.  ACECN ?>3>4C 8;8 ?>A;5 ACH:8 H;O?:8 AB0=>2OBAO 3@O7=>:@0A=K<8. 0: ?@028;>, H;O?:0 >:@C3;0O 8;8
>4=>AB>@>==5-2KBO=CB0O, => 2AB@5G0NBAO 8 =5A8<<5B@8G=K5 D>@<K, >1KG=> ?;>A:0O, @565
2402;5==0O.  07<5@K 20@L8@CNB >B 3 4> 15 A<. 
<>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5 ?>25@E=>ABL H;O?:8 3;04:0O,
?>765 AB0=>28BAO H5@>E>20B>9, 8=>340 2 F5=B@5
A;01> G5HC9G0B>9. (;O?:8 7@5;KE 3@81>2 G0AB>
@0AB@5A:820NBAO. O:>BL B>;AB0O, >G5=L ?;>B=0O,
A E0@0:B5@=K< 3>@L:>20BK< 8;8 GCBL :8A;>20BK<
2:CA><. >6:0 1>:>20O 8;8 M:AF5=B@8G5A:0O,
@565 F5=B@0;L=0O, 2KA>B>9 4> 7 A< 8 480<5B@><
1 3 A<, 4>2>;L=> ;><:0O, => ?@8 MB>< <OA8AB0O,
3;04:0O, :@5<>20O 8;8 @>7>20O. B45;L=K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0, :0: ?@028;>, A@0AB0NBAO =>6:0<8 8/8;8
A;820NBAO :@0O<8 H;O?>:, >1@07CO :>=3;><5@0BK 4> 40 8 1>;55 A0=B8<5B@>2 (GB>, A>1AB25==>,
8 ?>A;C68;> ?>2>4>< 4;O =0720=8O 3@810). "@C1G0BK9 A;>9 C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 15;K9 4> :@5<>2>3>, ?>A;5 2KACH820=8O ?@8>1@5B05B @>7>2K9
8;8 :@0A=>-:>@8G=52K9 F25B. "@C1>G:8 2KA>B>9
4> 5 <<, ?>@K @07;8G=K5: >:@C3;K5 8 C3;>20BK5,
?;>B=>ABL @07<5I5=8O   2 4 =0 1 <<. ! 2>7@0AB>< :@0O B@C1>G5: @0AA5:0NBAO =0?>4>185 <0@;8.

@81 2AB@5G05BAO =0 ?>G25 2 023CAB5 A5=BO1@5
2 A>A=>2KE ;5A0E (?@54?>;>68B5;L=>, >1@07C5B
<8:>@87C A A>A=>9), ?>2AN4C @54>:.

!E>4=K5 284K
 1;87:8< 2840< >B=>AOBAO 0;L10B@5;;CA 3@515=G0BK9 (A. cristatus, >B;8G05BAO 75;5=>20B>9 8;8
>;82:>2>9 >:@0A:>9 H;O?:8), 0;L10B@5;;CA :@0A=5NI89 (A. subrubescens, >B;8G05BAO, 2 ?5@2CN
>G5@54L, A25B;>->@0=652K< B@C1G0BK< A;>5< 8
2K@065==K< 3>@L:8< 2:CA><) 8 0;L10B@5;;CA >25G89 (A. ovinus, >B;8G05BAO 15;K< F25B>< H;O?:8). 5AJ54>1=KE 8 O4>28BKE 42>9=8:>2 =5B.


36

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; 3@810 2K45;5=K @07;8G=K5 18>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK: 3@8D>;8=, 0;L10B@5;;8=, 0;L10:>=>;, 3@8D>;8=>= 8 4@.
@8D>;8= 8 0;L10B@5;;8= >1;040NB 2K@065==K< ?@>B82>@0:>2K< 459AB285<. @8D>;8=
8=3818@C5B @>AB @0:>2KE :;5B>: ;8=89 CNE1,
HeLa, MCF7, SW480, K562, Raji 8 B95-8, 0 B0:65
A=8605B C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0 8 ?>402;O5B 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5 10:B5@88 (7>;>B8ABK9 AB0D8;>:>:: 8 A5==CN ?0;>G:C) 8 <8:>10:B5@88 (BC15@:C;57).  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =0 53> >A=>25 2545BAO
@07@01>B:0 ?@>B82>@0:>2>3> ?@5?0@0B0. ;L10B@5;;8= >AB0=02;8205B @>AB @0:>2KE :;5B>: ;8=89 K526, A549, BGC-823 8 Bcap-37.
;L10:>=>; ?@>O2;O5B O@:> 2K@065==>5 0=B8>:A840=B=>5 459AB285, 0=0;>38G=>5 2>7459AB28N 28B0<8=0 .

@8D>;8= 8 =5>3@8D>;8= B0:65 >1;040NB
?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=K< 459AB285<, A=860O 2
>@30=87<5 G5;>25:0 C@>25=L >:A840 07>B0 (NO).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 8B05 8A?>;L7C5BAO :0: ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>5 8
?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5 8 7@5;K5 3@81K. G8I5==K5
8 87<5;LG5==K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O
?@83>B>2;5=8O A?8@B>2KE 8 2>4=KE =0AB>52, 0
B0:65 2KBO6:8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
>AB0B>G=> 65AB:89 3@81 A =52K@078B5;L=K<
2:CA><. %>@>H> ?>4E>48B 4;O ACH:8.

Albatrellus ovinus (Schaeff.) Kotl. et Pouzar.

"@CB>28: >25G89
!5<59AB2>: ;L10B@5;;>2K5 (Albatrellaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ;L10B@5;;CA >25G89, >25G89 3@81.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 <OA8AB0O, 1 2 A< B>;I8=>9, 480<5B@><
3 20 A<, >:@C3;0O 8;8 =5A:>;L:> =5?@028;L=0O,
2=0G0;5 2K?C:;0O A ?>4>3=CBK< :@05<, 70B5<
?;>A:0O 8;8 2>3=CB0O, 15;0O, A25B;>-:@5<>20O,
=5@54:> A O@:>-65;BK<8 ?OB=0<8, A 2>7@0AB><
A25B;>->E@O=0O, A5@>20B>-65;B0O 4> A5@>- 8;8
A25B;>-:>@8G=52>9 8;8 1C@>9. >;>4K5 H;O?:8
3>;K5 8 3;04:85, 70B5< A;01> G5HC9G0BK5, 2 AB0@>AB8 8;8 2 ACECN ?>3>4C @0AB@5A:820NI85AO.
O:>BL ?;>B=0O, AK@>>1@07=0O, ;><:0O, 15;0O,
?@8 2KAKE0=88 65;B>20B0O, G0AB> ?@8 =060B88
>:@0H8205BAO 2 65;B>20BK9 F25B. :CA ?@8OB=K9 8
<O3:89, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>28BAO 3>@L:>20BK<. @8
>B20@820=88 ?;>4>2>5 B5;> AB0=>28BAO A;53:0 75;5=>20BK<. >6:0 3 7 � 1- 3 A<, ?@>G=0O, 3;04:0O,
A?;>H=0O, F5=B@0;L=0O 8;8 M:AF5=B@8G5A:0O, :
>A=>20=8N G0AB> AC65==0O, >1KG=> >4=>F25B=0O
A> H;O?:>9. 48=8G=K5 3@81K 2AB@5G0NBAO =5G0AB>, :0: ?@028;>, >=8 A@0AB0NBAO =>6:0<8 8/
8;8 :@0O<8 H;O?>:, >1@07CO A@>AB:8 87 =5A:>;L-

:8E ?;>4>2KE B5;. "@C1G0BK9 A;>9 =871530NI89
=0 =>6:C, 15;K9, :@5<>2K9, <>65B 1KBL ;8<>==>8;8 75;5=>20B>-65;BK<, ?@8 =0402;820=88 65;B55B. "@C1>G:8 >G5=L :>@>B:85, 1 2 << 2KA>B>9,
?>@K C3;>20BK5 8;8 >:@C3;K5, 2 5 =0 1 <<.


37

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

@81 2AB@5G05BAO =0 ?>G25 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5 2
A>A=>2KE, 5;>2KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E (?@54?>G8B05B AB0@K5 5;L=8:8, >A>15==> 15;><>H=K5),
=0 ?@>A5:0E, ;5A=KE ?>;O=0E, C 4>@>3, 2 A25B;KE
CG0AB:0E ;5A0, <5AB0<8 4>AB0B>G=> G0AB> 8 >18;L=>.  0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88.

!E>4=K5 284K
 1;87:8< 2840< >B=>AOBAO 0;L10B@5;;CA 3@515=G0BK9 (A. cristatus, >B;8G05BAO 75;5=>20B>9 8;8
>;82:>2>9 >:@0A:>9 H;O?:8), 0;L10B@5;;CA A;820NI89AO (A. confluens, >B;8G05BAO :@5<>2K<,
@>7>2K<, :@0A=>20BK< 8;8 65;B>-:>@8G=52K<
F25B>< H;O?:8 8 3>@L:>20BK< 8;8 :8A;>20BK<
2:CA>< <O:>B8). "0:65 =0?><8=05B 56528: 65;BK9 (Hydnum repandum), C :>B>@>3> A?>@>=>A=K9 A;>9 =0 =86=59 ?>25@E=>AB8 H;O?:8
=5 B@C1G0BK9, 0 2 2845 H8?8:>2. 5AJ54>1=KE 8
O4>28BKE 42>9=8:>2 =5B.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; 3@810 2K45;5=K @07;8G=K5 18>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK: 3@8D>;8=,
3@8D>;8=>=, =5>3@8D>;8=, A:CB835@0;, 8;8A8:>;8= , >28=0;, >28=>; 8 4@.
!:CB835@0; 8 4@C385 B@8?5=8;-D5=>;K B@CB>28:0 >25GL53> (=5>3@8D>;8=, A:CB835@0;, 8;8A8:>;8= , >28=0;, >28=>;), 8<5NI85 A@>4AB2>
: 4>?0<8=C D1 @5F5?B>@>2 <>730, 459AB2CNB :0:
>@0;L=>5 1>;5CB>;ONI55. E 459AB285 0=0;>38G=> 459AB28N ?A08F8=0, ?>;CG05<>3> 87 63C-

G53> :@0A=>3> ?5@F0.
5>3@8D>;8= ?@>O2;O5B O@:> 2K@065==>5
0=B8>:A840=B=>5 459AB285, 0=0;>38G=>5 2>7459AB28N 28B0<8=0 .
@8D>;8= >1;0405B 2K@065==K< ?@>B82>@0:>2K< 459AB285<. = 8=3818@C5B @>AB @0:>2KE :;5B>: ;8=89 CNE1, HeLa, MCF-7, SW480,
K562, Raji 8 B95-8, A=8605B C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0
8 ?>402;O5B 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5 10:B5@88 (7>;>B8ABK9 AB0D8;>:>:: 8 A5==CN ?0;>G:C) 8 <8:>10:B5@88. 5@820B 3@8D>;8=0 :>=D;N5=B8=
?>402;O5B @>AB @0:>2KE :;5B>: ;8=89 HL-60,
SMMC-7712, A-549 8 MCF-7.
>;8A0E0@84K >25GL53> B@CB>28:0, ?>;CG5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K, >AB0=02;820NB
@>AB A0@:><K-180 8 A0@:><K -@;8E0 =0 100 %
A>>B25BAB25==>.
@8D>;8= 8 =5>3@8D>;8= >1;040NB ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=K< 459AB285<, A=860O 2 >@30=87<5
G5;>25:0 C@>25=L >:A840 07>B0 (NO).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 8B05 8A?>;L7C5BAO :0: ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>5 8
?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 A@54AB2>.

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4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5 8 7@5;K5 3@81K. G8I5==K5
8 87<5;LG5==K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O
?@83>B>2;5=8O A?8@B>2KE 8 2>4=KE =0AB>52, 2KBO6:8 8 ?>@>H:0.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
 ?8IC ?@83>4=K <>;>4K5 3@81K A> H;O?:>9
15;>3> F25B0, 8E C?>B@51;ONB A2568<8, 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. %>@>H> ?>4E>48B 4;O ACH:8 2?@>:. @81 >1;0405B 2KA>:8<8
2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8, => 65AB:0O <O:>BL <>65B
2K720BL C GC2AB28B5;L=KE ;N459 @0AAB@>9AB2>
65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3> B@0:B0.


38

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers.

CE><>@ F570@A:89
!5<59AB2>: CE><>@>2K5 (Amanitaceae).
!8=>=8<K: F570@A:89 3@81, :5A0@52 <CE><>@, <CE><>@ &570@O, F0@A:89 3@81.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
! 0=B8G=KE 2@5<5= 8 4> =0AB>OI53> 2@5<5=8 F570@A:89 3@81 AG8B05BAO >4=8< 87 ;CGH8E 45;8:0B5A>2. @5;K9 3@81 <>6=> 70?5:0BL =0 @5H5B:5
8;8 60@8BL, 3>48BAO >= 8 4;O ACH:8. !>2A5< <>;>4K5 3@81>G:8, 5I5 ?>;=>ABLN ?>:@KBK5 =5@07>@20==>9 2>;L2>9, 8A?>;L7CNB 2 AK@>< 2845
2 A0;0B0E.  A>60;5=8N, 8<5==> 2 B0:>< 2845 3C@<0=K 8=>340 ?CB0NB 8E A A>2A5< <>;>4K<8, 5IQ
?>;=>ABLN ?>:@KBK<8 =5@07>@20==>9 2>;L2>9
1;54=K<8 ?>30=:0<8& 
?5@2K5 :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9 284 3@81 1K;
>?8A0= 8B0;LO=A:8< <8:>;>3>< 6>20==8 =B>=8> !:>?>;8 2 1772 3>4C ?>4 =0720=85< Agaricus
caesareus, 8 2?>A;54AB288, 2 1801 3>4C, A?@0254;82> 1K; ?5@52545= 2 @>4 Amanita.  CAA:>5 =0720=85, :0: 8 ;0B8=A:>5 284>2>5, ?@>8AE>48B >B
B8BC;0 ?@028B5;59  8<A:>9 8<?5@88. =>340 53>
A2O7K20NB :>=:@5B=> A 05< .;85< &570@5<. 
4@52=5<  8<5 F570@A:85 3@81K =07K20;8 �boleti�
(<=>65AB25==>5 G8A;> >B boletus) 8 AG8B0;8 ?5@2K<8 A@548 3@81>2, B0: =07K205<K<8 �fungorum
princeps�. A>15==> ?@>A;02;5= 3@81 1K; @8<A:8< ?>;:>2>4F5< C:C;;><   7=0<5=8BK< 3C@<0=><, ?8@K :>B>@>3> ?>@060;8 2>>1@065=85
A>2@5<5==8:>2 8 2>H;8 2 ?>3>2>@:8.  0=B8G=>9
;8B5@0BC@5 3@81 C?><8=05BAO .25=0;>< 2 53>
�!0B8@0E�, 345 ?> E>4C AN65B0, ?>A2OI5==>3>
>B@02;5=8N ;0248O 3@8??8=>9, ?@82>4OBAO B0:85 A;>20: �Uilibus ancipites fungi ponentur
amicis, boletus domino (�54=K< 4@C7LO< ?>40NB
4@C385 3@81K, =5206=>3> A>@B0, 1>;5BCA   E>7O8=C�).  A>2@5<5==>9 =0CG=>9 =><5=:;0BC@5
=0720=85 �boleti, boletus� ?5@5=5A5=> =0 3@81K
@>40 5;K9 3@81 (>@>28:).
!0<> 65 �boleti, boletus� 1K;> >1@07>20=>
@8<;O=0<8 >B 4@52=53@5G5A:>3> ���������, :0:
8<5=>20; 1C4CI89 F570@A:89 <CE><>@ 25;8:89
<548: 0;5=. =>385 A>2@5<5==K5 =0720=8O F570@A:>3> <CE><>@0 ?@>4>;60NB �8<?5@0B>@A:CN� B@048F8N. "0:, 0=3;8G0=5 =07K20NB 53>
�royal amanita�, D@0=FC7K   �imp�riale�, ?>;O-

:8   �cesarski�, =5<FK   �Kaiserling�, 8A?0=FK   �Amanita de los Cesares�.  B0;88, >4=0:>
(E>BO MB> 8 @>48=0 �F570@A:>3>� =0720=8O), A59G0A 3@81 7>25BAO ?@>AB> �ovolo� (<=>65AB25==>5 G8A;>   �ovoli�), ?>A:>;L:C ?>E>6 =0 O9F>
2 N=>< 2>7@0AB5.  ;10=88 F570@A:89 <CE><>@
7>2CB �kuq�lorja� A>>1@07=> 53> F25BC (�kuqe�  
�:@0A=K9�).

?8A0=85
&570@A:89 <CE><>@ >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A H8@>:>;8AB25==K<8 ?>@>40<8   1C:><, 4C1><, :0HB0=><.
 0AB5B 2 ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, ?@54?>G8B0O ?5AG0=K5 ?>G2K, B5?;K5 8 ACE85 <5AB0.  0A?@>AB@0=5= 2 B5?;KE @09>=0E A525@=>3> C<5@5==>3> :;8<0B0, 2 A@54875<=><>@A:8E AC1B@>?8:0E
(2@>?0, !525@=0O D@8:0, =48O, 8B09, 5:A8:0).  0=55 >B<5G0;AO B>;L:> 70 ?@545;0<8  >AA88 (=0 B5@@8B>@88 1K2H53> !!!  @>A 2 @C788,
75@109460=5, =0 !525@=>< 02:075, 2 @K<C 8
0:0@?0BL5). ! =0G0;0 B@5BL53> BKAOG5;5B8O 3@81
@53C;O@=> 2AB@5G05BAO =5 B>;L:> =0 N35  >AA88,
=> >B<5G5= 8 2 >A:>2A:>9, "C;LA:>9, 0;C6A:>9,
@O=A:>9 >1;0ABOE. >B5?;5=85, >4=0:>& 
(;O?:0 8 20 A<, O9F5284=0O 8;8 ?>;CH0@>284=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< >B A;53:0 2K?C:;>9 4>


39

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

A>25@H5==> ?;>A:>9, A 1>@>74G0BK< :@05<.
>68F0 7>;>B8AB>->@0=652>3> 8;8 O@:>-:@0A=>3> F25B0, @565 65;B>20B0O, 2 AB0@>AB8 65;B55B, ACE0O. AB0B:8 ?>:@K20;0 =0 :>68F5 >1KG=>
>BACBAB2CNB, @54:>   2 2845 :@C?=KE ?;>A:8E
G5HC5:. O:>BL H;O?:8 <OA8AB0O, ?>4 :>68F59
A25B;>-65;B0O, =>6:8   G8AB> 15;0O =0 @07@575, 157 >A>1KE 70?0E0 8 2:CA0 (C AB0@KE, C65 =5
3>4=KE 2 ?8IC 3@81>2, ?>O2;O5BAO 70?0E A5@>2>4>@>40). ;0AB8=:8 A25B;K5, 7>;>B8AB>-65;BK5,
G0ABK5, H8@>:85 2 A@54=59 G0AB8, :@0O A;53:0
10E@><G0BK5.
>6:0 8 12 � 2 3 A<, A :;C1=5284=K< >A=>20=85<, 65;B>->@0=6520O, 3;04:0O, 2KH5 :>;LF0
A;53:0 ?>;>A0B0O. >;LF> =8AE>4OI55, H8@>:>5,
65;>1G0B>5, F25B   :0: C =>6:8. >;L20 A2>1>4=0O, <5H:>284=0O, 4>AB8305B H8@8=K 6 A<, ?;>B=0O, B>;I8=>9 4> 5 <<, A=0@C68 15;0O, 2=CB@5==OO ?>25@E=>ABL <>65B 1KBL 65;B>20B0O 8;8 A
>@0=652K< >BB5=:><.
=>340 2AB@5G0NBAO M:75<?;O@K >G5=L 1;54=>>:@0H5==K5, ?>GB8 15;K5, :>B>@K5 4065 1K;8
>?8A0=K :0: 15;0O D>@<0 Amanita caesaria f.
alba, >4=0:> =0E>4OB 8E B>;L:> @O4>< A =>@<0;L=> >:@0H5==K<8 3@810<8, 8 ACI5AB2>20=85 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 15;>9 D>@<K A?@0254;82> >A?0@8205BAO.
AB@5G05BAO A 8N=O ?> >:BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
0: C65 3>2>@8;>AL 2KH5, A>18@0NI85 3@81 =0
AB0488 O9F0 @8A:CNB A?CB0BL 53> A 0=0;>38G=K<8 �45B8H:0<8� 1;54=>9 ?>30=:8, ?>A:>;L:C
?@8 3>B>2:5 (>160@820=85 8;8 10@15:N) @07@570BL �O9F0� =5 ?@8=OB> (4065 2 �O9F5� C H;O?-

:8 1;54=>9 ?>30=:8 E>@>H> 2845= 75;5=K9 8;8
15;K9 F25B, 0 C F570@A:>3> 3@810   >@0=652K9).
5:>B>@K5 02B>@K @0A?;K2G0B> C:07K20NB =0
2>7<>6=>ABL A?CB0BL F570@A:89 <CE><>@ A <CE><>@>< :@0A=K<. C C6 =5 7=0N, :0: MB> C =8E
2KE>48B.  0725 GB> >=8 8<5NB 2 284C @54:CN 0<5@8:0=A:CN @07=>284=>ABL :@0A=>3> <CE><>@0
A. muscaria var. formosa, :>B>@K9 27@>A;K9  
:@0A=K9, => ?>:0 <>;>4>9   65;BK9 8;8 65;B>>@0=652K9. C, 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2, ;8H=89 :@0A=K9
<CE><>@ 74>@>2LN =5 ?>2@548B.
@C3>9 1;87:89 284   <CE><>@ F570@5284=K9, >= 65 F570@A:89 3@81 40;L=52>AB>G=K9
(A. hemibapha = A. caesareoides = A. caesarea var.
caesareoides).  A2>5 2@5<O =0E>4:0 =0 0<G0B:5
3@810, ?>E>653> =0 F570@A:89 <CE><>@, => 2A5B0:8 O2=> >B =53> >B;8G0NI53>AO, 2K720;0 1C@=K9
068>B06 C A>25BA:8E <8:>;>3>2. I5 1K   MB>
65 =0H >B25B 52@>?59A:><C AC;B0=C! 0 @04>ABOE
2 1950 3>4C <8:>;>3 .. 0A8;L520 >?8AK205B
=>2K9 284 A. caesareoides, 8;8 <CE><>@ F570@5284=K9. 0;L=59H85 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8,
GB> 3@81 2AB@5G05BAO =5 B>;L:> (8 =5 AB>;L:>) =0
0<G0B:5, => 8 2 @8<>@A:>< :@05, 2 <C@A:>9
>1;0AB8, %010@>2A:>< :@05 8 =0 !0E0;8=5.  A>60;5=8N, >=8 ?>:070;8 8 B>, GB> 2AB@5G8 A A. caesareoides ?@>4>;60NBAO 8 2 /?>=88, 8 2 >@55,
8 2 8B05, 8 2 =488&   B0< MB>B 3@81 ?>G5<C-B>
8725AB5= ?>4 =0720=85< A. hemibapha&  >MB><C,
E>BO 2 >B5G5AB25==>9 <8:>;>38G5A:>9 B@048F88
8 ?@8=OB> 3>@4> ?8A0BL: �Amanita hemibapha�,
>?8A0= 2 =488 8 =0 (@8-0=:5, 8<5NBAO A>>1I5=8O >1 MB>< 3@815 87 @07=KE @538>=>2 N3>2>AB>G=>9 788 8 :50=88, =>, 2848<>, G0ABL MB8E
A>>1I5=89 >B=>AOBAO : Amanita caesareoides, B>
<K 4>;6=K ?>=8<0BL, GB> MB> A>E@0=5=85 ;8F0.
0 =0H5< 0;L=5< >AB>:5 3@81 >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A ;8AB25==K<8 45@52LO<8, @0AB5B ?>4 4C1><,
;5I8=>9 8 15@57>9 A0E0;8=A:>9, >48=>G=> 8;8
=51>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8, 2 023CAB5 >:BO1@5. 0: 8
25AL :><?;5:A Hemibapha, 40;L=52>AB>G=K9 F570@A:89 3@81 AJ54>15= 8 >G5=L 2:CA5=.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!>3;0A=> 8AA;54>20=8O< 8B0;LO=A:8E CG5=KE,
F570@A:85 <CE><>@K O2;ONBAO 0:B82=K<8 18>0::C<C;OB>@0<8 BO65;KE <5B0;;>2: <KHLO:0,
:04<8O, A28=F0, @BCB8 8 A5;5=0.


40

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

AB0D8;>:>::0 8 A5==>9 ?0;>G:8) 8 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>< 459AB288 (A?8@B>20O 2KBO6:0 >AB0=02;8205B @>AB A0@:><K-180 =0 90 %).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
0;L=52>AB>G=K9 <CE><>@ F570@5284=K9
Amanita hemibapha.
 A>AB02 F570@A:>3> 3@810 2E>4OB 206=K5 >@30=8G5A:85 :8A;>BK: 0A:>@18=>20O, ;8<>==0O,
:5B>3;CB0@>20O, O1;>G=0O, O=B0@=0O 8 DC<0@>20O.
7 A. caesarea 1K; 2K45;5= M@3>AB5@>;, 8725AB=K9 C <=>38E 4@C38E ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2, 0
B0:65 A?>@K=L8 8 =5:>B>@KE 4@>6659.
! B>G:8 7@5=8O 18>E8<88 3@81 <0;>8AA;54>20=, >4=0:> ?>;CG5=K 40==K5 > 53> 0=B810:B5@80;L=>9 0:B82=>AB8 (?>402;O5B @>AB 7>;>B8AB>3>

A:;NG8B5;L=> 2:CA=K9 AJ54>1=K9 3@81 2KAH59 :0B53>@88, G@572KG09=> F5=8<K9 5IQ A
0=B8G=KE 2@5<5=. >4E>48B 4;O 2A5E 284>2 :C;8=0@=KE 1;N4 8 703>B>2>:. 3> 8A?>;L7CNB 2
A2565< 2845, 60@OB, 20@OB, ACH0B 8 <>@>7OB, A>;OB, <0@8=CNB 8 :>=A5@28@CNB, 3>B>2OB 2KBO6:C 8 ACE>9 ?>@>H>:.  52@>?59A:>9 :C;8=0@=>9
B@048F88 F570@A:89 3@81 ?>A;5 A1>@0 ?@8=OB>
=5 <KBL, 0 B>;L:> >G8I0BL >B A>@0 8;8, 2 :@09=5< A;CG05, ?@>B8@0BL E>;>4=>9 2;06=>9 3C1:>9.
!G8B05BAO, GB> ?@><K2:0 �C=>A8B� A A>1>9 G0ABL
70<5G0B5;L=>3> 2:CA0 MB>3> 3@810.

Amanita citrina (Schaeff.) Pers.

CE><>@ ;8<>==>-65;BK9
!5<59AB2>: CE><>@>2K5 (Amanitaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <CE><>@ 65;B>-75;5=K9, <CE><>@ ?>30=:>284=K9, <CE><>@ ;8<>==K9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
-B> <CE><>@, > AJ54>1=>AB8 8;8 O4>28B>AB8 :>B>@>3> A?5F80;8ABK A?>@8;8 >G5=L 4>;3>5 2@5<O. "5?5@L, >4=0:>, <>6=> AG8B0BL, GB> ?>A;5
4>AB0B>G=>9 :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 MB8 3@81K
>B@02;5=8O =5 2K7K20NB, E>BO <CE><>@ ?>30=:>284=K9 8 A>45@68B 2 25AL<0 =51>;LH8E :>;8G5AB20E O4>28B>5 25I5AB2> 1CD>B5=8= 8 A>2A5< 2
A;54>2>< :>;8G5AB25   B>:A8= �-0<0=8B8=. 5;C4>G=>5 @0AAB@>9AB2> <>65B =01;N40BLAO B>;L:> ?@8 C?>B@51;5=88 <CE><>@0 ;8<>==>-65;B>3> 2 AK@>< 2845.
4=0:> 87-70 =5:>B>@>3> AE>4AB20 A 1;54=>9
?>30=:>9 4;O ?8I52KE F5;59 MB8 3@81K ;CGH5 =5


41

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

A>18@0BL. @><5 B>3>, C <CE><>@0 ?>30=:>284=>3> 8<55BAO 15;0O (?>GB8 =5>:@0H5==0O) D>@<0, 8 2 B0:>< 2845 =5>?KB=K5 3@81=8:8 <>3CB
A?CB0BL 53> A> A<5@B5;L=> O4>28BK< <CE><>@><
2>=NG8<. !E>4AB2> A 1;54=>9 ?>30=:>9 >B@065=> 8 2 0=3;89A:>< =0720=88 3@810   False death
cap (;>6=0O 1;54=0O ?>30=:0).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 3 8 A<, B>;AB><OA8AB0O, ;8<>==>-65;B0O 8;8 65;B>-75;5=0O A> A25B;K<8
65;B>-:>@8G=52K<8 1>@>402:0<8. ;0AB8=:8
15;>20BK5 A 65;BK< >BB5=:><. >6:0 5 12 � 0,8 
1,5 A<, 15;0O 8;8 65;B>20B0O A <5;:>65;>1G0BK<
?>4286=K< :>;LF><. A=>20=85 =>6:8 CB>;I5==>5, :;C1=5284=>5, 157 2K@065==>9 2>;L2K.
O:>BL 15;0O. :CA 4>2>;L=> =5?@8OB=K9, 70?0E
=0?><8=05B 70?0E AK@>3> :0@B>D5;O.
# 3@810, ?><8<> >A=>2=>9 5ABL, 5I5 3 F25B>2K5 D>@<K H;O?:8: 15;0O (A. citrina var. alba),
A5@0O (A. citrina var. grisea; 2AB@5G05BAO =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5 8 2 /?>=88) 8 A5@>20B>-65;B0O
(A. citrina var. lavendula).
@81 =0A5;O5B ;8AB25==K5 8 E2>9=K5 ;5A0.
 0AB5B 2 1>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25, G0I5 2A53> =0 154=KE :8A;KE ?>G20E, >1@07CO <8:>@87C A 4C1><,
15@57>9, 5;LN 8 A>A=>9.  3>@0E 2AB@5G05BAO =0
2KA>B5 =5 1>;55 500 <, @54:>   4> 1100 <. (8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88.
5@8>4 ?;>4>=>H5=8O   8N;L =>O1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
>2B>@NAL: GB>1K =025@=O:0 >B;8G8BL <CE><>@
;8<>==>-65;BK9 >B 1;54=>9 ?>30=:8, A;54C-

(;O?:8 >A=>2=KE @07=>284=>AB59
?>30=:>284=>3> <CE><>@0 (A;520 =0?@02>,
A25@EC 2=87): >1KG=0O, 15;0O, A5@0O, A5@>20B>65;B0O.
5B ?><=8BL, GB> <CE><>@ ?>30=:>284=K9 8<55B
;8<>==>-65;BCN 8;8 65;B>-75;5=CN =52>;>:=8ABCN H;O?:C; CB>;I5==>5 >A=>20=85 53> =>6:8 >1@07C5B :;C15=L 157 2;030;8I0, 0 <CE><>@
75;5=K9 (1;54=0O ?>30=:0) 8<55B 75;5=CN 8;8
65;B>-75;5=CN H;O?:C, ?@>=870==CN 65;B>-:>@8G=52K<8 2>;>:=0<8, 8 CB>;I5==>5 >A=>20=85
=>6:8 2 7C1G0B>< A2>1>4=>< (=5 ?@8@>AH5< :
=>6:5) 2;030;8I5 (2>;L25).

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 57C;LB0BK 18>E8<8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 ?>:070;8, GB> 3@81 A>45@68B 18>35==K5 0<8=K E>;8=
8 15B08=, >1;040NI85 2KA>:>9 D878>;>38G5A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =0AB>8 3@810 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 4;O =>@<0;870F88 ?8I520@5=8O 8 >1<5=0
25I5AB2 2 F5;><.


42

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

!>18@0NB :0: <>;>4K5 (5I5 =5 @0A:@KBK5), B0:
8 7@5;K5 3@81K. ?B8<0;L=K9 20@80=B 703>B>2:8 2?@>:   ACH:0, 4;O 1KAB@>3> ?@83>B>2;5=8O
;CGH5 2A53> ?>4E>4OB 2>4=K5 8 A?8@B>2K5 =0AB>8.

> @07=K< 8AB>G=8:0< 3@81 ;81> CA;>2=> AJ54>15=, ;81> =5AJ54>15= 87-70 =5?@8OB=>3> 70?0E0, ;81> A;01> O4>28B.  ;N1>< A;CG05, 4;O ?8I52KE F5;59 3@81 A>18@0BL =5 @5:><5=4C5BAO, B0:
:0: 53> <>6=> A?CB0BL A> A<5@B5;L=> O4>28BK<8
2840<8.

Amanita muscaria (L.) Hook.

CE><>@ :@0A=K9
!5<59AB2>: CE><>@>2K5 (Amanitaceae).

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
;03>40@O A2>5<C 30;;NF8=>35==><C 459AB28N
:@0A=K9 <CE><>@ AB0; >1J5:B>< <8AB8G5A:8E
@8BC0;>2.  8BC0;L=>5 C?>B@51;5=85 <CE><>@>2 1K;> 70D8:A8@>20=> =0 >3@><=>9 B5@@8B>@88   >B 'C:>B:8 4> >;38. @>D5AA8>=0;L=K5
A;C68B5;8 ?5@2>1KB=KE :C;LB>2 =0@>4>2 !818@8   H0<0=K, 7=0O >1 >4C@<0=820NI8E A2>9AB20E <CE><>@>2, 5;8 8E ACH5=K<8, ?8;8 8E A>:
8;8 <>GC AJ52H53> 3@81 G5;>25:0.
@><5 H0<0=>2, <CE><>@K C?>B@51;O;8 8A?>;=8B5;8 1K;8= 8 35@>8G5A:8E A:070=89. 525F AJ540; >B 9 4> 21 ?;>4>2KE B5; 3@810 8 ?>A;5 MB>3> 2AN =>GL @0A?520; AB0@K5 A:070=8O. #
:>@O:>2 @8BC0;L=>5 ?>540=85 =5G5B=>3> G8A;0
<CE><>@>2 A>AB02;O;> 206=K9 M;5<5=B >A5==53>
?@><KA;>2>3> ?@074=8:0 E>;>;>. #?>B@51;5=85
MB8E 3@81>2 B0:65 ?@54H5AB2>20;> 8, 25@>OB=>,
A?>A>1AB2>20;> A>G8=5=8N >1O70B5;L=>9 4;O
:064>3> ?@54AB028B5;O ?;5<5=8 ;8G=>9 ?5A=8.
081>;55 4@52=85 =0A:0;L=K5 @8AC=:8, 87>1@060NI85
?5@2>1KB=K5
<8D>;>38G5A:85
?@54AB02;5=8O > <CE><>@5, >1=0@C65=K 2 1965
3>4C =0 'C:>B:5 =0 @5:5 53BK<5;L 2 B0: =07K205<>< A2OB8;8I5 53BK<5;L (�?53BK<5;L� 2
?5@52>45 A GC:>BA:>3> >7=0G05B �A;><0==K9
?>;>7 =0@BK�). 7>1@065=8O 40B8@CNBAO ?5@2K< BKAOG5;5B85< 4> =0H59 M@K 8 >B=>AOBAO
5I5 : 4>>;5=52>4G5A:><C ?5@8>4C, :>340 GC:G8 8
MA:8<>AK ?@><KH;O;8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> >E>B>9.
!2OB8;8I5 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >3@><=K9 ?>;C:8;><5B@>2K9 :><?;5:A :0<=59-AB>;1>2 8 A:0;,
8A?5I@5==K9 <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 @8AC=:0<8-?5-

B@>3;8D0<8. >2>@OB, GB> GC:G8 87 MB>9 <5AB=>AB8 4> A8E ?>@ ?@8=>AOB 65@B2K 4CE0<, ?@0240 =5
2 A0<>< A2OB8;8I5, 0 ?> A>A54AB2C, C =5:>9 >A>1>
?>G8B05<>9 8<8 A:0;K. !0<0O 8725AB=0O :0@B8=0 87 A2OB8;8I0   MB> ?;OA:0 ;N459-<CE><>@>2
2>7;5 ?@83>B>2;5==KE 4;O 65@B2K >;5=59.
>2>;L=> 8725AB=K 2 A818@A:>9 <8D>;>388
8 B0: =07K205<K5 �<CE><>@=K5 452CH:8�   <CE><>@K, ?@8=8<0NI85 G5;>25G5A:>5 (65=A:>5)
>1;8GL5 8 <>3CI85 4065 2ABC?0BL 2 1@0: A G5;>25:><, C25AB8 2 ;5A >E>B=8:0, 0 H0<0=0   2 <8@ 3@57.
081>;55 @0728B0 MB0 B5<0 C :>@O:>2, :0: A0<>3>
<CE><>@>?>B@51;ONI53> A818@A:>3> =0@>40.
 A>60;5=8N, ?> E>4C 8AB>@88 G5B:> =01;N405BAO A=865=85 A0:@0;L=>9 F5==>AB8 <CE><>@0
C :>@5==KE =0@>4>2 !818@8, 0 8<5==> B09=K5
7=0=8O 8 4>AB>O=85 >48=>G5:   <0AA>2>5 A0-


43

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

;OA:0 ;N459-<CE><>@>2 2>7;5
?@83>B>2;5==KE 4;O 65@B2K >;5=59.
 8AC=>: 2 A2OB8;8I5 53BK<5;L.
:@0;L=>5 8A?>;L7>20=85   8A?>;L7>20=85 @048
>4=>3> ;8HL >?LO=ONI53> MDD5:B0   70<5I5=85 2>4:>9.
5 4>:070=>, => 8 =5 >?@>25@3=CB> 8A?>;L7>20=85 <CE><>@>2 :0: :><?>=5=B0 <078, :>B>@>9
?>;L7>20;8AL 4;O =0B8@0=8O 52@>?59A:85 254L<K.
5@>9 A:0=48=02A:>9 <8D>;>388 =3@8< 8
53> 425=04F0BL AK=>259, 8<5=C5<KE 15@A5@:5@0<8, >B;8G0;8AL =525@>OB=>9 A8;>9 8 48:8<
15H5=AB2><, GB> ?>72>;8;> :>5-:><C ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> >=8 =0E>48;8AL 2 A>AB>O=88 <CE><>@=>3> >?LO=5=8O.
A;8 :B>-B> =5 7=05B, B> 15@A5@:, 8;8 15@A5@:5@   2 4@52=535@<0=A:>< 8 4@52=5A:0=48=02A:>< >1I5AB25 2>8=, ?>A2OB82H89 A51O 1>3C
48=C. 5@54 18B2>9 15@A5@:8 ?@82>48;8 A51O
2 O@>ABL.  A@065=88 >B;8G0;8AL =58AB>2>ABLN,
1>;LH>9 A8;>9, 1KAB@>9 @50:F859 8 =5GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN : 1>;8.
>A;5 ?@8=OB8O 2 !:0=48=0288 E@8AB80=AB20
AB0@K5 O7KG5A:85 >1KG08 1K;8 70?@5I5=K, ?>4
70?@5B>< >:070;8AL 8 1>9FK 2 725@8=KE H:C@0E.
740==K9 2 A;0=488 70:>= 1123 3>40 3;0A8B:
�0<5G5==K9 2 15H5=AB25 15@A5@:0 1C45B 70:;NG5= 3 3>40<8 AAK;:8�. ! B5E ?>@ 2>8=K-15@A5@:8
15AA;54=> 8AG57;8.
B:@>25==> 3>2>@O, ?>540=85 28:8=30<8 <CE><>@>2 ?@54AB02;O5BAO <=5 2K4C<:>9. 0@B8=0
>3@><=KE ?>;C3>;KE =>@4>2, 3@K7CI8E A ?5=>9
C @B0 :@09 I8B0 8 1@>A0NI8EAO =0 2AQ H525;OI55AO, =0AB>;L:> =5 8<55B =8G53> >1I53> A :;0AA8G5A:>9 :0@B8=>9 <CE><>@=>9 8=B>:A8:0F88,

GB> ?@>AB> =52>7<>6=> ?@54AB028BL, GB> AB>;L
8AB5@8G5A:>5, O 1K 4065 A:070;, 1C9=>5 ?>2545=85, <>65B 1KBL 2K720=> :@0A=K< (0 ?CABL 4065
8 ?0=B5@=K<) <CE><>@><, ?@>O2;5=8O :>B>@>3>
B0: 8;8 8=0G5 A2O70=K A <@0G=>9 704C<G82>ABLN
8 @5;0:A0F859. >:>?02H8AL 3;C165, O >1=0@C68;, GB> 2A5 AAK;:8, 2 :>B>@KE 3>2>@8BAO > A2O78
15@A5@:5@AB20 A <CE><>@><, B0: 8;8 8=0G5 254CB
: >4=>9-548=AB25==>9 @01>B5. -B> :=830 H254A:>3> 8AA;54>20B5;O ?@>D5AA>@0 !0<CM;O 4<0=0 (Samuel �dman), 8740==0O 06 2 1784 3>4C.
>25@LB5, MB> 459AB28B5;L=> 548=AB25==K9 8AB>G=8:. 4<0=, >?5@8@CO C65 8<5NI8<8AO 2 2@>?5 A2545=8O<8 >1 C?>B@51;5=88 A818@A:8<8
H0<0=0<8 <CE><>@>2, 2A53> ;8HL ?@54?>;>68;,
GB> AE>4=K< A?>A>1>< 22>48;8 A51O 2 A>AB>O=85
1>52>3> B@0=A0 8 28:8=38.  XIX 25:5 MB0 38?>B570 AB0;0 >G5=L ?>?C;O@=>9, 0 2 %% 55 C?><8=0;8 C65 2A5 ?>4@O4, AG8B0O 40==>ABLN. ABL B0:85 ;5BCG85 8458, :>B>@K5 ?>4:0@<;820NB A0<8
A51O 8 @0A?@>AB@0=ONBAO, :0: <>4=K5 ?5A5=:8.
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8E ?>9<5B, 45;> 402=55, => 5420 ;8 :@0A=K9 <CE><>@, E>BO...
564C B5<, 4>AB>25@=> 8725AB=>, GB> ?5@54
?>A;54=8< A@065=85< 7=0<5=8B>9 >;B02A:>9
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:CA>G:C ACH5=>3> <CE><>@0. 4=0:> MB> =5 ?><>3;> H254A:>9 0@<88& 

5@E>2=K9 1>3 48= (A;520) 8 15@A5@: (A?@020).


44

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

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5;L7O >1>9B8 2=8<0=85< B>B D0:B, GB> :@0A=K9 <CE><>@   =5 ?@>AB> <8D>;>38G5A:89 >1J5:B, => A2OI5==>5 @0AB5=85. !2OI5==KE @0AB5=89 =5 B0: <=>3>, 8 =5 2A5 >=8 AB0;8 A2OI5==K<8
1;03>40@O 30;;NF8=>35==>AB8. "0:, =0?@8<5@,
A2OI5==>5 @0AB5=85 3@5:>2   <0A;8==>5 45@52>
(>;820), :5;LB>2   ><5;0, :8B09F52   65=LH5=L.
A5 MB8 @0AB5=8O =5 O2;ONBAO M=B5>35=0<8.
# 8=459F52 <07>=:8 A2OI5==>5 @0AB5=85   B010:, C <09O (?><8<> B@048F8>==KE M=B5>35==KE
@0AB5=89-1>65AB2) :0: A2OI5==K5 ?>G8B0;8AL
<08A 8 45@52> A5910 (0=0;>3 8@>2>3> 4@520, A>548=ONI53> <8@K). -B>B @O4 ?@8<5@>2 <>6=>
?@>4>;60BL. 4=0:> =081>;55 �=0HC<52H8<8�
O2;ONBAO, :>=5G=>, 30;;NF8=>35==K5 @0AB5=8O
(:>=>?;O, <0:, ;>B>A, :>:0, :0:BCAK 8 3@81K), 8 2
?5@2CN >G5@54L   0<5@8:0=A:85.

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1
1) Cagliari G.E. (1897). Mushroom poisoning. Medical Record 52: 298. 2) Vecchi s death said to be due to a deliberate experiment
with poisonous mushrooms. New York Times. 19 December 1897.
2
Rubel W., Arora D. (2008). A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom,
Amanita Muscaria, as an Example. Economic Botany 62 (3): 223 43.


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>1@07>< E0@0:B5@=CN =5@>2=>-@>7>2CN >:@0A:C
H;O?:8.
 >=3>, 0<188, 8<10125 8 4@C38E AB@0=0E &5=B@0;L=>9 D@8:8 A 30-E 3>4>2 ?@>H;>3> 25:0 A?5F80;8AB0< 8725AB=0 B0: =07K205<0O
:>=3>;57A:0O D>@<0 <CE><>@0 :@0A=5NI53> (A.
rubescens var. congolensis). C4CG8 <>;>4K<, >=
4>2>;L=> A25B;K9, :0: 8 53> A525@=K9 @>48G, >4=0:> A 2>7@0AB>< 8 H;O?:0, 8 =>6:0 AB0=>2OBAO
>@0=652>-:>@8G=52K<8 8;8 :>@8G=52>-:@0A=K<8. 5A<>B@O =0 3>@L:>20BK9 2:CA <O:>B8, <5AB-

=K5 ?;5<5=0 H>=0 8 15<10 A C4>2>;LAB285< 53>
A>18@0NB 8 C?>B@51;ONB 2 ?8IC.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 :@C?=0O, 8 20 A< 2 480<5B@5, 3@O7=>20B>:@0A=>20B0O 8;8 A5@>-@>7>20O, @565 :@0A=>20B>:>@8G=520B0O, ?>:@KB0 3@O7=>-A5@K<8 E;>?LO<8,
A=0G0;0 >:@C3;>-O9F5284=0O, 70B5< @0A?@>AB5@B0O, 2 AK@CN ?>3>4C A;878AB0O. O:>BL 15;0O, 157
>A>1>3> 2:CA0 8 70?0E0, =0 87;><5 8 2 <5AB0E G5@2>B>G8= @>7>255B 8;8 :@0A=55B. > 2:CAC <O:>BL
=5<=>3> =0?><8=05B 15;>5 :C@8=>5 <OA>. ;0AB8=:8 15;K5, C 7@5;KE 3@81>2 A;53:0 :@0A=5NI85, ?OB=8ABK5. >6:0 7 15 � 1,5 2,5 A<, ?>;0O,
2 >A=>20=88 :;C1=5284=>CB>;I5==0O, 15;0O, 70B5< :@0A=>20B0O, A> A28A0NI8< 15;K< H8@>:8<


59

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

5B08= ?@8<5=O5BAO 2 :0G5AB25 ;5:0@AB25==>3>
A@54AB20, ?8I52>9 4>102:8. "@048F8>==> 15B08= 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 :0G5AB25 35?0B>?@>B5:B>@=>3> 8 <5B01>;8G5A:>3> A@54AB20. E>48B 2 A>AB02
@O40 ?@5?0@0B>2 4;O C;CGH5=8O DC=:F89 ?5G5=8.
5;0NBAO ?>?KB:8 8A?>;L7>20BL 15B08= 2 :0G5AB25 A@54AB20 4;O :>@@5:F88 >68@5=8O, >4=0:>
A5@L57=KE =0CG=KE 40==KE ?> 2;8O=8N 15B08=0 =0 @0728B85 871KB>G=>3> 25A0 =5B. 7CG0NBAO ?>?KB:8 ?@8<5=5=8O 15B08=0 ?@8 1>;57=8
;LF359<5@0. !CI5AB2CNB 40==K5, GB> 2KA>:>5
?>B@51;5=85 15B08=0 <>65B ?@54>B2@0B8BL @8A:
@0728B8O @0:0 <>;>G=>9 65;57K.

?;5=G0BK< :>;LF><, A25@EC ?>;>A0BK<, A=87C A
@>7>20BK<8 2>;>:=0<8. >;L20 ?@8@>AH0O : >A=>20=8N =>6:8 2 2845 :>=F5=B@8G5A:8E A:;04>:.
@81 =0A5;O5B A25B;K5 ;8AB25==K5 8 A<5H0==K5 ;5A0.  0AB5B =0 ?>G20E ;N1>3> B8?0, ?>2A5<5AB=> 2 7>=5 C<5@5==>3> :;8<0B0 !525@=>3>
?>;CH0@8O :@><5 70?04=>9 G0AB8 !525@=>9 <5@8:8. ! :>=F0 XX 25:0 3@81 @0A?@>AB@0=8;AO 2
.6=>9 D@8:5, :C40 >= 1K; 70=5A5= 2<5AB5 A
?@82575==K<8 87 2@>?K A065=F0<8. 5@8>4
?;>4>=>H5=8O   8N=L >:BO1@L, ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9
7>=5  >AA88. # 3@810 5ABL @54:0O 8 >G5=L :@0A820O
@07=>284=>ABL, :>B>@0O >B;8G05BAO >B >1KG=>9
O@:>-65;BK< :>;LF>< (var. annulosulphurea). 0
2A5 3>4K <=5 ?>257;> =09B8 B0:>9 3@81 ;8HL >4=064K. AB@5G05BAO 8 0;L18=>A=0O (15;0O) D>@<0 (var. alba).

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
=0;>38G=K B0:>2K< C :@0A=>3> <CE><>@0.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
:CA=K9 AJ54>1=K9 3@81, 8A?>;L7C5BAO A2568<
?>A;5 >B20@820=8O, <0@8=>20==K< 8 A>;5=K<.
>4E>48B 4;O ACH:8. >;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0
A =5@0A:@KBK<8 H;O?:0<8 <>6=> 70?5:0BL =0
3@8;5.

!E>4=K5 284K
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?>:@0A=5=85 <O:>B8 =0 A;><5 <>65B 1KBL 2K@065=> A;0155, ?>MB><C A;54C5B ?@>O2;OBL =5:>B>@CN >AB>@>6=>ABL, GB>1K =5 A?CB0BL <CE><>@
A5@>-@>7>2K9 A> A25B;>>:@0H5==K< ?0=B5@=K<
8;8 2KF25BH8< ?>A;5 4>64O :@0A=K< <CE><>@0<8. 0<5G5=>, GB> G0AB> <CE><>@K A5@>-@>7>2K9 8 ?0=B5@=K9 @0ABCB ?> A>A54AB2C. =>340
3@81 ?CB0NB A> AJ54>1=K< <CE><>@>< B>;ABK<
(A. spissa), GB>, 2?@>G5<, =5 >?0A=>.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;0E =0945= 15B08= (28B0<8=>?>4>1=>5 25I5AB2>, ?@>872>4=>5 E>;8=0),
>1;040NI89 D878>;>38G5A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

 07=>284=>ABL A5@>-@>7>2>3> <CE><>@0 A O@:>65;BK< :>;LF><.


60

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam.

>?;02>: A5@K9
!5<59AB2>: CE><>@>2K5 (Amanitaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B>;:0G8: A5@K9, <CE><>@ 2;030;8I=K9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
>?;02>: A5@K9   =5 B>;L:> A0<K9 8725AB=K9,
=> 8 A0<K9 A>18@05<K9 87 ?>?;02:>2.
=B5@5A=>, GB> ?>-0=3;89A:8 >= =07K205BAO
�grisette�1, B. 5. �A5@CH:0� (A =0H8< ?@>=>=A><).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 3 12 A<, >B ?>GB8 15;>9 8;8
A5@>20B>9 4> A5@>9, A5@>20B>-1C@>20B>9 8 4065
>;82:>2>- 8;8 G8AB>-:>@8G=52>9 (3;02=>5   157
:0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> >BB5=:>2 65;B>3> F25B0),
:>;>:>;LG0B0O, 70B5< ?>GB8 ?;>A:0O, A 1C3>@:>< 2
F5=B@5 8 A @51@8ABK< (@C1G0BK<) :@05<. >68F0
ACE0O, A 15;K<8 E;>?LO<8, 8AG570NI8<8 ?>74=55. O:>BL 3@810 B>=:0O, 15;0O, A;04:>20B0O =0
2:CA, 157 >A>1>3> 70?0E0. ;0AB8=:8 15;K5, >G5=L
H8@>:85. >6:0 6 20 � 0,7 2 A<, ?>;0O, 15;0O,
?CH8AB>-G5HC9G0B0O 8;8 3;04:0O, @0AH8@5==0O
?@8 >A=>20=88, A H8@>:>9 2>;L2>9 15;>3>, A5@>3> 8;8 1C@>20B>3> F25B0, :>B>@0O >1KG=> 3;C1>:>
?>3@C65=0 2 75<;N.
@81 @0AB5B ?> 2A59 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88 2 ;5A0E @07;8G=>3> B8?0, ?@54?>G8B0O A25B;K5 ;8AB25==K5, A<5H0==K5 8 E2>9=K5 ;5A0, ?>?0405BAO

1

8 2 ;5A>AB5?=>9 7>=5.  3>@0E 2AB@5G05BAO 2>
2A5E ?>OA0E. 5@8>4 ?;>4>=>H5=8O   8N=L 
>:BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
# A5@>3> ?>?;02:0 5ABL >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2>
@07=>284=>AB59, 2:;NG0O 8 G8AB>-15;CN. 564C
B5<, =0CG8BLAO >B;8G0BL 53> >B ?@>G8E ?>?;02:>2
2?>;=5 <>6=>.
!@548 <=>3>G8A;5==KE F25B>2KE D>@< A;54C5B C?><O=CBL A;54CNI85 >A=>2=K5:
"  var. vaginata (A5@K9)   >A=>2=0O D>@<0 A
?5?5;L=>-A5@>9 H;O?:>9, 15;>20B>9 =>6:>9 8 15;>9 2>;L2>9;
" 

var. plumbea (A28=F>2>-A5@K9)   H;O?:0
A28=F>2>-A5@0O A 3>;C1>20BK< >BB5=:><;

" 

var. olivaceoviridis (>;82:>2>-75;5=K9)  
H;O?:0 >;82:>2>-75;5=0O;

" 

var. alba (15;K9)   25AL 3@81 G8AB>-15;>3>
F25B0.

=3;. Grisette ?@>8AE>48B >B D@0=FC7A:>3> =0720=8O D01@8G=>3> ?>;>B=0 B@048F8>==>3> A5@>3> F25B0, 8A?>;L7>202H53>AO
4;O ?>H820 >4564K (D@. gris = 0=3;. grey). 0102=>, GB> 2 XIX 25:5 grisette =07K20;8 =5 B>;L:> A5@K9 ?>?;02>:, => D@0=FC7A:8E D01@8G=KE 452CH5:, >B;8G0NI8EAO ?@8OB=K< >1;8:><, 25A5;K< =@02>< 8 A:;>==KE : D;8@BC.


61

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

A5 MB8 @07=>284=>AB8 ?@>I5 2A53> >B;8G8BL >B
?@>G8E �F25B=KE� ?>?;02:>2 ?> 2>;L25, 5A;8 20<
C40ABAO 55 >B:>?0BL. >;L20 A5@>3> ?>?;02:0 >4=>@>4=>-15;>20B0O 8;8 A5@0O, C 2A5E 65 ?@>G8E
1;87:8E : =5<C �F25B=KE� B>;:0G8:>2 (H0D@0==K9, 65;B>-:>@8G=52K9, C<1@>2>-65;BK9, :@C?=>2>;L2>2K9), 2>;L20 ;81> A OA=K<8 :@0A=>-:>@8G=52K<8 ?OB=0<8, ;81> A 65;B>9 2=CB@5==59
?>25@E=>ABLN. 5 <5=55 =0456=K< ?@87=0:><
A;C68B 8 >BACBAB285 2 B>=0E H;O?:8 A5@>3> ?>?;02:0 ;N1KE 65;BKE 8;8 >@0=652KE >BB5=:>2.
'8AB>-15;0O @07=>284=>ABL A5@>3> ?>?;02:0
var. alba >B;8G05BAO >B ?>?;02:0 15;>A=56=>3> 8<5==> A2>59 G8AB>B>9. ;L18=>A=K9 A5@K9
?>?;02>: 2A5340 01A>;NB=> 15;K9, 0 H;O?:0 ?>?;02:0 15;>A=56=>3> 2 F5=B@5 A5@>20B0O 8;8
1C@0O.  2>B 0;L18=>A0 ?>?;02:0 A5@>3> >B 0;L18=>A>2 4@C38E F25B=KE ?>?;02:>2 (65;B>-:>@8G=52>3>, H0D@0==>3>) 459AB28B5;L=> =5 >B;8G8HL&  >A:>;L:C 2A5 ?>?;02:8 AJ54>1=K, =5B
=8G53> AB@0H=>3> 2 B><, GB>1K ?CB0BL 8E 4@C3 A
4@C3><.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;0E =0945= 15B08= (A<. 2
>?8A0=88 <CE><>@0 A5@>-@>7>2>3>). !>45@60=85 MB>3> 25I5AB20 2 3@815 >G5=L 2KA>:> 8 ?@52KH05B B0:>2>5 C 15;>3> 3@810.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
5;:89 AJ54>1=K9 3@81 A ?>A@54AB25==K<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8, 8A?>;L7C5BAO, :0: ?@028;>,
A2568<, ?>A;5 >B20@820=8O. >4E>48B 4;O ACH:8. >?;02:8 >G5=L E@C?:85, B@0=A?>@B8@>20BL
8E 87 ;5A0 A;54C5B A 1>;LH>9 >AB>@>6=>ABLN.

Amanita virosa (Fr.) Bertill.

CE><>@ 2>=NG89
!5<59AB2>: CE><>@>2K5 (Amanitaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <CE><>@ 25A5==89, ?>30=:0 15;0O.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
5A:>;L:> 45AOB8;5B89 >1AC6405BAO 2>?@>A, O2;ONBAO ;8 420 >G5=L 1;87:8E 2840   <CE><>@K
2>=NG89 8 25A5==89   @07=K<8 2840<8 8;8 MB>
>48= 284. 0 >10 <=5=8O 2KA:07K20NBAO 2?>;=5
2=OB=K5 0@3C<5=BK. ! <>59 B>G:8 7@5=8O, >?8AK205<K5 �<8:>;>30<8-@0745;8B5;O<8� >B;8G8O A;8H:>< =5ACI5AB25==K, GB>1K AG8B0BL 8E
284>2K<8, 8 ;8G=> O ?>;030N >10 3@810 >4=8<
284>2K< :><?;5:A><. >7<>6=>, :0: A>;><>=>2> @5H5=85 A;54C5B 2K428=CBL ?@54?>;>65=85,
GB> <CE><>@ 2>=NG89   <>;>4>9 M2>;NF8>=8@CNI89 284, =0E>4OI89AO =0 @0==59 AB0488 @0745;5=8O =0 420 A0<>AB>OB5;L=KE 2840. >MB><C
2 40;L=59H5< O 1C4C =07K20BL <CE><>@ 2>=NG89
8<5==> 2>=NG8<, 0 =5 25A5==8<.


62

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Amanita virosa 1K; >?8A0= :0: 284 H254A:8<
<8:>;>3>< -;80A>< 03=CA>< $@87><. 3> 284>2>9 M?8B5B virosa ?@>8AE>48B >B ;0B8=A:>3>
?@8;030B5;L=>3> virosus, GB> >7=0G05B B>:A8G=K9, O4>28BK9 (A@02=8B5, :AB0B8, A> A;>2>< �28@CA�).
CE><>@ 2>=NG89   A<5@B5;L=> O4>28BK9
284. > A2>59 O4>28B>AB8 >= =5 >B;8G05BAO >B
1;54=>9 ?>30=:8. ">:A8=K 8 ?@87=0:8 >B@02;5=8O C >1>8E 284>2 AE>4=K5, 3;02=K< 459AB2CNI8< :><?>=5=B>< O2;O5BAO �-0<0=8B8=. >7<>6=>, GB> ?@8 CAB0=>2;5=88 ?@8G8=K A<5@B8
?@8 >B@02;5=88 <CE><>@>< 2>=NG8< 2@0G8
�20;OB� 2AQ =0 1;54=CN ?>30=:C.  ?@0240, B>:A8=K   >48=0:>2K5, <8:@>A:>?8G5A:85 ?@87=0:8   AE>4=K5, :;8=8:0 >4=0 8 B0 65, 75;5=K9 F25B
H;O?:8 C 1;54=>9 ?>30=:8 ?@8 >1@01>B:5 65;C4>G=K< A>:>< 8 ?8I520@8B5;L=K<8 D5@<5=B0<8
B5@O5BAO, 0 5ABL C =55 8 ?@>AB> 15;K5 D>@<K& 

?8A0=85
5AL 3@81 15;>3> F25B0, @54:> A> A;53:0 65;B>20BK< >BB5=:><. (;O?:0 A?5@20 H8@>:>:>=8G5A:0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 2K?C:;0O, 8=>340 A =51>;LH8< C3;C1;5=85< 2 F5=B@5, 480<5B@>< 5 10 A<,
A;878AB0O, :;59:0O, :>340 ACE0O   1;5ABOI0O, A
?@O<K< 8;8 A;53:0 87>3=CBK<, 8=>340 =5@>2=K<
:@05<. &25B 55 8=>340 <>65B 1KBL =5 G8AB> 15;K<, 0 A5@>20B>-15;K< 8;8 4065 A @>7>2K< >BB5=:><. ;0AB8=:8 B>=:85, ?> :@0O< >1KG=>
:0: 1K >1B@5?0==K5, 2>9;>G=K5, 15;K5, G0ABK5.
>6:0 8 15 � 1,5 2,5 A<, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, 8=>340
87>3=CB0O, 2>;>:=8AB0O, 10@E0B8AB>-G5HC9G0B0O,
A CB>;I5==K< >A=>20=85<, =5@54:> 4>2>;L=>

3;C1>:> ?>3@C65=0 2 ?>G2C. >;LF> H8@>:>5,
H5;:>28AB>5, A E;>?LO<8, A;01>?>;>A0B>5, @0A?040NI55AO =0 >B45;L=K5 ?>28A0NI85 D@03<5=BK, A 2>7@0AB>< 8AG570NI55. >;L20 H8@>:0O
8 A2>1>4=0O, ?;>B=0O, B>;AB0O, >:>;> 3 4 A<. 0?0E A=0G0;0 A;04:>20BK9, C AB0@KE 3@81>2 >G5=L
=5?@8OB=K9, 2:CA B0:65 =5?@8OB=K9. 5@54:>
2AB@5G0NBAO M:75<?;O@K A 87>3=CB>9 8;8 8A:@82;5==>9 =>6:>9 8;8 45D>@<8@>20==>9
H;O?:>9.
1@07C5B <8:>@87C A @07;8G=K<8 2840<8
E2>9=KE 8 ;8AB25==KE 45@52L52. @54?>G8B05B
?5AG0=K5 ?>G2K 2> 2;06=KE 5;>2KE 8 A>A=>2KE
;5A0E, G5@=8G=8:8, <>65B 2AB@5G0BLAO 2 A<5H0==KE 8 ;8AB25==KE ;5A0E.   >AA88 @0A?@>AB@0=5=
2 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5.
;>4>=>A8B 2 <05 >:BO1@5.  0AB5B >1KG=>
>48=>G=>, @565 =51>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8 ?> 2 5 3@81>2. 8:>340 =5 >1@07C5B �254L<8=KE :>;5F�.

!E>4=K5 284K
@81 <>6=> A?CB0BL A @>4AB25==K<8 AJ54>1=K<8
15;K<8 ?>?;02:0<8 (=5A:>;L:> 284>2), :>B>@K5
>B;8G0NBAO <5=55 :@C?=K< 8 1>;55 E@C?:8< ?;>4>2K< B5;>< 8 >BACBAB285< :>;LF0 =0 =>6:5, :0: 8
C 2A5E ?>?;02:>2. @><5 B>3>, 15;K9 <CE><>@ >B40;5==> ?>E>6 =0 5I5 >48= AJ54>1=K9 3@81   2>;L20@85;;C :@0A82CN (Volvariella speciosa), :>B>@0O
>B;8G05BAO >B =53> >BACBAB285< :>;LF0 =0 =>6:5
8 @>7>2K<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8 C 7@5;KE M:75<?;O@>2;
<5AB>>18B0=85 2>;L20@85;;K @54:> A>2?0405B A
<5AB>>18B0=85< <CE><>@0 2>=NG53>   >=0 4>2>;L=> @54:> 2AB@5G05BAO 2 ;5A0E, ?@54?>G8B0O
?>;O, A04K, ?0@:8, AB0@K5 A20;:8, =02>7=K5 :CG8
8 :><?>AB=K5 O<K. 5>?KB=K5 3@81=8:8 <>3CB
A?CB0BL <CE><>@ 2>=NG89 A @07;8G=K<8 2840<8
H0<?8=L>=0, :>B>@K5 ;53:> >B;8G8BL ?> >BACBAB28N 2>;L2K 8 >:@0H5==K< ?;0AB8=:0< C 7@5;KE
?;>4>2KE B5;. !;54C5B CG8BK20BL, GB> 2>;L20 <CE><>@0 <>65B 1KBL ?>;=>ABLN ?>3@C65=0 2 ?>G2C
8 1KBL ?@8 A@57:5 ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 =570<5B=>9. 
.6=>9 2@>?5 (N3>-2>AB>: $@0=F88) 8725AB=K A;CG08 >B@02;5=8O 87-70 >H81>G=>3> A1>@0
<CE><>@0 2>=NG53> 2<5AB> AJ54>1=>3> <CE><>@0 O9F5284=>3> (A. ovoidea); 4@C385 E0@0:B5@=K5
52@>?59A:85 �>H81:8�   A1>@ <CE><>@>2 =0
AB0488 O9F0 2<5AB> 4>64528:>2 8 <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 2<5AB> ?>;52>3> 8 ;C3>2>3> H0<?8=L>=>2
(Agaricus arvensis 8 A. campestris).


63

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5A;8 =0 ?>A;54=89 =5 =0402;820BL, >B G53> >=
A@07C 65;B55B.

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Armillaria borealis Marxm. et Korhonen.

?5=>: A525@=K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

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64

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%0@0:B5@=K9 A@>AB>: A525@=>3> >?5=:0.

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AB@0H=>, B0: :0: >=0 AJ54>1=0, 2:CA=0 (E>BO 8 =5<=>3> 3>@G8B) 8 B>65 ;5:0@AB25==0.

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Armillaria gallica Marxm. et Romagn.

?5=>: 274CBK9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: >?5=>: B>;AB>=>389.

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?;>B=0O, A ?@8OB=K< 2:CA>< 8 E0@0:B5@=K< AK@=K< 70?0E><. >6:0 4 12 A< 2KA>B>9, 2 >A=>20=88 CB>;I5==0O 4> 274CB>9 8 1>;55 B5<=0O (1C@>20B0O) =04 8 ?>4 :>;LF><   65;B>20B0O. 0 =>6:5
E>@>H> 70<5B=K 65;B>20BK5 H5@AB8ABK5 G5HC9:8. >;LF> B>=:>5, ?0CB8=8AB>5, >G5=L =56=>5.
AB@5G05BAO >48=>G=> 8;8 =51>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8 =0 <5@B2>9 4@525A8=5 (?=OE 8 20;56=8:5
;8AB25==KE, 3>@074> @565 E2>9=KE ?>@>4) 8;8
?@>AB> =0 ?>G25 8 ;5A=>9 ?>4AB8;:5. G5=L @54:> MB>B >?5=>: <>6=> >1=0@C68BL =0 C<8@0NI8E, => 2A5 5I5 682KE 45@52LOE, 8 2A5-B0:8 ?>
?@8720=8N >= A0?@>B@>D, 0 =5 ?0@078B (MB> 53>
ACI5AB25==>5 >B;8G85 >B 03@5AA82=>3> ?0@078B0
>?5=:0 A525@=>3>). A;8 3@81 @0AB5B =0 ?>G25, >=
<>65B 2K4020BL 4>AB0B>G=> 1>;LH85 3@C??K, =>
?@8 MB>< >B45;L=K5 A@>AB:8 1C4CB A>AB>OBL 87
2 5 ?;>4>2KE B5;, 2 >B;8G85 >B >3@><=KE A@>AB:>2 4><8=8@CNI53> C =0A >?5=:0 A525@=>3>.


67

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5, >1KG=> =5 157
E0@0:B5@=KE �2>;=�, @02=><5@=> @0A?@545;OOAL
?> 2A5<C A57>=C.

!E>4=K5 284K
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9. G5=L 1;87:8<, B@C4=>>B;8G8<K< 284>< O2;O5BAO >?5=>: ;C:>28G=>=>389, 8;8 A5@K9 (A. cepistipes), >B;8G0NI89AO A;01> 2K@065==K<8 >AB0B:0<8 ?>:@K20;0 =0
=>6:5, 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> 8AG570NI8<8 G5HC9:0<8 2 F5=B@5 H;O?:8 8 3@81=K<, 0 =5 AK@=K< 70?0E><. ><8<> MB>3>, >?5=>: ;C:>28G=>=>389
3>@074> @565 2AB@5G05BAO =0 E2>9=KE ?>@>40E.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.
><8<> ?@>G8E 25I5AB2, E0@0:B5@=KE 4;O 284>2>3> :><?;5:A0 �>A5==89 >?5=>:�, C A. gallica
>1=0@C65=0 A?>A>1=>ABL ?@>4CF8@>20BL F8:;>1CB0=A>45@60I85 <5B01>;8BK, B0:85 :0:, =0?@8<5@, 0@=0<8>; (A5A:28B5@?5=>2K9 A;>6=K9
0@8;>2K9 MD8@). %>BO A?5F8D8G5A:85 DC=:F88
0@=0<8>;0 ?>:0 =5 2KO2;5=K, C65 OA=>, GB> >=
83@05B 206=CN @>;L 2 ?>402;5=88 10:B5@89 8
3@81>2, 0 B0:65 2 C=8GB>65=88 :;5B>: @0AB5=8OE>7O8=0 2 <><5=B ?0@078B8G5A:>9 0B0:8.

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P.Kumm.

?5=>: <54>2K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 2 480<5B@5 3 15 A<, A=0G0;0 2K?C:;0O, A
7025@=CBK< 2=CB@L :@05<, 70B5< @0A?@>AB5@B0O, A
?;>A:8< 1C3>@:>< 2 F5=B@5, >B A25B;>-15652>9
4> 65;B>-, A5@>- 8;8 <54>2>-:>@8G=52>9, 2 F5=B@5 1>;55 B5<=0O, => 2A5340 A 2K@065==K< 65;BK< >BB5=:><, A :>@8G=52K<8 G5HC9:0<8, :>B>@K5 A 2>7@0AB>< <>3CB 8AG570BL. O:>BL B>=:0O,
15;0O, A ?@8OB=K< 70?0E>< 8 2:CA><. ;0AB8=:8
>B 15;KE 4> 65;B>20B>-15;KE 8;8 4065 65;BKE,
=5@54:> A 1C@K<8 ?OB=0<8. >6:0 4> 20 A< 2KA>B>9, 4> 2 A< 2 480<5B@5, C?@C30O, ?;>B=0O, ?>4
H;O?:>9 A25B;55, 2 >A=>20=88 1>;55 B5<=0O, A
E;>?L5284=K<8 G5HC9:0<8, A 15;K< ?5@5?>=G0B>-2>9;>G=K< :>;LF><.

?5=>: ;C:>28G=>=>389.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.


68

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

@81 ?;>4>=>A8B A@02=8B5;L=> 1>;LH8<8
?CG:0<8, @0AB5B 3@C??0<8 =0 ?=OE 8 20;56=8:5
;8AB25==KE 8 E2>9=KE 45@52L52, 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5,
4>2>;L=> G0AB> 8 ?>2A5<5AB=>.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

!E>4=K5 284K

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink

?5=>: B5<=K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 4 10 A< 2 480<5B@5, ?>;CAD5@8G5A:0O,
2K?C:;0O, :>@8G=520B0O, >E@8AB>-1C@0O 8 2A5340
157 65;B>3> >BB5=:0. '5HC9:8 :@C?=K5, B5<=>:>@8G=52K5, E>@>H> 2K45;ONI85AO =0 1>;55
A25B;>< D>=5 H;O?:8. @0O H;O?:8 O2=> H5@AB8ABK5. ;0AB8=:8 15;K5, A 2>7@0AB>< ?OB=8ABK5, :@0A=>20B>-:>@8G=520BK5. O:>BL @KE;0O,
15;>20B0O 8;8 GCBL 65;B>20B0O. >6:0 F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, 5 10 A< 2KA>B>9, 2 >A=>20=88 A;53:0
CB>;I5=0, ACE0O, 2=87C 1C@>20B0O, A 65;B>20B>15;K< >?CH5=85<. >;LF> E>@>H> 2K@065==>5,
20B>>1@07=>5, 15;>3> F25B0. ! =86=59 AB>@>=K
:>;LF0 ?> :@0N E>@>H> 70<5B=K 2>9;>G=K5 G5HC9:8 :>@8G=52>3> F25B0.
@81 ?;>4>=>A8B >48=>G=> 8;8 =51>;LH8<8
3@C??0<8, ?>A5;OOAL =0 ?=OE 8 20;56=8:5 E2>9=KE, 3>@074> @565   ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4, 2 8N;5 
>:BO1@5, =5@54:>, ?>2A5<5AB=>.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0

!E>4=K5 284K

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.


69

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel&

?5=>: 4C1>2K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: >?5=>: AAKE0NI89AO.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3- 10 A< 2 480<5B@5, 2 <>;>4>AB8 2K?C:;0O, 70B5< >:@C3;0O, A H8@>:8< 1C3>@:>< 2
F5=B@5, A 2>7@0AB>< 4> 2402;5==>9, A 2>;=8ABK<
8 HB@8E>20BK< :@05<, >E@O=>- 8;8 @K6520B>:>@8G=520B0O. &5=B@ H;O?:8 >1KG=> 1>;55 B5<=K9, G5< 55 :@0O. '5HC9:8 E;>?L5284=K5, <5;:85,
B5<=55 H;O?:8, A>A@54>B>G5=K 1>;LH5 2 F5=B@5.
;0AB8=:8 A25B;>-@>7>2K5, A 2>7@0AB>< @>7>20B>-:>@8G=520BK5. O:>BL 15;0O, ?;>B=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 1C@>20B0O, A> A;53:0 2O6CI8< 2:CA>< 8
A8;L=K< ?@8OB=K< 70?0E><. >6:0 F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, 5 20 A< 2KA>B>9, 0,5 1,5 A< 2 480<5B@5, :=87C G0AB> AC65==0O, ACE0O, 2>;>:=8AB0O, C <>;>4KE
3@81>2 15;0O, ?>765 2 25@E=59 G0AB8 15;>20B0O,
=865 65;B>20B0O 8;8 :>@8G=520B0O. ;02=K9 >B;8G8B5;L=K9 ?@87=0: MB>3> >?5=:0   ?>;=>5 >BACBAB285 :>;LF0 =0 =>6:5.
AB@5G05BAO 1>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8 =0 :>@=OE 8
C >A=>20=8O ?=59 8 AB2>;>2 682KE 8 <5@B2KE H8@>:>;8AB25==KE 45@52L52 (?@54?>G8B05B 4C1K),
2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.   >AA88 8725AB5= 2 >A=>2=>< 2
52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8, A:>@55 @54:>, G5< G0AB> BO3>B55B : B5?;K< @538>=0<.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

!E>4=K5 284K

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!<. >?5=>: A525@=K9.

Arrhenia epichysium (Pers.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo et Vilgalys

@@5=8O ?=520O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: ><D0;8=0 ?=520O.

?8A0=85
51>;LH>9 3@81 A5<59AB20 @O4>2:>2KE. (;O?:0 1 3 (4> 5) A< 2 480<5B@5, A?5@20 ?;>A:>-2K?C:;0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 2 F5=B@5 2402;5==0O 4> 2>-

@>=:>284=>9, >B=>A8B5;L=> 3;04:0O (2 F5=B@5,
:0: ?@028;>, H5@AB8AB>-2>;>:=8AB0O), G0AB8G=>
?@>7@0G=0O, A ?@>A25G820NI8<8 A:2>7L =55 ?;0AB8=:0<8. @09 H;O?:8 �2 <>;>4>AB8�   7025@=CBK9 2=CB@L, 70B5< ?@O<>9, >BG5B;82> ?>;>A0-


70

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

AD03=>2KE <E>2. ABL 40==K5, GB> 3@81 >1@07C5B
A2>5>1@07=CN D>@<C A8<18>70 A 75;5=K<8 <E0<8. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O 4> :>=F0 >:BO1@O, 2AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5.

!E>4=K5 284K
@C385 284K <5;:8E ><D0;8= 8;8 0@@5=89, =5:>B>@K5 <5;:>?;>4=K5 3>2>@CH:8. 0: ?@028;>, E0@0:B5@=K9 >1;8: 3@810 ?>72>;O5B 4>2>;L=> G5B:> >B;8G0BL 53> >B ?@>G8E @>4AB25==8:>2.
/4>28BKE 42>9=8:>2 =5 8<55B.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
BK9, ?>;>A:8 <>3CB 4>E>48BL ?>GB8 4> F5=B@0
H;O?:8. :@0A:0 B5<=0O, G5@=>20B0O 4> B5<=>A5@>20B>-:>@8G=52>9, 2 ACECN ?>3>4C 2KF25B05B
4> A25B;>-A5@>20B>-:>@8G=520B>9. O:>BL B>=:0O, 4> 1 << B>;I8=>9, 2>4O=8AB>-:>@8G=520O,
=0 A;><5 F25B =5 <5=O5B. 0?0E 8 2:CA =52K@078B5;L=K5. ;0AB8=:8 =8AE>4OI85 ?> =>6:5, G0ABK5 8;8 @0AAB02;5==K5, A25B;>-A5@K5, A25B;55
H;O?:8 8 =>6:8, >B=>A8B5;L=> B>;ABK5, 4> 3 <<
B>;I8=>9. >6:0 4> 3 A< 2KA>B>9 8 3 << 2 480<5B@5, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 @>2=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< ?>;0O,
ACE0O, 3;04:0O, 2 >A=>20=88 >?CH5==0O, 2 25@E=59
G0AB8 A25B;55, >4=>F25B=0O A> H;O?:>9, => A 2>7@0AB>< B5<=55 55, B0: :0: 2KF25B05B <54;5==55.
 0AB5B >48=>G=> 8;8 3@C??0<8 =0 <5@B2>9
4@525A8=5 E2>9=KE ?>@>4 (?=8, 20;56=8:, ?>3@515==K5 2 ?>G25 25B28) A@548 75;5=KE 8;8

!>45@68B 25I5AB20, >1;040NI85 2K@065==>9
?@>B82>@0:>2>9
0:B82=>ABLN.
A?>;L7CNB
A?8@B>2CN 2KBO6:C 3@810.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
5 ?@8<5=O5BAO 87-70 <5;:8E @07<5@>2 ?;>4>2KE
B5; 8, A>>B25BAB25==>, 70B@C4=5==>9 845=B8D8:0F88.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 2 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A =52K@078B5;L=K< 70?0E>< 8
2:CA><, 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A2565< 2845. @5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O =5 B@51C5B.

Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.) J.W. Groves et D.E. Wilson

A:>:>@8=5 <OA=0O
!5<59AB2>: 5>B852K5 (Leotiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: :>@8=5 <OA=0O.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
 2008 3>4C ?@8 >?KB0E A A. sarcoides 1K;0 CAB0=>2;5=0 55 A?>A>1=>ABL >1@07>2K20BL A<5AL
;5BCG8E 25I5AB2, 2 :>B>@CN 2E>48B >B 6 4> 9
C3;5@>4=KE A?8@B>2, :5B>=>2 8 >:B0=>2. !<5AL
?>;CG8;0 =0720=85 �<8:>4875;L� 87-70 1>;LH>3>
AE>4AB20 ?> A>AB02C A 02B><>18;L=K< B>?;82><.

 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2545BAO 35=5B8G5A:89 0=0;87
B0:>9 C=8:0;L=>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 3@810.

?8A0=85
-B>B AC<G0BK9 3@81 >1@07C5B 1>;LH85 :@0A82>
>:@0H5==K5 :>;>=88 87 ?>AB5?5==> A;820NI8EAO A 2>7@0AB>< 8=48284C0;L=KE ?;>4>2KE
B5; (0?>B5F852). 48=>G=>5 ?;>4>2>5 B5;> 2KA>B>9 0,5 1,2 A<, A=0G0;0 ;>?0B>284=>5, >:@C3-


71

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
# 0A:>:>@8=5 <OA=>9 1K; >1=0@C65= 0=B818>B8:
0A:>:>@8= B5@?5=8;E8=>==>9 ?@8@>4K (?@>872>4=>5 15=7>E8=>=0). -B0 =0E>4:0 2K720;0 1>;LH>9 8=B5@5A, ?>A:>;L:C B5@?5=8;E8=>=K H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5=K A@548 1078480;L=KE 3@81>2,
B>340 :0: C AC<G0BKE, : :>B>@K< >B=>A8BAO 0A:>:>@8=5, >=8 =5 2AB@5G0NBAO. -B>B ?83<5=B, @0AB2>@5==K9 2 0;:>3>;5, ?@8>1@5B05B :@0A82CN
;8;>2>-D8>;5B>2CN >:@0A:C, E0@0:B5@=CN 4;O
?;>4>2KE B5; 3@810. A:>:>@8= ?>402;O5B @>AB 8
@0728B85 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=KE 10:B5@89.
;>-B@5C3>;L=>5, AC65==>5 : >A=>20=8N, 480<5B@>< >:>;> 1 A<. @81=K5 B5;0   1>:0;>284=K5,
G0H5284=K5 8;8 =5@53C;O@=>-A:;04G0BK5, GCBL
2K?C:;K5 8;8 2402;5==K5, 2>@>=:>284=K5 A
>B>3=CBK< :@05<, 2 B5A=>9 3@C??5   A?;NA=CB>-2402;5==K5, A> A:;04G0B>9 2>@>=:>9, <0B>2K5, A> A;01> 2K@065==>9, AC65==>9, 8=>340
87>3=CB>9 =>6:>9 480<5B@>< >:>;> 0,3 A<, A
=86=59 AB>@>=K :@C?5=G0BK5. &25B ?;>4>2KE
B5;   @07;8G=K5 >BB5=:8 ;8;>2>3>: :@0A=>- 8;8
A5@>-;8;>2K9, 1C@>20B>-D8>;5B>2K9. O:>BL
<OA8AB0O, ?;>B=>-ABC45=8AB0O, 157 2K@065==KE
2:CA0 8 70?0E0.
AB@5G05BAO =0 <5@B2>9 8 3=8NI59 4@525A8=5, ?=OE 8 AB2>;0E ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4 (G0I5 =0
15@575), ?@54?>G8B05B A25685 A?8;K, @0AB5B B5A=K<8, 8=>340 >G5=L 1>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8. ;>4>=>A8B A A5=BO1@O 4> :>=F0 =>O1@O, ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, =5 >G5=L G0AB>.

!E>4=K5 284K
5>1C;30@8O G8AB0O, C :>B>@>9 2AB@5G0NBAO
3@C??K ?;>4>2KE B5; A ;8;>2K< 8;8 D8>;5B>2K<
>BB5=:>< (Neobulgaria pura var. foliacea), >B;8G05BAO ACI5AB25==> <5=LH8<8 @07<5@0<8 B0:8E
3@C?? 8 C?;>I5==K<8, @>2=K<8 A25@EC G0H5284=K<8 0?>B5F8O<8 (8=48284C0;L=K<8 ?;>4>2K<8 B5;0<8). A:>:>@8=5 F8;8E=C< (Ascocoryne
cylichnium) >B;8G05BAO 0?>B5F8O<8 1>;55 ?@028;L=>9 1;N4F5284=>-G0H5284=>9 D>@<K. B
@07;8G=KE 4@>60;>: >B;8G05BAO F25B>< ?;>4>2KE B5;.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@81 =5 AG8B05BAO AJ54>1=K<, E>BO 5420 ;8 :B>B> ?@>25@O; MB> A CG5B>< 53> @07<5@>2& 


72

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan.

2574>28: 383@><5B@8G5A:89
!5<59AB2>: >6=>4>64528:>2K5 (Sclerodermatineae).
!8=>=8<K: 72574G0B:0 383@><5B@8G5A:0O, 72574G0B:0 <=>3>@0745;L=0O, 72574G0B:0
10E@><G0B0O, 0AB@5CA 2A5?>3>4=K9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schrt.

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Boletus aereus Bull.

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79

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?8I520@8B5;L=KE A>:>2. @>2>48;8AL 8AA;54>20=8O A>:>3>==KE A2>9AB2 @07;8G=KE 3@81>2


81

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

(15;>3>, ?>4>A8=>28:0, ?>415@57>28:0, 4C1>28:0, ;8A8G:8), :>B>@K5 ?>:070;8, GB> 8<5==> 15;K9 3@81 O2;O5BAO =08;CGH8< AB8<C;OB>@>< ?8I520@5=8O, ?@52>AE>4OI8< 4065 <OA=>9 1C;L>=.
>A;5 ACH:8 B@C4=>4>ABC?=K9 4;O CA2>5=8O 15;>: A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; AB0=>28BAO 4>ABC?=K<
4;O ?8I520@8B5;L=>9 A8AB5<K, GB> ?>72>;O5B
>@30=87<C CA20820BL 4> 80 % 15;:0 ACH5=KE 15;KE 3@81>2.

"@048F8>==0O
8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
I5 4@52=85 @8<;O=5 2KA>:> F5=8;8 15;K9 3@81,
3>B>28;8 8 C?>B@51;O;8 53> 2 A?5F80;L=KE ?><5I5=8OE-A040E, :>B>@K5 =07K20;8AL 1>;5B0@8O<8. ;8=89 C:07K20;, GB> 15;K9 3@81 ?><>305B
?@8 ?@>1;5<0E A 65;C4:>< 8 =574>@>2>9 :>65.
 8<;O=:8 8A?>;L7>20;8 M:AB@0:B 15;>3> 3@810
4;O CE>40 70 :>659 ;8F0, 2K2545=8O C3@59, AK?8,
C<5=LH5=8O ;C=>: ?>A;5 >A?K 8 :@0A=CE8 8 B. ?.
 =5:>B>@KE >1;0ABOE B0;88 15;K9 3@81 8A?>;L7C5BAO :0: A@54AB2> 4;O ?>2KH5=8O ?>B5=F88.
 0B288 8725AB=> ?@8<5=5=85 15;>3> 3@810
:0: A@54AB20 ?@>B82 65;C4>G=KE 1>;59, >1<>@>65=8O 8 AB5=>:0@488.
 8B05 ?>@>H>: 15;>3> 3@810 8A?>;L7C5BAO
4;O <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88, ?@>B82 AC4>@>3, A:>-

20==>AB8 ACE>68;89, <KH5G=KE A?07<>2, 4;O
C;CGH5=8O ;8<D>B>:0. 7 AK@KE ?;>4>2KE B5;,
70?5G5==KE 2<5AB5 A 65=LH5=5<, ?>;CG0NB ?>@>H>:, A?>A>1AB2CNI89 70G0B8N.
0  CA8 M:AB@0:B>< 8;8 ?>@>H:>< 87 ?;>4>2KE B5; ;5G8;8 >1<>@>65=8O, O72K 8 =5706820NI85 @0=K, 8A?>;L7>20;8 :0: ?@>B82>@0:>2>5
A@54AB2> (2 :0G5AB25 ?@>D8;0:B8:8).

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB B>;L:> <>;>4K5 3@81K A 15;K< B@C1G0BK< A;>5<. A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A2565< 2845, 2 2845
?>@>H:0, =0AB>52 8 2KBO6:8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
48= 87 ;CGH8E 3@81>2 ?> 2:CA>2K< :0G5AB20<.
A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A2565< (20@5=>< 8 60@5=><), ACH5=>< 8 <0@8=>20==>< 2845. @8 ACH:5 3@81K
=5 B5<=5NB 8 ?@8>1@5B0NB >A>1K9 70?0E.  2845
3@81=>3> ?>@>H:0 (ACH5=K9 8 <>;>BK9) 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 70?@02:8 @07=KE 1;N4.  B0;88
C?>B@51;O5BAO 2 AK@>< 2845 2 A0;0B0E, 70?@02;5==KE <0A;><, A?5F8O<8, ;8<>==K< A>:>< A 4>102;5=85< AK@0 ?0@<570=. !>CAK 87 15;>3> 3@810
E>@>H> ?>4E>4OB : @8A>2K< 8 <OA=K< 1;N40<.

Boletus luridus Schaeff.

>44C1=8:
!5<59AB2>: >;5B>2K5 (Boletaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 4C1>28: >;82:>2>-1C@K9, 4C1>28: >1K:=>25==K9, ?>44C1>28:, 4C1>28:,
1>;5B 3@O7=>-1C@K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 4> 15 A< 2 480<5B@5, ?>4CH:>284=0O,
10@E0B8AB0O, 1C@0O 8;8 >;82:>2>-1C@0O, >;82:>2>- 8;8 65;B>-:>@8G=520O, 4> :@0A=>-:>@8G=52>9. &25B H;O?:8 <>65B A8;L=> 20@L8@>20BLAO, A
2>7@0AB>< >=0 B5<=55B. O:>BL B>;AB0O, 15;>20B0O 8;8 65;B>20B0O (2 >A=>20=88 =>6:8   :@0A=>20B0O), ?@8 =0402;820=88 8 =0 @07@575 1KAB@>
A8=55B, ?>B>< 1C@55B. "@C1>G:8 C7:85, 65;BK5,
>;82:>2>-65;BK5, ?>@K >@0=652>-?C@?C@=K5,
A8=5NB ?@8 =0402;820=88. >6:0 5 15 A< 2KA>B>9, 2 >A=>20=88 CB>;I5=0, 65;B>->@0=6520O,
225@EC A :@0A=>-1C@K< A5BG0BK< @8AC=:><.


82

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K 8A?>;L7CNBAO :0:
10:B5@8F84=>5 A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@81 >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 4C1><, 1C:><, @565
A> AB0@K<8 15@570<8 8 4@C38<8 ;8AB25==K<8 ?>@>40<8 45@52L52, @0AB5B =0 8725AB:>2KE ?>G20E,
?@54?>G8B0O A25B;K5, E>@>H> ?@>3@5205<K5 A>;=F5< <5AB0, 2 <05 >:BO1@5. 0 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88
2AB@5G05BAO 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8, 2 .6=>9 8 0?04=>9 !818@8 8 =0 N35 0;L=53> >AB>:0.

!E>4=K5 284K
C1>28: :@0A=>=>6:>2K9 (B. luridiformis) >B;8G05BAO 65;B>-:@0A=>9, ?>:@KB>9 :@0A=K<8
B>G:0<8 8;8 75@=8AB>-G5HC9G0B>9 =>6:>9 157
A5BG0B>3> C7>@0. !0B0=8=A:89 3@81 (B. satanas)
>B;8G05BAO A5@>20B>9 H;O?:>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; 1K; 2K45;5= 0=B818>B8: 1>;5B>; (?83<5=B), ?>402;ONI89 <=>385
1>;57=5B2>@=K5 10:B5@88.

Boletus pinophilus Pil�t et Dermek

5;K9 3@81 A>A=>2K9
!5<59AB2>: >;5B>2K5 (Boletaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 15;K9 3@81 1>@>2>9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 6 30 A<, ?>4CH:>284=0O 8;8
?>;CH0@>284=0O, 70B5< 1>;55 ?;>A:0O, ?>25@E=>ABL 3;04:0O 8;8 =5@>2=0O, <>@I8=8AB0O 8;8
1C3>@G0B0O, 2> 2;06=CN ?>3>4C A;53:0 A;878AB0O,
ACE0O   <0B>20O. :@0A:0 B5<=>- 8;8 :@0A=>:>@8G=520O, H>:>;04=0O, 8=>340 A D8>;5B>2K<
>BB5=:><, ?> :@0N 1>;55 A25B;0O   >B @>7>2>9
4> ?>GB8 15;>9 (C <>;>4KE 3@81>2). "@C1G0BK9

!J54>1=K9 3@81 A@54=53> :0G5AB20. A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A2565< 2845 ?>A;5 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O A> A;82>< >B20@0, ?>4E>48B 4;O 2A5E
284>2 ?5@5@01>B:8 8 703>B>2>:.
 3@810E 5ABL A>548=5=8O, @5038@CNI85 A
25I5AB20<8, 8<5NI8<8AO 2 G05 8 :>D5; MB8 A>548=5=8O @07@CH0NBAO ?@8 20@:5. 4=0:> AK@K5
8;8 ?;>E> ?@>20@5==K5 4C1>28:8 <>3CB 2K720BL
@0AAB@>9AB20 :8H5G=8:0. !8<?B><K ?@>O2;ONBAO G5@57 0,5 2 G0A0 8 A>?@>2>640NBAO B>H=>B>9, 480@559, @2>B>9, 65;C4>G=K<8 1>;O<8.
>;=>5 2K74>@>2;5=85 =0ABC?05B G5@57 1 2 4=O.
%8<8G5A:89 0=0;87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070; =0;8G85 A;54>2 B>:A8=0 <CA:0@8=0 8 53> AB5@5>87><5@>2.
><8<> MB>3>, ?> 40==K< 52@>?59A:8E 8AA;54>20B5;59, ?@8 >4=>2@5<5==>< C?>B@51;5=88
0;:>3>;O 3@81 A?>A>15= 2K720BL 0;;5@38G5A:CN
@50:F8N, 0=0;>38G=CN B>9, GB> 405B =02>7=8:
A5@K9 (Coprinus atramentarius).


83

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

A;>9 A2>1>4=K9, A 3;C1>:>9 2K5<:>9 2>7;5 =>6:8, 15;K9, ?>765   >B 65;B>20B>3> 4> >;82:>2>-75;5=>3> F25B0. "@C1>G:8 4;8=>9 1,5 2 A<,
?>@K >:@C3;K5, <5;:85. O:>BL ?;>B=0O, <OA8AB0O, 15;0O, F25B =0 A@575 =5 <5=O5B, ?>4 :>68F59 H;O?:8 1C@>20B>-:@0A=0O, @>7>20O 8;8
:@0A=>20B>-D8>;5B>20O. :CA A;04:>20BK9, A;01> 2K@065=, 70?0E ?@8OB=K9, 3@81=>9 8;8 :0: C
?>460@5==>3> >@5E0. >6:0 >1KG=> :>@>B:0O
8 B>;AB0O, 7 16 � 3 10 A<, A?;>H=0O, G0AB> A8;L=> CB>;I5==0O C >A=>20=8O. >25@E=>ABL 15;0O
8;8 A;53:0 1C@>20B0O, ?>:@KB0 :@0A=>20B>9 8;8
A25B;>-:>@8G=52>9 B>=:>9 A5B>G:>9, >A>15==>
70<5B=>9 2 25@E=59 G0AB8.
AB@5G05BAO 2 ;N1KE ;5A0E A CG0AB85< A>A=K,
?@54?>G8B05B AB0@K5 A25B;K5 A>A=O:8 8 154=K5
?5AG0=K5 ?>G2K. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N=O ?> >:BO1@L,
=5A:>;L:8<8 �2>;=0<8�.

!E>4=K5 284K
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!<. 15;K9 3@81.
B. pinophilus 8725AB5= :0: 0:B82=K9 18>0::C<C;OB>@ @BCB8. > 871560=85 >B@02;5=8O =5 A;54C5B A>18@0BL 3@81K 2>7;5 3>@=>4>1K20NI8E 8
?5@5@010BK20NI8E ?@>872>4AB2, 0 B0:65 2>7;5
4>@>3 8 @O4>< A <530?>;8A0<8.  A;CG05 A1>@0 2
?>4>1=KE <5AB0E 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L A;54C5B C40;OBL B@C1G0BK9 A;>9, B0: :0: 2 =5< A>45@68BAO
=081>;LH55 :>;8G5AB2> 703@O7=8B5;59.

Boletus reticulatus Schaeff.

5;K9 3@81 4C1>2K9
!5<59AB2>: >;5B>2K5 (Boletaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 15;K9 3@81 A5BG0BK9, 1>@>28: A5BG0BK9, 1>;5B A5BG0B>=>6:>2K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 2=0G0;5 ?>;CH0@>284=0O, ?>765 A8;L=>
2K?C:;0O, 480<5B@>< 6 30 A<. >68F0 <0B>20O,
10@E0B8AB0O, ACE0O, 3;04:0O 8;8 <>@I8=8AB0O, A
2>7@0AB>< <>65B ?>:@K20BLAO A5BLN B@5I8=.
&25B >G5=L 20@8015;L=K9, => G0I5 A25B;KE B>=>2:
:>D59=K9, :>@8G=520BK9, A5@>20B>-1C@K9, :>68AB>-:>@8G=52K9, >E@8ABK9, 8=>340 A 1>;55 A25B;K<8 ?OB=0<8. O:>BL ?;>B=0O 8 <OA8AB0O, 15;0O,
=5 87<5=O5BAO =0 A@575, ?>4 B@C1>G:0<8 <>65B
?@8>1@5B0BL 65;B>20BK9 >BB5=>:. <55B 3@81=>9
70?0E 8 A;04:>20BK9 8;8 >@5E>2K9 2:CA. >@>28:


84

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

3@01><, AJ54>1=K<8 :0HB0=0<8 8 ;8?>9. @54?>G8B05B A25B;K5 ;8AB25==K5 8;8 E2>9=>-H8@>:>;8AB25==K5 ;5A0, >?CH:8, @0AB5B =0 ACE>20BKE
I5;>G=KE ?>G20E, ;N18B 3>@8ABCN 8;8 E>;<8ABCN <5AB=>ABL. '0AB> 2AB@5G05BAO 2<5AB5 A 4C1>28:>< 75@=8AB>=>38< (B. erythropus). AB@5G05BAO 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8  >AA88, BO3>B55B :
N3C. @5<O ?;>4>=>H5=8O   <09 >:BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
A5BG0BK9 @54:> ?>2@56405BAO =0A5:><K<8. "@C1G0BK9 A;>9 A2>1>4=K9 8;8 ?@8@>AH89 A 2K5<:>9,
B>;I8=>9 1 3,5 A<, 2=0G0;5 15;K9, 70B5< B@C1>G:8
AB0=>2OBAO 75;5=>20B>-65;BK<8, C AB0@KE 3@81>2
>BB5=:8 20@L8@CNBAO 4> >;82:>2>-:>@8G=52KE.
>@K <5;:85, >:@C3;K5. >6:0 10 25 � 2 7 A<,
B>;AB0O, <OA8AB0O, ?;>B=0O, 1C;02>284=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, => 2 25@E=59 G0AB8 1>;55
C7:0O, :>@8G=520B>3>, 1C@>20B>3> 8;8 1@>=7>2>3>
F25B0, ?>:@KB0 :@C?=K< A5BG0BK< @8AC=:>< 87
1>;55 A25B;KE, 15;KE 8;8 1C@>20BKE ?@>68;>:.
1@07C5B <8:>@87C ?@58<CI5AB25==> A 45@52LO<8 A5<59AB20 1C:>2KE (1C:, 4C1), B0:65 A

Boletus subtomentosus L. : Fr.

>E>28: 75;5=K9
!5<59AB2>: >;5B>2K5 (Boletaceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 B>;AB>-<OA8AB0O, 10@E0B8AB0O, 3 10 A<
2 480<5B@5, >;82:>2>-65;B0O 8;8 >;82:>2>-75;5=0O, @565   >B >;82:>2>-:>@8G=52>9 4> G8AB>-:>@8G=52>9, ?>;CH0@>284=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< ?;>A:0O 8 3>;0O, ACE0O, G0AB> A B@5I8=:0<8.
AB@5G05BAO F25B>20O D>@<0 A :@0A=>9 8;8 1>@4>2>-:>@8G=52>9 H;O?:>9. "@C1>G:8 8 ?>@K O@:>-65;BK5, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>2OBAO >;82:>2K<8,
;53:> >B45;ONBAO >B <O:>B8 H;O?:8, ?@8 =0402;820=88 8=B5=A82=> A8=5NB. >@K :@C?=K5,
H8@>:85, C3;>20BK5. O:>BL >B 15;>20B>9 4>
O@:>-65;B>9, A ?@8OB=K< 2:CA>< 8 70?0E><, 4>2>;L=> @KE;0O, =0 87;><5 8=>340 A8=55B. >6:0
3 8 � 0,5 2 A<, 65;B0O, G0AB> A :>@8G=520BK<8

!<. 15;K9 3@81.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!<. 15;K9 3@81.


85

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

CG0AB:0<8 8;8 :@0A=>20B0O, 2 25@E=59 G0AB8 8=>340 A 1C@K< A5BG0BK< @8AC=:><, ?;>B=0O (A 2>7@0AB>< ?>;0O), @>2=0O, >1KG=> 87>3=CB0O C >A=>20=8O.
1@07C5B <8:>@87C :0: A E2>9=K<8, B0: 8 A
;8AB25==K<8 45@52LO<8. 0A5;O5B ;5A0 ;N1>3>
B8?0, ;N18B @0AB8 ?> >?CH:0< 8 ;5A=K< ?>;O=0<, 24>;L 4>@>3, C <C@0259=8:>2, >1KG=> >18;5=, ?;>4>=>A8B ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88 A
8N=O ?> >:BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!<. 15;K9 3@81.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A@54=53> :0G5AB20, >1KG=> 8A?>;L7C5BAO A2565?@83>B>2;5==K<, E>BO ?>4E>48B 4;O ;N1>3> 2840 :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 703>B>2>:. @8 ACH:5 G5@=55B.

! =5AJ54>1=K<8 8 O4>28BK<8 3@810<8 AE>4AB20 =5 8<55B. B ?>E>68E ?>;LA:>3> 3@810
(B. badius) 8 <0A;5=:0 65;B>-1C@>3> (Suillus
variegatus) >B;8G05BAO :@C?=K<8 ?>@0<8 B@C1G0B>3> A;>O. >E>28: ?5AB@K9 (B. chrysenteron)
>B;8G05BAO =0;8G85< B>=:>3> ?83<5=B=>3> A;>O
(@>7>2>3> 8;8 :@0A=>3>) ?>4 :>68F59 H;O?:8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=K<8 8 ?@>B82>28@CA=K<8
A2>9AB20<8.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

Calocera viscosa (Pers. : Fr.)

0;>F5@0 :;59:0O
!5<59AB2>: 0:@8<8F5B=K5 (Dacrymycetaceae).
!8=>=8<K: @>30B8: :;59:89.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
5A<>B@O =0 >G5284=>5 AE>4AB2> A @>30B8:0<8,
MB>B 3@81 =5 8<55B : =8< =8:0:>3> >B=>H5=8O.
= >B=>A8BAO : 4@>60;:>2K< 3@810<, 53> @>4AB25==8:8   4@>60;:8, ;>6=>56>28: ABC45=8ABK9, 0C@8:C;O@8O 8 4@C385 ABC45=8ABK5 35B5@>1078480;L=K5 3@81K.

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> 2KA>B>9 >B 2 4> 8 A<, :CAB8AB>5,
A;01>@0725B2;5==>5, A 70>AB@5==K<8 :>=G8:0<8
25B>G5:, B5<=>-65;B>5 8;8 >@0=652>5, :0: 1K


86

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$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
K45;5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K ?>;8A0E0@84K >AB0=02;820NB @>AB A0@:><K-180
8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 %. @81 A>45@68B
5-384@>:A8B@8?B>D0=, ?@5:C@A>@ A5@>B>=8=0 8
<5;0B>=8=0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K =5 8A?>;L7CNBAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
A25BOI55AO 87=CB@8, =5<=>3> :;59:>5. O:>BL
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;>4>=>A8B A =0G0;0 8N;O 4> >:BO1@O, =0
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>48=>G=> 8 3@C??0<8. AB@5G05BAO G0AB> ?> 2A59
;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88.

!E>4=K5 284K
0 :0;>F5@C ?>E>68 <=>385 =0AB>OI85 65;B>>:@0H5==K5 @>30B8:8, => =8 4;O :>3> 87 =8E =5
A2>9AB25==0 E0@0:B5@=0O E@OI5284=>-ABC45=8AB>-@578=8AB0O :>=A8AB5=F8O :0;>F5@K.

!>18@0NB A25685 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0, =5 =0G02H85
70AKE0BL 8;8 :>@8G=525BL. A?>;L7CNBAO A?8@B>2K5 =0AB>8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A =87:8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8 8 @578=8AB>9 <O:>BLN.  ?8I52KE F5;OE A>18@05BAO :@09=5 @54:>, C?>B@51;O5BAO A2568<
(60@:0, A0;0BK) 8 ACH5=K<.
 >;30@88 87-70 :@0A82>3> F25B0 >B20@5==CN
:0;>F5@C 8A?>;L7CNB :0: C:@0H5=85 2 E>;>4=KE
70:CA:0E 8;8 4>102;ONB 2 E>;>45F ?5@54 53> 70ABK20=85<.

Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Donk

09A:89 3@81
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: @O4>2:0 <09A:0O, :0;>F815 <09A:89, <09:0, 5>@3852 3@81.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
4=0 87 A0<KE, =0 <>9 273;O4, 2:CA=KE @O4>2>:.
-B> 548=AB25==K9 3@81, :>B>@K9 2 =3;88 =0A5;5=85 A>18@05B ?><8<> B@ND5;59 8 A<>@G:>2
(B0< 53> =07K20NB �5>@3852 3@81�).  B0;88
3@81 =07K20NB marzolino (�<0@B>2:0�), B. :. B0<
>= ?>O2;O5BAO C65 2 =0G0;5 <0@B0.  C<K=8O M:A?>@B8@C5B <09A:89 3@81 2 0?04=CN 2@>?C 2
?@><KH;5==KE :>;8G5AB20E.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 5 12 A<, <OA8AB0O, A=0G0;0


87

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

2K?C:;0O, 70B5< @0A?@>AB5@B0O, A 2>;=8ABK<, G0AB> @0AB@5A:820NI8<AO :@05<, ?;>A:0O 8;8 A 1C3>@:><, :@5<>20O, 65;B>20B0O, 3@O7=>-15;0O, ACE0O. O:>BL B>;AB0O, ?;>B=0O, 15;0O, <O3:0O, 2:CA
8 70?0E A8;L=K5, ?@8OB=K5, A;04:>20BK5. ;0AB8=:8 15;>20BK5 A :@5<>2K< >BB5=:><, G0ABK5.
>6:0 4 10 � 0,6 3 A<, ?;>B=0O, 1C;02>284=0O,
15;>20B0O, 1C@>20B>-:@5<>20O 8;8 65;B>20B0O,
2>;>:=8AB0O.
@81 ;N18B 87@565==K5 ;8AB25==K5 ;5A0,
>?CH:8, ?0@:8, @0AB5B =0 B@02O=8ABKE <5AB0E, 2K3>=0E, ?0AB18I0E, 2 A040E, 2>7;5 =0A5;5==KE ?C=:B>2. AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88.
5@8>4 ?;>4>=>H5=8O: <09   =0G0;> 8N=O.
=>340 (4>2>;L=> @54:>) <09A:89 3@81 CA?5205B ?@>A:>G8BL 2B>@>9 @07 2 3>4C >A5=LN (>1KG=>
MB> A5=BO1@L). = ?>O2;O5BAO 2 >G5=L =51>;LH8E :>;8G5AB20E 2 B5E 65 <5AB0E, 345 @>A 25A=>9,
H;O?:8 B0:8E 3@81>2 >B;8G0NBAO 65;B>20BK<
F25B><.  0=LH5 B0:85 >A5==85 2KAK?:8 AG8B0;8
3@810<8 4@C3>3> 2840 (C. georgii).

!E>4=K5 284K
! CG5B>< A@>:>2 8 <5AB0 ?;>4>=>H5=8O A?CB0BL
3@81 =8 A :0:8<8 4@C38<8 2840<8 =5;L7O.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
8E;>@<5B0=>2K9 M:AB@0:B >1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=K<8 A2>9AB20<8 (3C18B5;L=> 459AB2C5B =0
A5==CN ?0;>G:C 8 Escherichia coli). !>45@68B
0=B818>B8G5A:85 25I5AB20, ?>402;ONI85 @0728B85 BC15@:C;57=>9 ?0;>G:8. 1;0405B ?@>B82>@0:>2K< 459AB285< (?>;=>ABLN ?>402;O5B A0@-

:><C-180 8 :0@F8=><C -@;8E0).
5<5F:85 18>E8<8:8 2KO28;8 0=B848015B8G5A:>5 459AB285 MB>3> 3@810, >B<5B82 ACI5AB25==>5 A=865=85 C@>2=O A0E0@0 :@>28 ?@8 53>
@53C;O@=>< C?>B@51;5=88.
>@<0;87C5B >1<5= 25I5AB2.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K =5 8A?>;L7CNBAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 2 ACECN ?>3>4C. A?>;L7CNBAO A?8@B>2K5 =0AB>8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO A2568<, ?>4E>48B 4;O 70A>;:8 8
<0@8=>20=8O.  <0@8=045 >G5=L 2:CA5=.

Calvatia excipuliformis (Scop.) Perdeck

>;>20G C4;8=5==K9
!5<59AB2>: >64528:>2K5 (Lycoperdaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3>;>20G ?@>4>;3>20BK9.

?8A0=85
@81 ?>E>6 =0 >G5=L 1>;LH>9 4>64528: 65<GC6=K9. > D>@<5 3>;>2G0BK9, >= =0?><8=05B
1C;02C 8;8 :53;N, 53> 2KA>B0 <>65B 4>AB830BL
20 A<, 480<5B@ 3>;>2:8   10 A<. >6:0 4;8==0O,
B>;AB0O, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, : >A=>20=8N <>65B :0:
CB>;I0BLAO, B0: 8 CB>=G0BLAO. 0@C6=0O >1>;>G-

:0 MB>3> 3>;>20G0 H8?>20B0O, 2 <>;>4>AB8 15;0O,
70B5< A :>@8G=520BK< >BB5=:><. 0: 8 C ?@>G8E
4>64528:>2, <O:>BL 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5 15;0O, C
AB0@>3> 3@810   >;82:>2>-:>@8G=520O. 5@E=OO
G0ABL ?@8 A>7@520=88 @0AB@5A:8205BAO ?>GB8
?>;=>ABLN 8 >B?0405B. !?>@>2K9 ?>@>H>: :>@8G=52K9.


88

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

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?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 8 :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 A@54AB2>. ;O MB>3> 8A?>;L7CNBAO ;81> B>=:> =0@570==K5 ?;0AB8=:8 <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5;,
;81> 7@5;K9 A?>@>2K9 ?>@>H>: (:0: ?@8AK?:0).

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5, 15;K5 =0 A@575 ?;>4>2K5
B5;0, ;81> ACECN A?>@>2CN <0AAC 87 ?>;=>ABLN
A>7@52H8E 3@81>2.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@58<CI5AB25==> ;5A=>9 284, =0A5;O5B A25B;K5 ;5A0 ;N1>3> B8?0 8;8 70@0AB0NI85 <>;>4K<
;5A>< ;C30, <>;>4K5 ?>A04:8, >?CH:8, ?@>A5:8,
>1>G8=K ;5A=KE 4>@>3, >48=>G=> 8 1>;LH8<8
3@C??0<8, 8=>340 A@>AB:0<8.  54:> 2AB@5G05BAO 8
?@>AB> =0 ;C30E.  0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88, :@><5 @09=53> !525@0. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O 4> =0G0;0 >:BO1@O.

!J54>15= 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. 0@:0, 1C;L>=K,
3@81=>9 ?>@>H>:.

!E>4=K5 284K
>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 <>6=> A?CB0BL A 4>64528:>< 65<GC6=K< (Lycoperdon perlatum), :>B>@K9 >B;8G05BAO ACI5AB25==> <5=LH8<8 @07<5@0<8, 1>;55 :>@>B:>9 =>6:>9, 2 <>;>4>AB8 8<55B
1C3>@>: =0 25@H8=5, 0 ?@8 A>7@520=88 >B:@K205BAO 25@E=8< F5=B@0;L=K< >B25@AB85<.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=K<8, 0=B8>:A840=B=K<8
8 ?@>B82>@0:>2K<8 A2>9AB20<8.

Calvatia utriformis (Bull.) Jaap

>;>20G <5H:>284=K9
!5<59AB2>: >64528:>2K5 (Lycoperdaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3>;>20G <5H:>20BK9, 3>;>20G ?C7K@5284=K9, 3>;>20G :@C3;K9.

?8A0=85
$>@<0 ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 H8@>:>O9F5284=0O, 3@CH5284=0O, <5H:>284=0O.  07<5@K   4> 20 A< 2K-

A>B>9 8 25 A< 2 ?>?5@5G=8:5.  >A=>20=88 8<55BAO =5:>5 ?>4>185 A:;04G0B>9 =>6:8. >;>4>9
3@81 >B;8G05BAO G8AB>-15;>9 H8?>20B>9 >1>;>G:>9 8 15;>9 C?@C3>9 <O:>BLN. ! 2>7@0AB><


89

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

>1>;>G:0 65;B55B, 70B5< 1C@55B 8 B@5A:05BAO.
O:>BL ?@8>1@5B05B 65;B>-75;5=K9 >BB5=>:,
70B5< AB0=>28BAO B5<=>-:>@8G=52>9. 5@E=OO
G0ABL 3@810 @0A?0405BAO, 8 >BBC40 2K?0405B <O:>BL A A>7@52H8<8 A?>@0<8, :>B>@0O ?5@5=>A8BAO 25B@>< :0: ?5@5:0B8-?>;5. B ?;>4>2>3>
B5;0 ?>A;5 MB>3> >AB05BAO B>;L:> :C1:>284=>5
>A=>20=85, @07>@20==>5 ?> :@0O< =0 10 12 H8@>:8E, 7025@=CBKE =0@C6C ;>?0AB59, >G5=L AB>9:>5, ?5@5=>AOI55 ;N1CN =5?>3>4C, AB0=>2OI55AO 1;5ABOI8<.
1KG5= =0 >?CH:0E 2 A25B;KE ;8AB25==KE 8
A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, =0 ;C30E, ?0AB18I0E, 2 A040E,
@0AB5B =0 ?>G25, :0: ?@028;>, >48=>G=>, =5 G0AB>.
> 2A59 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88, :@><5 @09=53> !525@0, ?;>4>=>A8B A <0O 8 4> =0G0;0 >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
! CG5B>< 2=5H=53> 2840 AE>4AB20 A 4@C38<8 3@810<8 =5 8<55B.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
#AB0=>2;5=> 10:B5@8F84=>5 459AB285 <5B0=>;>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 =0 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5 8
3@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 10:B5@88 (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pyogenes 8 Mycobacterium smegmatis), 0 B0:65
?@>B82>3@81:>20O 0:B82=>ABL (Candida albicans,
Rhodotorula rubra 8 Kluyveromyces marxianus).
;O 3>;>20G0 ?>4B25@645=K 0=B8>:A840=B-

=K5 A2>9AB20.
 O4>< 8AA;54>20=89 CAB0=>2;5=0 8 53> ?@>B82>@0:>20O 0:B82=>ABL. "0:, 2 3>;>20G5 >1=0@C65=> 25I5AB2> :0;L20F8= (0=B818>B8:), >:07K20NI55 2K@065==>5 >=:>AB0B8G5A:>5 459AB285,
B>@<>7OI55 @0728B85 ;59:5<88 8 4@C38E >=:>;>38G5A:8E 701>;520=89. @C3>9 ?5?B84 3>;>20G0, 0=0;>38G=K9 15;:C C18:28B8=C, ?>402;O5B
:;5B>G=CN :C;LBC@C @0:0 3@C48.
@>2545==K5 18>E8<8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O
?>:070;8, GB> MB>B 3>;>20G O2;O5BAO ?@8@>4=K<
38?5@18>0::C<C;OB>@>< F8=:0 8 <548.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K ?@8<5=ONBAO :0:
?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 8 :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 A@54AB2>. ;O MB>3> 8A?>;L7CNBAO ;81>
B>=:> =0@570==K5 ?;0AB8=:8 <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE
B5;, ;81> 7@5;K9 A?>@>2K9 ?>@>H>: (:0: ?@8AK?:0). ><8<> MB>3>, M:AB@0:BK ?@8<5=ONBAO
?@>B82 :0H;O, ?@8 2>A?0;5=88 3>@;0 8 >E@8?H5< 3>;>A5.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5, 15;K5 =0 A@575 ?;>4>2K5
B5;0 ;81> ACECN A?>@>2CN <0AAC 87 ?>;=>ABLN
A>7@52H8E 3@81>2.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. 0@:0, 1C;L>=K,
3@81=>9 ?>@>H>:.


90

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Cantharellus cibarius Fr.

8A8G:0 65;B0O
!5<59AB2>: 8A8G:>2K5 (Cantharellaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ;8A8G:0 >1K:=>25==0O, ;8A8G:0 =0AB>OI0O.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
8A8G:0 1>30B0 C=8:0;L=K<8 A>548=5=8O<8, :>B>@K5 1;03>?@8OB=> 2>7459AB2CNB =0 >@30=87<
G5;>25:0 ?@8 701>;520=8OE ?5G5=8, >68@5=88
8 35?0B8B5. ;03>40@O MB8< A2>9AB20< ;8A8G:0 2
>3@><=KE :>;8G5AB20E 2K2>78BAO 2 5@<0=8N 8
$@0=F8N 87 5;0@CA8 8  >AA88. 8A8G:8 0:B82=> 70:C?0NBAO C =0A5;5=8O, B0: GB>, :@><5 ?>?>;=5=8O A>1AB25==KE 70?0A>2 4;O 4>;3>9 @CAA:>9 78<K, <>6=> =5?;>E> 70@01>B0BL =0 A40G5
3@81>2 4;O 68B5;59 2@>?K. !B>8<>ABL 1;N40 87
;8A8G5: 2 =5<5F:8E @5AB>@0=0E 4>AB8305B ?OB8A>B 52@>(!), ?@8 MB>< 3@81>2 O2=> =54>AB0B>G=>,
?>A:>;L:C >=8 ?@54;030NBAO =5 2> 2A5E @5AB>@0=0E, ?>@>9 4065 2 <=>3>72574>G=KE 702545=8OE
1;N40 87 ;8A8G5: >BACBAB2CNB.  ?@85<=KE ?C=:B0E >1KG=0O F5=0 70 :8;>3@0<< ;8A8G5: 2 52@>,
=> <>65B 4>AB830BL 5 8 1>;55, GB> 7028A8B >B C@>60O ;8A8G5: 2 B5:CI5< A57>=5.
8A8G:0 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =8:>340 =5 1K205B G5@282>9, 8<5==> ?>MB><C C 8C4552 >=0 AG8B05BAO
:>H5@=K< 3@81><.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 2 10 A<, <OA8AB0O, ?;>B=0O,
C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 2K?C:;0O, G0AB> ?;>A:0O, A 7025@=CBK< :@05<, C 7@5;KE   2>@>=:>284=0O, A

2>;=8AB>-;>?0AB=K< :@05<, O8G=>- 8;8 A25B;>65;B0O, >4=>F25B=0O A =>6:>9 8 ?;0AB8=:0<8.
O:>BL A=0G0;0 65;B>20B0O, 70B5< 15;5NI0O,
ACE0O, ?;>B=0O, @578=8AB>-C?@C30O, 2:CA 8 70?0E
?@8OB=K5, =0?><8=0NI85 0@><0B ACE>D@C:B>2.
;0AB8=:8 =8AE>4OI85 ?> =>6:5, >G5=L =52KA>:85, @0725B2;5==K5, B>;ABK5, @54:85, 65;BK5.
>6:0 3 7 � 0,5 4 A<, ?;>B=0O, 3;04:0O, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, A25@EC @0AH8@5==0O, A=87C AC65==0O.
8A8G:0 ?@54?>G8B05B E2>9=K5 8;8 ;8AB25==K5, =5 >G5=L 3CABK5 <H8ABK5 ;5A0. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A @07;8G=K<8 45@52LO<8, =081>;55 G0AB> A
5;LN, A>A=>9, 4C1><, 1C:><. ;>4>=>A8B <0AA>2>,
G0AB> 1>;LH8<8 :>;>=8O<8 (3@C??0<8, @O40<8,
�254L<8=K<8 :>;LF0<8�), 2AB@5G05BAO A 8N=O ?>
>:BO1@L ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88. G5=L @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 8 2KA>:>C@>609=K9 3@81, 4>;O
:>B>@>3> A>AB02;O5B 4> 20 % >B >1I59 <0AAK ;5A=KE 3@81>2. '0AB> =081>;55 <0AA>2> ?>O2;O5BAO
;5B>< ?>A;5 3@>7>2KE 4>6459. ;>4>2K5 B5;0
@0ABCB <54;5==> 8 4>;3> A>E@0=ONBAO, GB> B0:65
45;05B A1>@ ;8A8G5: >G5=L ?@82;5:0B5;L=K<.

!E>4=K5 284K
!E>4AB20 A =5AJ54>1=K<8 8 O4>28BK<8 3@810<8
=5 8<55B. 7 AJ54>1=KE ?>E>60 =0 ;>6=CN ;8A8G:C (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca), :>B>@0O >B;8G05BAO >@0=652>-:@0A=K< F25B>< ?;0AB8=>:


91

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

(1>;55 O@:8E, G5< F25B H;O?:8) 8 ?>;>9, G5@=5NI59 A 2>7@0AB>< =>6:>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
#A8;8205B 8<<C=8B5B, ?>2KH05B CAB>9G82>ABL
: ?@>ABC4=K< 701>;520=8O<, ?>4=8<05B B>=CA,
?><>305B ?@8 45@<0B8B0E, >1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=K<8 8 ?@>B82>28@CA=K<8 A2>9AB20<8, 0 B0:65
?@>B82>@0:>2K< 459AB285<.
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# M>78=>D8;>2 5ABL 25I5AB2> (15;>:), 8725AB=>5
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Cerrena unicolor (Bull. : Fr.) Murrill

&5@@5=0 >4=>F25B=0O
!5<59AB2>: >@8>;>2K5 (Coriolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: F5@@5=0 ?5?5;L=>-A5@0O.

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?>;C:@C3;>5, A84OG55, ?@8@>AH55 1>:><, 8=>340
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8728;8AB>-?@>4>;3>20BK<8 8;8 ;018@8=B>284=K<8 ?>@0<8. "@C1>G:8 >4=>F25B=K5 A <O:>BLN.
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>B;8G05BAO A25B;>9 I5B8=8AB>-2>9;>G=>9 ?>25@E=>ABLN.

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?@8<5=5=85 2 @07;8G=KE 18>;>38G5A:8E ?@>F5AA0E. C. unicolor 2K@010BK205B D5@<5=B 2 684:>9
:C;LBC@5 8 ?@8 MB>< 2 1�;LH8E :>;8G5AB20E, G5<
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94

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@81 =5AJ54>15= 87-70 =57=0G8B5;L=KE @07<5@>2
8 65AB:>9 :>=A8AB5=F88 <O:>B8.

Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.: Fr.) O. K. Miller

>:@CE0 A>A=>20O
!5<59AB2>: >:@CE>2K5 (Gomphidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <>:@CE0 ?C@?C@>20O, <>:@CE0 1;5ABOI0O, <>:@CE0 65;B>=>30O,
65;B>=>3 <54=>-:@0A=K9.

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2 >A=>20=88 65;B0O. O:>BL 28==>-:@0A=0O, 65;B>->@0=6520O, 2 =>6:5 1>;55 65;B0O.
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:@><5 @09=8E .30 8 !525@0.

!E>4=K5 284K
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1>;55 A25B;K< ?;0AB8=:0<.

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0 A525@5 8 A525@>-2>AB>:5 8B0O MB0 <>:@CE0 O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 >A=>2=KE A>18@05<KE


95

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1;87:0 : <0A;OB0<, :>B>@K< ?@8E>48BAO 1;8609H8< @>4AB25==8:><.

>:@CE0 @>7>20O.

Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. et C. Tul.

!?>@K=LO
!5<59AB2>: !?>@K=L52K5 (Clavicipitaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <0B>G=K5 @>6:8.

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8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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�=B>=8520 >3=O� (M@3>B87<0)   ?8I52>3> B>:A8:>70 0;:0;>840<8 A?>@K=L8. !:;5@>F89 A?>@K=L8 A>45@68B 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 0;:0;>84>2, =081>;55 O4>28BK9 87 :>B>@KE   M@3>B8=8=,
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A?CABO =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52   >A;>6=5==0O :0B0@0:B0, 1>;LH85 4>7K ?@82>4OB G5;>25:0 : 3815;8.
K45;ONB 425 D>@<K M@3>B87<0: 30=3@5=>7=0O
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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

Clitocybe candicans (Pers. : Fr.) Kumm.

>2>@CH:0 15;5A0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
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> $@0=F88 ?@8<5=O;AO ?@8 ;5G5=88 M?8;5?A88.

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420 4@C38E =5 <5=55 O4>28BKE 2840   3>2>@CH:0 2>A:>20B0O (C. cerussata) 8 3>2>@CH:0 15;0O
(C. dealbata), >B;8G8BL 8E 4@C3 >B 4@C30 <>6=> 2
>A=>2=>< ;8HL ?> <8:@>A:>?8G5A:8< ?@87=0:0<, ?>MB><C ?@8 A1>@5 AJ54>1=KE 3@81>2 ;CGH5
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?>428H5==8:>< (Clitopilus prunulus).

Clitocybe clavipes (Pers.) P. Kumm.

>2>@CH:0 1C;02>=>30O
!5<59AB2>  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

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@50:F8N, ?>:0 =5 CAB0=>2;5=K. !8<?B><K   A<.
Copinus atramentarius (=02>7=8: A5@K9).
K45;5==K9 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K ?>;8A0E0@84 :;028;0:B>= B ?>:070; 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Bacillus
subtilis, B. cereus 8 Sarcina lutea; :;028;0:B>= A
>:070;AO 0:B82=K< B>;L:> ?@>B82 B. subtilis. A5
:;028;0:B>=K >:070;8AL B>:A8G=K ?> >B=>H5=8N : 3@81:0< Cladosporium cladosporioides 8
C. cucumerinum.
>;8A0E0@84K <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 3@810
?@>O2;ONB 0=B8@0:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL 8 ?>402;ONB
@>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 70 % 8
60 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O ;5G5=8O
0;:>3>;87<0.

!E>4=K5 284K

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

0;8G85 1C;02>284=>9 =>6:8 ;53:> ?>72>;O5B
>B;8G8BL MB>B 3@81 >B 4@C38E <OA8ABKE @O4>2>:
8 3>2>@CH5:.

!>18@0NB <>;>4K5 8 7@5;K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0, 40;55 3>B>2OB 87 =8E B@048F8>==K5 3@81=K5 1;N40.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
>2>@CH:0 1C;02>=>30O   E>@>H89 AJ54>1=K9
3@81, >4=0:> ?@8 A<5H820=88 A 0;:>3>;5< <>65B 2K7K20BL 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=K5 >B@02;5=8O,

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A@54=53> :0G5AB20, 8A?>;L7C5BAO A2568< (>B20@820=85 >:>;> 15 <8=CB) 8 A>;5=K<. !>18@0BL A;54C5B B>;L:> 2 ACECN ?>3>4C,
;CGH5 <>;>4K5 3@81K.

Clitocybe diatreta (Fr. : Fr) Kumm.

>2>@CH:0 ?@>A25G820NI0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: >2>@CH:0 G0H5284=0O, 3>2>@CH:0 480B@5B0.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 2 9 A<, 2K?C:;0O, 70B5< 2>3=CB>-@0A?@>AB5@B0O, 2 F5=B@5 2402;5==0O, A 7025@=CBK< 2=87 B>=:8< ?@>A25G820NI5-?>;>A0BK<, ?>GB8 15;K< :@05<, 3;04:0O, >@5E>2>- 8;8
>E@8AB>-:@0A=>20B0O, B>=:><OA8AB0O, ?@8 2KAKE0=88 ?0;520O. >25@E=>ABL H;O?:8 3;04:0O,
1;5ABOI0O, ACE0O 8;8 A;53:0 ;8?:0O, 2> 2;06=><

A>AB>O=88 =5<=>3> A;878AB0O (A:>;L7:0O). &25B
H;O?:8 B5;5A=K9 (15652K9) 8;8 @>7>20B>-15652K9 (2> 2;06=>< A>AB>O=88 @>7>20BK9 >BB5=>:
CA8;8205BAO), 2 F5=B@5 =5<=>3> B5<=55. (;O?:8 <>;>4KE 3@81>2 1>;55 B5<=K5. ! 2>7@0AB><
>:@0A:0 <>65B 2KF25B0BL 4> 1;54=>-B5;5A=>9
8;8 4065 ?>GB8 15;>9. O:>BL B>=:0O, ?0;52>15;>20B0O, A <O3:8< 2:CA>< 8 =5>?@545;5==K<
70?0E><, =5A:>;L:> A25B;55 H;O?:8. ;0AB8=:8


101

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K
!J54>1=0O 3>2>@CH:0 1;03>CE0NI0O (C. fragrans) >B;8G05BAO A8;L=K< 0=8A>2K< 70?0E><, 0
B0:65 A5@>20B>-15652>9 >:@0A:>9 H;O?:8, 157
@>7>20B>3> >BB5=:0.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

G0ABK5, C7:85, :@5<>2>-15;>20BK5, @07=>9 4;8=K. >6:0 2 8 � 0,3 0,8 A<, :@0A=>20B>-:>@8G=520O, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, : >A=>20=8N =5@54:>
AC65==0O, A 15;K<8 2>;>:=0<8, A25B;55 H;O?:8,
3>;0O, 2 >A=>20=88 2>9;>G=>->?CH5==0O. :@0A:0 2=0G0;5 15;>20B0O, A25B;>-156520O 8;8 ?0;520O A >BG5B;82K< B5;5A=K< >BB5=:>< 2> 2;06=><
A>AB>O=88, A 2>7@0AB>< B5<=55B.
 0AB5B G0I5 3@C??0<8, @O40<8 8;8 4C30<8, 3>@074> @565 ?>>48=>G:5. @54?>G8B05B =5?;>4>@>4=K5 ?5AG0=K5 ?>G2K, >1KG=> 2AB@5G05BAO =0
A>A=>2><, @565 =0 5;>2>< 8;8 15@57>2>< >?045
8;8 B@02O=>9 ?>4AB8;:5, G0AB> A@548 75;5=KE
<E>2 2 ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0, 2 ACE8E 25@5A:>2KE
@54:>;5ALOE, 8=>340 =0 3>@5;>9 75<;5, >1KG=>
3@C??0<8, @O40<8 8;8 4C30<8, 3>@074> @565 ?> 
>48=>G:5. AB@5G05BAO 2> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 2 3>@=KE ;5A0E.
;>4>=>A8B A <0O ?> >:BO1@L.

 :C;LBC@5 3@810, 2K@0I5==>3> =0 8A:CAAB25==>9 A@545, >1=0@C65= B>:A8G=K9 0=B818>B8:
480B@5B8= (>B=>A8BAO : 3@C??5 ?>;88=>2KE 0=B818>B8:>2)   ?>;80F5B8;5=>2K9 =8B@8;, >1;040NI89 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN, 0
B0:65 MDD5:B82=K9 ?@>B82 ?0B>35==KE 3@81>2,
BC15@:C;57=>9 ?0;>G:8 8 4@C38E 1>;57=5B2>@=KE
10:B5@89.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 4;O 873>B>2;5=8O ?@5?0@0B>2
=5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!G8B05BAO O4>28BK< 3@81><, A>3;0A=> =5:>B>@K< 8AB>G=8:0< ?@>AB> =5AJ54>15=. > @O4C
40==KE A>45@68B 2 =51>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25 <CA:0@8= 8;8 <CA:0@8=>?>4>1=K5 25I5AB20. 
A1>@C 4;O ?8I52KE F5;59 =5 @5:><5=4>20=.


102

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Clitocybe geotropa (Bull.) Qul.

>2>@CH:0 ?>4>3=CB0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3>2>@CH:0 @K60O.

?8A0=85
>AB0B>G=> :@C?=K9 3@81. (;O?:0 480<5B@><
5 20 A<, A=0G0;0 2K?C:;0O, 70B5< 2>@>=:>284=>-2402;5==0O, 2A5340 A 1C3>@:><, @K6520B0O 8;8
F25B0 B>?;5=>3> <>;>:0, <>65B 2KF25B0BL 4> ?0;52>9 8;8 15;>20B>9, 8=>340 A @602K<8 ?OB=0<8,
3;04:0O, A 7025@=CBK< ?CH8ABK< :@05<. 725AB=0 G8AB>-15;0O D>@<0 >:@0A:8. O:>BL >G5=L
B>;AB0O, ACE0O, ?;>B=0O, 15;0O, 70B5< ?0;520O 8;8
:>@8G=520B0O, A 0@><0B=K< 2:CA>< 8 <8=40;L=K< 70?0E><, A 2>7@0AB>< 1572:CA=0O. ;0AB8=:8
15;K5 8;8 :@5<>20BK5, A 2>7@0AB>< >E@O=>-:@5<>2K5, G0ABK5, B>=:85, 40;5:> =8AE>4OI85 ?>
=>6:5. >6:0 8 16 � 1 3 A<, A25B;>-65;B0O (2
>A=>20=88 1C@>20B0O) 8;8 >4=>3> F25B0 A> H;O?:>9, ?;>B=0O, ?@>4>;L=>-2>;>:=8AB0O, : >A=>20=8N CB>;I5==0O.
AB@5G05BAO 2 A25B;KE ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0, =0
>?CH:0E, ;5A=KE ?>;O=0E 8 2K@C1:0E, ?> >1>G8=0< 4>@>3, 2 :CAB0@=8:0E, @0AB5B =0 ?>4AB8;:5 8
?>G25, =5@54:> A@548 75;5=KE <E>2, ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, G0AB>, >48=>G=> 8
1>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8, @O40<8, �254L<8=K<8 :>;LF0<8�. 5@8>4 ?;>4>=>H5=8O   A :>=F0 8N=O
4> :>=F0 >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
!<. 3>2>@CH:0 3830=BA:0O (Leucopaxillus giganteus).

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
>2>@CH:0 ?>4>3=CB0O A>45@68B 0=B818>B8:
:;8B>F8=, 3C18B5;L=K9 4;O F5;>3> @O40 ?0B>35==KE 4;O G5;>25:0 10:B5@89, B0:8E :0: Bacillus
cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi 8 Brucella abortus. ;8B>F8= B0:65 ?>:070; F8B>B>:A8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL 4;O :;5B>: @0:0 H59:8
<0B:8 (;8=8O HeLa).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 4;O 873>B>2;5=8O ?@5?0@0B>2
=5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 E>@>H53> :0G5AB20, 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 >A=>2=>< 2 A2565< 2845 (60@:0) 8 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. @5;K5 3@81K B5@ONB A2>9
?@8OB=K9 2:CA, 0 =>6:0 8E AB0=>28BAO A;8H:><


103

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

65AB:>9 8 2>;>:=8AB>9, ?>MB><C ;CGH5 A>18@0BL
<>;>4K5 3@81K, 0 5I5 ;CGH5   8E H;O?:8. 5-

:>B>@K5 02B>@K @5:><5=4CNB ?@5420@8B5;L=>5
>B20@820=85 A> A;82>< >B20@0.

Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch : Fr.) Kumm.

>2>@CH:0 A5@0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3>2>@CH:0 4K<G0B0O.

?8A0=85
B=>A8BAO : =081>;55 :@C?=K< 3>2>@CH:0<. 5
H;O?:0 4>AB8305B 20 A< 2 480<5B@5, 0 =>6:0 =5@54:> 1K205B 4;8=>9 15 A<. (;O?:0 ?5?5;L=>A5@0O, A5@>-:>@8G=520O, A5@>20B>-1C@>20B0O, A
15;5AK< =0;5B><, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2   ?>;CH0@>284=0O 8;8 2K?C:;0O A ?>425@=CBK< :@05<, 70B5<   2K?C:;>-@0A?@>AB5@B0O 8;8 @0A?@>AB5@B0O, A 1C3>@:>< 2 F5=B@5 8 B>=:8< 2>;=8ABK<
:@05<, 8=>340 A;01> 2402;5==0O. >425@=CBK9
:@09 H;O?:8 =5@54:> A>E@0=O5BAO 8 C 7@5;KE
3@81>2.  ACECN ?>3>4C >:@0A:0 AB0=>28BAO A25B;55, 45;0OAL A5@>-:>@8G=520B>9 8;8 ?5?5;L=>A5@>9. =>340 2KF25B05B ?>GB8 4> :@5<>2>-15;>9 >:@0A:8. AB@5G05BAO 8 G8AB>-15;0O D>@<0.
;0AB8=:8 >B 15;>20B>3> 4> 65;B>20B>3> F25B0,
;53:> >B45;ONBAO >B H;O?:8. O:>BL B>;AB0O,
?;>B=0O, 15;0O, 0@><0B=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>28BAO 3C1G0B>9. :CA GCBL :8A;>20BK9, 70?0E ?@8OB=K9, D@C:B>2K9 8;8 F25B>G=K9. >6:0 6 10 �
1,5 3 A<, 15;>20B0O 8;8 A5@>20B0O, 2 >A=>20=88
@0AH8@5==0O, A 2>7@0AB>< ?>;0O.
 0AB5B MB>B 3@81 2 023CAB5 =>O1@5 2 ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0, G0AB> =0 >?CH:0E, =0 ?@>A5:0E, 24>;L

B@>?8=>:, 8=>340 2<5AB5 A @O4>2:>9 D8>;5B>2>9. 5@54:> >1@07C5B @O4K, 4C38 8 �254L<8=K
:>;LF0�. 3> =5B@C4=> >B;8G8BL >B 4@C38E 3@81>2
?> <OA8AB><C, ?5?5;L=>-A5@><C ?;>4>2><C B5;C
8 E0@0:B5@=>9 D>@<5. !5@CN 3>2>@CH:C A>18@0NB ?>2AN4C 8 2 1>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25, B0: :0: 3@81
?;>4>=>A8B <0AA>2> ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88.

!E>4=K5 284K
> 2=5H=5<C 284C : A5@>9 3>2>@CH:5 1;87:0 3>2>@CH:0 1C;02>=>30O (C. clavipes), :>B>@0O >B;8G05BAO <5=LH8<8 @07<5@0<8 8 1C;02>284=>9
=>6:>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;0E 2KO2;5= 0=B818>B8: =51C;O@8= (B>:A8G5=), ?>402;ONI89 @>AB <8:>10:B5@89 (BC15@:C;57) 8 =87H8E ?0B>35==KE 3@81:>2. B<5G5=0 8 ?@>B82>>?CE>;520O 0:B82=>ABL.
> 40==K< 52@>?59A:8E 02B>@>2, 3@81 O2;O5BAO 0:B82=K< 18>0::C<C;OB>@>< BO65;KE <5B0;;>2.


104

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 4;O 873>B>2;5=8O ?@5?0@0B>2
=5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 E>@>H53> :0G5AB20, 8A?>;L7C5BAO
2 A2565< 2845 (>B20@820=85 10 15 <8=) 8 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. > =5:>B>@K< 40==K<, ?@8
=54>AB0B>G=>< >B20@820=88 (8;8 5A;8 >B20@ =5
A;8B) <>65B 2K720BL @0AAB@>9AB2> ?8I520@5=8O.

5;0O D>@<0 A5@>9 3>2>@CH:8.

Clitopilus prunulus (Scop. : Fr.) Kumm.

>428H5==8:
!5<59AB2>: -=B>;><>2K5 (Entolomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?>428H5=L, 828H5=L, 28H=O:, :;8B>?8;CA A;82>2K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 2 11 A<, 2K?C:;0O, A 7025@=CBK< 2=CB@L :@05<, A 2>7@0AB>< =5?@028;L=>9
D>@<K A 2402;5==K< F5=B@>< 8 ;>?0AB=K< :@05<, 8=>340 A 1C3>@:><, 15;0O, 1;54=>-65;B>20B0O,
A 2>7@0AB>< A5@>20B>-15;0O. ;0AB8=:8 G0ABK5,
A25B;K5, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B>-@>7>2K5, =8AE>4OI85 ?> =>6:5. O:>BL B>;AB0O, ?;>B=0O, 15;0O,
A A8;L=K< ?@8OB=K< 3@81=K< 70?0E><. >6:0
2 6 � 0,4 1,2 A<, @>2=0O 8;8 87>3=CB0O, A?;>H=0O,
AC65==0O : >A=>20=8N, >4=>F25B=0O A> H;O?:>9
8;8 G8AB>-15;0O.
@54?>G8B05B A25B;K5 ;5A0, ?0@:8, A04K, 40G=K5 CG0AB:8 (?>4 A;82>9, 3@CH59, 28H=59, 1>O@KH=8:><), @0AB5B A@548 B@02K 8 <E0, G0AB>
24>;L 4>@>3, =0 ?>G25. =>340 2AB@5G05BAO =0
;C30E 8 ?0AB18I0E, A@548 B@02K.   >AA88 2AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 :;8<0B8G5A:>9 7>=5,
?;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
>65B 1KBL A?CB0= A O4>28BK<8 15;>>:@0H5==K<8 3>2>@CH:0<8, >B :>B>@KE >B;8G05BAO @>7>25NI8<8 A 2>7@0AB>< ?;0AB8=:0<8 8 H;O?:>9
157 2>4O=8ABKE :>=F5=B@8G5A:8E :>;5F. B O4>-

28BKE 284>2 @>7>2>?;0AB8=:>2KE M=B>;>< >B;8G05BAO =87:> A?CA:0NI8<8AO ?> =>6:5 ?;0AB8=:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
-:AB@0:B 3@810 O2;O5BAO 0=B8:>03C;O=B>< (?@5?OBAB2C5B A25@BK205<>AB8 :@>28). 0 53> >A=>25


105

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 4;O 873>B>2;5=8O ?@5?0@0B>2
=5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O @07@010BK20NBAO ?@5?0@0BK
?@>B82 B@><1>70.
>30B ?>;57=K<8 A>548=5=8O<8 D>AD>@0.

!J54>1=K9 3@81 A@54=53> :0G5AB20, 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A2565< 2845 (>B20@820=85 10-15 <8=), 4;O
70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O, 4;O ACH:8. 5?>?C;O@5=
C @>AA89A:8E 3@81=8:>2 87-70 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 AE>4=KE O4>28BKE 284>2.  0?04=>9 2@>?5, =0?@>B82, 2KA>:> F5=8BAO.

Collybia dryophila (Bull. Fr.) Kumm.

>;;818O ;5A>;N1820O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: 45=56:0 ;5A>;N1820O, 45=56:0 4C1>;N1820O, >?5=>: 25A5==89,
;5A=>9 ;C3>2>9 >?5=>:.

?8A0=85
@81 >G5=L @07=>>1@075= ?> >:@0A:5 8 @07<5@0<.
&25B 53> <>65B 87<5=OBLAO >B ?>GB8 15;>3> 4>
G5@=>-:>@8G=52>3>. 0<<0 H;O?:8 =5?>AB>O==0
(<>65B 1KBL B5<=55 2 F5=B@5 8 A25B;55 ?> :@0O<
8 =0>1>@>B), 1C@>->E@O=0O, @K6520B0O, 65;B>:>@8G=520B0O, 8=>340 A :@0A=>20BK< >BB5=:><,
1;54=>->E@O=0O. @>7@0G=K5 ?>;>A:8 ?> :@0N
H;O?:8 B> 2K@065=K, B> =5 >G5=L. @8 ?>4AKE0=88 H;O?:0 >15AF25G8205BAO. '0ABK5 8 B>=:85 ?;0AB8=:8 <>3CB 1KBL 15;K<8, 65;B>20BK<8,
3;8=8ABK<8. C6=> =5A:>;L:> ;5B ?@82K:0BL :
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CDP (Collybia dryophila polysaccharide), ?>:070;8
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Coltricia perennis (L.) Murrill

!CE;O=:0 42C;5B=OO
!5<59AB2>: !CE;O=:>2K5 (Coltriciaceae).

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Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr.

02>7=8: A5@K9
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Coprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) Pers.

02>7=8: 15;K9
!5<59AB2> 02>7=8:>2K5 (Coprinaceae).
!8=>=8<K: =02>7=8: ;>E<0BK9, =02>7=8: O9F5284=K9.

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"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 8B05 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O ;5G5=8O 35<>@@>O
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4;O A?8@B>2KE =0AB>52 8 A2568<8.

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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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111

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8;8 @>7>20BK<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8 8 15;>9 <O:>BLN.
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2 70<>@>65==KE 3@810E.  =5:>B>@KE 52@>?59A:8E AB@0=0E ('5E8O, $8=;O=48O, $@0=F8O) 2KA>:> F5=8BAO 8 AG8B05BAO 45;8:0B5A><.

>A:>;L:C 3@81 BO3>B55B : 0=B@>?>35==K<
;0=4H0DB0< (@0AB5B 2 G5@B5 3>@>40 8 C 4>@>3, C
68;LO, =0 A20;:0E 8 <CA>@=KE :CG0E, =0 C4>1@O5<KE ?>;OE), ;CGH5 2>745@60BLAO >B 53> A1>@0 2
MB8E <5AB0E, B. :. ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 <>3CB =0:>?8BL
@07=>>1@07=K5 2@54=K5 8;8 B>:A8G=K5 25I5AB20
87 >:@C60NI59 A@54K.

Coprinus disseminatus (Pers.) Gray

02>7=8: @0AA5O==K9
!5<59AB2>: 02>7=8:>2K5 (Coprinaceae).
!8=>=8<K: =02>7=8: =0A5O==K9, =02>7=8: @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 0,5 2 A<, :>;>:>;LG0B0O, 15;>20B0O 8;8 :@5<>20O, ?>B>< A5@>20B>-1C@>20B0O, 2 F5=B@5 B5<=0O A E;>?L5284=K< =0;5B><,
@0480;L=>-A:;04G0B>-?>;>A0B0O, G0AB> A @0AB@5A:820NI8<AO :@05<, B>=:><OA8AB0O, ?5@5?>=G0B0O, ?>74=55 G5@=5NI0O 8 A0<>@07;030NI0OAO. >25@E=>ABL :>68FK 10@E0B8AB0O, ?>:@KB0
2>;>A:0<8 8 75@=KH:0<8 (>AB0B:8 ?>:@K20;0),
:>B>@K5 <>6=> @07;8G8BL 2 ;C?C. O:>BL 15;>20B0O 8;8 1C@>20B0O, A25B;0O, >G5=L B>=:0O 8 =56=0O, 157 2K@065==KE 2:CA0 8 70?0E0. ;0AB8=:8
?@8@>AH85 : =>6:5, >G5=L B>=:85, 15;>20BK5
8;8 15652K5, 70B5< A5@>-;8;>2K5 8, =0:>=5F,
G5@=K5. >6:0 2 5 � 0,1 0,2 A<, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O,
?>;0O, ;><:0O, 15;>20B0O, 2K3;O48B ?@>7@0G=>9, A
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AB@5G05BAO 1>;LH8<8 A:CG5==K<8 3@C??0<8 (=5A:>;L:> A>B5= ?;>4>2KE B5;) =0 3=8NI59

4@525A8=5 8 >:>;> =55, C >A=>20=8O AB2>;>2 >A;01;5==KE 45@52L52 ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4, 2 ;5A0E,
?0@:0E, A040E 2 G5@B5 3>@>40. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O
4> :>=F0 A5=BO1@O. AB@5G05BAO G0AB>, <5AB0<8 >18;L=>, ?> 2A59 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88, :@><5
@09=53> !525@0.

!E>4=K5 284K
02>7=8: A:;04G0BK9 (C. plicatilis) @0AB5B 2 B@025 8 =5 >1@07C5B B0:8E 1>;LH8E A:>?;5=89, ?>25@E=>ABL H;O?:8 53> 157 2>;>A:>2 8 >AB0B:>2
?>:@K20;0.

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8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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112

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"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0

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4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
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8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
7-70 >G5=L <5;:8E @07<5@>2 ?8I52>3> 7=0G5=8O
=5 8<55B.

5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

Coprinus domesticus (Bolt. : Fr.) S.F. Gray

02>7=8: 4><0H=89
!5<59AB2>: 02>7=8:>2K5 (Coprinaceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 2 6 A< 480<5B@>< 8 3 4 A< 2KA>B>9,
O9F5284=0O, M;;8?A>284=0O, 70B5< H8@>:>-:>;>:>;LG0B0O 8;8 ?>;C@0A?@>AB5@B0O, 65;B>20B>-:>@8G=520B0O, >E@O=>-1C@>20B0O 8 A5@>20B>:>@8G=520O, 2 F5=B@5 B5<=>-1C@0O 8 A 1C3>@:><,
?>:@KB0 <5;:8<8 <CG=8ABK<8 G5HC9:0<8 8;8
E;>?L5284=K< =0;5B>< 8 G0AB> @0A?>;>65==K<8 3>@87>=B0;L=K<8 ?>;>A0<8. ;0AB8=:8 ?@8@>AH85, C7:85, ;8=59=K5, G0ABK5, 15;K5, =56=K5, 70B5< :@0A=>20B>-<OA=K5, ?C@?C@=>-1C@K5
8;8 B5<=>-:>@8G=52K5 A> A25B;K<8 :@0?8=:0<8
8 B5<=K< :@05< 8, =0:>=5F, G5@=>-:>@8G=52K5
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>:>;> 45@52O==KE ?>AB@>5:, 4@>2O=8:>2 (15@57>2K5 8 >A8=>2K5 4@>20), >48=>G=>, @565 =51>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8, 2AB@5G05BAO =5G0AB>. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O ?> A5=BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
>E>6 =0 1>;55 <5;:89 =02>7=8: <5@F0NI89
(C. micaceus), >B :>B>@>3>, ?><8<> @07<5@0, >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 A25B;>9 H;O?:>9 8 >48=>G=K<8
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113

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G5< =02>7=8: 4><0H=89 ?5@A?5:B825= 4;O ?>;CG5=8O 18>?@5?0@0B>2 8;8 ?8I52KE 4>102>: A
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5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

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8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15=, => 87-70 =51>;LH8E @07<5@>2 8 >BACBAB28O >18;8O ?8I52>3> 7=0G5=8O =5 8<55B.

Coprinus micaceus (Bull. : Fr.) Fr.

02>7=8: <5@F0NI89
!5<59AB2>: 02>7=8:>2K5 (Coprinaceae).
!8=>=8<K: =02>7=8: A;N4O=>9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 2 4 A< 2KA>B>9, O9F5284=0O, A:;04G0B0O,
65;B>->E@O=0O, @K6520B>-, 65;B>- 8;8 >E@O=>:>@8G=520O, A 15;K< 75@=8ABK< ;53:> AB8@0NI8<AO 8;8 A<K20NI8<AO =0;5B><, ?>765 A5@>:>@8G=520O, A A5@K< @0AB@5A:820NI8<AO :@05<,
A @K6520B>-:>@8G=52>9 F5=B@0;L=>9 G0ABLN.
;0AB8=:8 G0ABK5, 15;K5, 65;B>-:>@8G=52K5, C
7@5;KE 3@81>2 G5@=K5, @0A?;K20NI85AO. >6:0
5 10 � 0,3 0,5 A<, 15;>20B0O, H5;:>28AB>-2>;>:=8AB0O, ?>;0O, A 3CABK<8 2>;>A:0<8 2 >A=>20=88.
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2>7;5 =55, C 3=8NI8E ?=59 8 AB2>;>2, 2 AK@KE <5AB0E, 2 >3>@>40E, A040E, ?0@:0E, ;5A0E, ?> >1>G8-

=0< 4>@>3. 0 A57>= <>65B ?;>4>=>A8BL =5A:>;L:> @07. AB@5G05BAO =0 2A59 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88,
:@><5 @09=53> !525@0, G0AB>, >18;L=>. ;>4>=>A8B 2 <05 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
>E>6 =0 1>;55 :@C?=K9 =02>7=8: 4><0H=89
(C. domesticus), >B :>B>@>3>, ?><8<> @07<5@0,
>B;8G05BAO 1>;55 B5<=>9 H;O?:>9 8 ?;>4>2K<8
B5;0<8, @0ABCI8<8 1>;LH8<8 A@>AB:0<8. 02>7=8: 82>2K9 (C. truncorum) 8<55B 1>;55 <>@I8=8ABCN H;O?:C.


114

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!>45@68B :>?@8= (A<. =02>7=8: A5@K9).
8>E8<8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O C. micaceus
?>:070;8 =0;8G85 C =53> =5A:>;L:8E 25I5AB2,
E0@0:B5@=KE B>;L:> 4;O MB>3> 2840. K; >1=0@C65= <8:0F5>;, AB5@>; A <>I=59H59 0=B810:B5@80;L=>9 0:B82=>ABLN ?@>B82 ?0B>35=>2 Corynebacterium xerosis 8 Staphylococcus
aureus. @C3>9 :><?>=5=B   (Z,Z)-4->:A>-2,535?B0485=>20O :8A;>B0   ?>402;O5B 0:B82=>ABL
3;NB0B8>=-S-B@0=AD5@07K, D5@<5=B0, :>B>@K9
?>2KH05B CAB>9G82>ABL @0:>2KE :;5B>: ?@8 E8<8>B5@0?88.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
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=B80;:>3>;L=K5 A2>9AB20   A<. =02>7=8: A5@K9.

!>18@0NB <>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 157 ?@87=0:>2
02B>;870. 0;55 4;O ?@>B82>0;:03>;L=KE F5;59
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3@81=KE 1;N4.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, 8A?>;L7C5BAO
?>A;5 =54>;3>3> ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. !>18@0NB B>;L:> <>;>4K5 3@81K A> A25B;K<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8; ?5@5@01>B:0 =5<54;5==>
?>A;5 A1>@0.

Cordyceps militaris (L. : Fr.) Fr.

>@48F5?A 2>>@C65==K9
!5<59AB2>: !?>@K=L52K5 (Clavicipitaceae).
!8=>=8<K: :>@48F5?A 2>5==K9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
>@48F5?AK H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5=K 2> 2A5<
<8@5, B5< =5 <5=55 =081>;LH55 284>2>5 @07=>>1@0785 @>4 ?@>O2;O5B 2 B@>?8G5A:8E @538>=0E.
A>1CN 8725AB=>ABL =5:>B>@K5 ?@54AB028B5;8
@>40 ?>;CG8;8 2 A2O78 A 2;8O=85< =0 ?>2545=85
=0A5:><KE, =0 :>B>@KE >=8 @072820NBAO. 081>;55 8725AB=K< ?@8<5@>< A;C68B :>@48F5?A
>4=>1>:89, ?0@078B8@CNI89 =0 <C@02LOE.
 07<=>65=85 ?@>8AE>48B ?CB5< ?0@078B8@>20=8O =0 3CA5=8F0E 101>G5:, <CE0E, <C@02LOE 8;8
?>475<=KE 3@810E. !?>@K, ?>?040NI85 =0 2>;>A8ABCN ?>25@E=>ABL =0A5:><>3>, ?@>@0AB0NB
8 2=54@ONBAO 2 B5;> =0A5:><>3> 8;8 ?@>@0AB0NB
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AB0@5=85 B:0=59, ?>2KH05B A?>A>1=>ABL : @535=5@0F88 :;5B>:. 7 <8F5;8O ?@>872>4OB @07;8G=K5 , 459AB285 :>B>@KE =0?@02;5=> =0


115

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1>;LH>3> A?@>A0 =0 :8B09A:>< @K=:5 8 AB>8<>AB8, 4>AB8302H59 25 000 52@> 70 1 :3, 2 2008 3>4C
AB0;> :@09=5 70B@C4=8B5;L=> :C?8BL =0AB>OI89
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=02>4=8;8 8<8B0F88 8 ?>445;:8 4@C38E 35>3@0D8G5A:8E @0A 8 284>2 :>@48F5?A>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 8
O4>28BK5 @07=>284=>AB8, 2K7K20NI85 A8;L=K5
>B@02;5=8O 8 =0=>AOI85 =5A><=5==K9 2@54 74>@>2LN. !>25B=8: =0F8>=0;L=>9 >;8<?89A:>9
A1>@=>9 8B0O 2012 3. ?> =0AB>;L=><C B5==8AC
> .MEC0 70O28;, GB> 8B09, 2K83@02 7>;>B> 2 :><0=4=>< ?5@25=AB25, >45@60; MBC ?>154C 1;03>40@O 0:B82=><C 8A?>;L7>20=8N :>@48F5?A0.
564C ?@>G8<, 7=0<5=8BK9 B815BA:89 :>@48F5?A, >= 65 :>@48F5?A :8B09A:89 (C. sinensis),  
=5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 5I5 >4=0 35>3@0D8G5A:0O @0A0
:>@48F5?A0 2>>@C65==>3>. @>AB> 2284C A>G5B0=8O C=8:0;L=KE ?@8@>4=KE D0:B>@>2 (2KA>:>3>@=0O <5AB=>ABL, C2;06=5=85, :;8<0B, <5AB=K5
284K 101>G5:) B815BA:0O @0A0 O2;O5BAO =081>;55
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Cortinarius armillatus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr.

0CB8==8: 1@0A;5BG0BK9
!5<59AB2> 0CB8==8:>2K5 (Cortinariaceae).

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Cortinarius infractus (Pers. : Fr.) Fr.

0CB8==8: =04;><;5==K9
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?0<OB8). =3818@>20=85 0F5B8;E>;8=MAB5@07K
8 ?@54>B2@0I5=85 @0A?040 0F5B8;E>;8=0 =0 A53>4=OH=89 45=L O2;O5BAO 3;02=K< 284>< B5@0?88
?@8 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0, >4=0:> =87:0O A5;5:B82=>ABL : 0F5B8;E>;8=MAB5@075 ?@8<5=O5<KE 2
=0AB>OI55 2@5<O ?@5?0@0B>2, 0 B0:65 8E ?>1>G=K5 MDD5:BK (@2>B0, ?>=>A), A=860NB MDD5:B82=>ABL <5B>40. >O2;5=85 2KA>:>A5;5:B82=KE
0;:0;>84>2 ?0CB8==8:0 =04;><;5==>3> <>65B
87<5=8BL :0@B8=C =0 @K=:5 ;5:0@AB2 2 1;8609H85 3>4K.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 MD8@=KE <0A5; 3@810 2K45;5=> 36 :><?>=5=B>2, ?@58<CI5AB25==> 0<1@>2K9 (:@57>;L=K9)
<CA:CA (62,3%). =B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL C
=8E 2KO2;5=0 =5 1K;0.
20 0;:0;>840 87 ?;>4>2KE B5; 3@810, 8=D@0:B>?8:@8= 8 10-384@>:A8-8=D@0:B>?8:@8=, ?>:070;8 A?>A>1=>ABL : 8=3818@>20=8N D5@<5=B0
0F5B8;E>;8=MAB5@07K 8 ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8
1�;LHCN A5;5:B82=>ABL, G5< ?@8<5=O5<K9 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O ?@5?0@0B 30;0=B0<8= (;5:0@AB2>,

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
> @07=K< 40==K<, AG8B05BAO ;81> =5AJ54>1=K<, ;81> O4>28BK< (B>:A8G=>ABL >1CA;>2;5=0
=0;8G85< 2 3@815 O4>2, ?>4>1=KE >@5;;0=8=0<).

Cortinarius sanguineus (Wulf. : Fr.) Fr.

0CB8==8: :@>202>-:@0A=K9
!5<59AB2>: 0CB8==8:>2K5 (Cortinariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?0CB8==8: :@>2O=>-:@0A=>20BK9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 1 5 A< 2 480<5B@5, 2K?C:;0O, ?>765 =5A:>;L:> C?;>I5==0O, ACE0O, B5<=>-:@0A=0O,
:@0A=>-:>@8G=520B0O, >E@O=>-1C@0O A >;82:>2K< >BB5=:><, H5;:>28AB>-2>;>:=8AB0O, 8=>340 A <5;:8<8 1C@>20BK<8 G5HC9:0<8 2 F5=B@5.
;0AB8=:8 H8@>:85, G0ABK5, >4=>3> F25B0 A>
H;O?:>9 8;8 :@0A=K5, ?@8@>AH85 7C1F><, ?@8
A>7@520=88 A?>@ 1C@>20BK5. O:>BL B>=:0O,
A25B;>-1C@>20B0O 4> B5<=>-:@>202>-:@0A=>9,
3>@L:>20B0O =0 2:CA 8 A E0@0:B5@=K< 70?0E><
@54L:8. >6:0 3 10 � 0,3 1 A<, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O,
: >A=>20=8N =5A:>;L:> CB>;I5==0O, G0AB> 87>3=CB0O, H5;:>28AB>-2>;>:=8AB0O, :@>202>-:@0A-


121

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K
;87:89 =5AJ54>1=K9 284   ?0CB8==8: ?C@?C@=K9 (C. phoeniceus)   8<55B H;O?:C A 1>;55 2K@065==K<8 :@0A=K< 8;8 ?C@?C@=K< B>=0<8, 0
B0:65 1>;55 O2=K5 :@0A=K5 >AB0B:8 ?0CB8=8AB>3> ?>:@K20;0 =0 65;B>20B>9 =>6:5.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
@81 >1;0405B 2K@065==K<8 0=B8A5?B8G5A:8<8
A2>9AB20<8 8 A>45@68B 25I5AB20, >AB0=02;820NI85 @0728B85 <8:>10:B5@89 (BC15@:C;57).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
=0O, 2=87C A @>7>2K< 8;8 O@:>-65;BK< 2>9;>:><
<8F5;8O, 8=>340 A> A;540<8 ?0CB8=8AB>3> ?>:@K20;0.
1@07C5B <8:>@87C A E2>9=K<8 45@52LO<8,
?@54?>G8B0O 5;L. AB@5G05BAO 4>AB0B>G=> H8@>:>, 2> 2;06=KE ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0, ?@58<CI5AB25==> E2>9=KE, =0 ?>G25, G0AB> A@548 <E>2.
;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 A5=BO1@5. AB@5G05BAO ?>
2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88.

 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@81 O4>28B.

Cortinarius traganus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr.

0CB8==8: :>7;8=K9
!5<59AB2>: 0CB8==8:>2K5 (Cortinariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?0CB8==8: :>789, ?0CB8==8: 2>=NG89.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 4 12 A< 2 480<5B@5, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 ?>;CH0@>284=0O, A> 2@5<5=5< AB0=>28BAO 2K?C:;>9
8 ?>GB8 ?;>A:>9, ACE0O, 2>;>:=8AB0O, 1;54=>-3>;C1>20B>-D8>;5B>2>3>, ?>765 15;>20B>3> 8;8
>E@8AB>3> F25B0. @09 H;O?:8 <>;>4KE 3@81>2
?>425@=CB. >@B8=0 (?0CB8=8AB>5 ?>:@K20;>)
1;54=>-D8>;5B>2>3> F25B0, >18;L=0O. ;0AB8=:8 ?@8@>AH85 7C1F><, A=0G0;0 H0D@0==>->E@8ABK5, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>2OBAO @602>->E@8ABK<8.
O:>BL A5@>20B>-65;B>20B0O 8;8 65;B>20B>-1C@0O, A A8;L=K< 70?0E>< 0F5B8;5=0, 8=>340 A 2K@065==K< 3>@L:8< 2:CA><. >6:0 6 12 � 1 3 A<,
?;>B=0O, 1C;02>284=>9 D>@<K, A A8;L=> CB>;I5==K< >A=>20=85<, 2>;>:=8AB0O, >4=>3> F25B0
A> H;O?:>9. 0 =>6:5 >1KG=> 70<5B=K D8>;5B>2K5 ?>OA:8.

1@07C5B <8:>@87C A E2>9=K<8 45@52LO<8,
?@54?>G8B0O A>A=C, 2AB@5G05BAO 4>AB0B>G=> H8@>:>, 2> 2;06=KE ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0, ?@58<CI5-


122

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

456=> >B;8G05BAO ?> @602K< (0 =5 D8>;5B>2K<)
?;0AB8=:0<, >B ?0CB8==8:0 15;>-D8>;5B>2>3>
(C. alboviolaceus)   =0AKI5==K< F25B>< 8 1>;55 O@:8< 8 >18;L=K< ?0CB8=8ABK< ?>:@K20;><,
>B 4@C38E ?0CB8==8:>2, >:@0H5==KE 2 A8=89 F25B
8;8 53> >BB5=:8   A8;L=K< =5?@8OB=K< 70?0E><. B AJ54>1=>9 @O4>2:8 D8>;5B>2>9 (Lepista
nuda) >B;8G05BAO =5?@8OB=K< 70?0E>< 8 ?0CB8=8ABK< ?>:@K20;>< 8;8 ?>OA:0<8 =0 =>6:5.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
@81 >1;0405B 2K@065==K<8 0=B810:B5@80;L=K<8 A2>9AB20<8, 2KO2;5= 0=B818>B8: 8=>;><8=.
AB25==> E2>9=KE, =0 ?>G25, :0: ?@028;>, A@548
75;5=KE <E>2. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5, ?>
2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0

!E>4=K5 284K

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

0CB8==8: :0<D>@=K9 (C. camphoratus), B0:65 >1;040NI89 A8;L=K< =5?@8OB=K< 70?0E><
(E0@0:B5@=K9 70BE;K9 70?0E, =5A:>;L:> =0?><8=0NI89 B0:>2>9 C 3=8NI53> :0@B>D5;O), >B;8G05BAO D8>;5B>2K<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8, :>B>@K5
A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>2OBAO F25B0 @602G8=K, 1>;55
4;8==>9 =>6:>9 A> A25B;>9 <O:>BLN 2 >A=>20=88. B 4>2>;L=> @54:>3> ?0CB8==8:0 D8>;5B>2>3> (C. violaceus) ?0CB8==8: :>7;8=K9 =0-

 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
> @07;8G=K< 40==K< 3@81 =5AJ54>15= 8;8 A;01> O4>28B, ?>MB><C : A1>@C 4;O ?8I52KE F5;59
=5 @5:><5=4C5BAO. @8 20@:5 =5?@8OB=K9 70?0E
7=0G8B5;L=> CA8;8205BAO.

Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers.

>@>=>G=8: @>6:>284=K9
!5<59AB2>: 8A8G:>2K5 (Cantharellaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 2>@>=>G=8: 2>@>=:>284=K9, 2>@>=>G=8: A5@K9.

?8A0=85
!5@K9 8;8 G5@=K9 F25B, =0?><8=0NI0O B@C1:C D>@<0 8 ?@>87@0AB0=85 3@C??0<8   B0:>2K
E0@0:B5@=K5 ?@87=0:8 MB>3> =527@0G=>3>, =>
70A;C6820NI53> 2=8<0=8O 3@810. (;O?:0 480<5B@>< 3 8 A<, A25@EC :>@8G=52>-G5@=>3> 8;8
G5@=>3> F25B0 (2 ACECN ?>3>4C :>@8G=5255B).
O:>BL A5@>-G5@=0O 4> G5@=>9, 2:CA 8 70?0E
>G5=L ?@8OB=K5. >6:0 5 12 � 1 2 A<, B@C1G0B0O,
?>;0O, 65AB:0O, AC65==0O : >A=>20=8N. ;04:0O
=86=OO AB>@>=0 H;O?:8 8 =>6:0 ?>:@KBK A8;L=K< 2>A:>2K< =0;5B><.

@81 >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 4C1><, ;5I8=>9 8
5;LN (?> =5:>B>@K< 40==K<   A0?@>B@>D), @0AB5B =0 ?>G25 2> 2;06=KE ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, 2 B>< G8A;5 =0 >?02H59 ;8AB25 4C1>2,
=0 3;8=8AB>9 8 8725AB:>2>9 ?>G25; ?@54?>G8B05B >B:@KBK5, A25B;K5 <5AB0, >1>G8=K B@>?8=>:
8 4>@>3, :@0O :0=02; >1KG5= 2 3>@=KE @09>=0E.
AB@5G05BAO, :0: ?@028;>, A:CG5==K<8 3@C??0<8   A@>AB:0<8 87 G5BK@5E 8 1>;55 M:75<?;O@>2
8;8 4065 F5;K<8 :>;>=8O<8, => 1;03>40@O A2>59
>:@0A:5 A8;L=> A;8205BAO A ;8AB25==K< >?04><,
B0: GB> 8=>340 53> 4>2>;L=> B@C4=> >1=0@C68BL.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= =0 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88 2 52@>-


123

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

?59A:>9 G0AB8, .6=>9 !818@8 8 =0 0;L=5<
>AB>:5.
;>4>=>A8B A A5@548=K 8N=O 4> =0G0;0 >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
!E>4AB20 A =5AJ54>1=K<8 8 O4>28BK<8 3@810<8 =5 8<55B. 7 AJ54>1=KE 4>2>;L=> ?>E>6 =0
;8A8G:C A5@CN (Cantharellus cinereus), :>B>@0O
;53:> >B;8G8<0 ?> =0;8G8N E0@0:B5@=KE 68;:>284=KE ?;0AB8=>:.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO. 025@=>5, ?>B><C GB> AB@0H=K9& 

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
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2845, 2 2845 A?8@B>2KE =0AB>52 8 ?>@>H:0.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

>@>=>G=8: 1>30B D>AD>@><, :0;85< 8 :0;LF85<, ?@8 MB>< >B;8G05BAO >G5=L =87:8< ?> A@02=5=8N A 4@C38<8 3@810<8 A>45@60=85< 15;:>2  
2A53> 28,3 % ACE>3> 25I5AB20.
-B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B >:07K205B 0=B8<CB035==K9 MDD5:B. = A=8<05B 2>7459AB285 �-B>:A8=0
1, 15=7>?8@5=0 8 4@C38E <CB035=>2.
>;8A0E0@84K, 2K45;5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9
:C;LBC@K 2>@>=>G=8:0, >AB0=02;820NB @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 60 8 70 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

>@>=>G=8: =5 B>;L:> =5 CABC?05B A2>59 @>4AB25==8F5 65;B>9 ;8A8G:5, => 8 ?@52>AE>48B 55 8
?> 2:CA>2K< :0G5AB20<, 8 ?> 0@><0BC.  0?04=>9
2@>?5 AG8B05BAO 45;8:0B5A=K<.  ?8IC C?>B@51;ONBAO B>;L:> B@C1G0B0O 2>@>=:0 3@81>2, 1>;55
3@C10O A?;>H=0O =>6:0 C40;O5BAO. A?>;L7C5BAO
2 60@5=KE, BCH5=KE 1;N40E, AC?0E, A>CA0E, ?@8?@020E. @8 20@:5 ?@8>1@5B05B G5@=K9 F25B. 
>B;8G85 >B ;8A8G5: 3@81 >G5=L ;53:> ACH8BAO,
2:CA ?@8 MB>< =5A:>;L:> CA8;8205BAO. !CH5=K9
3@81 A;C68B >A=>2>9 4;O @07=KE A>CA>2.


124

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff. : Fr.) Staude

@5?84>BCA <O3:89
!5<59AB2>: @5?84>B>2K5 (Crepidotaceae).

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 A84OG85 8;8 A @C48<5=B0@=>9
A;01> 2K@065==>9 A25B;>9 2>9;>G=>-2>;>A8AB>9 =>6:>9, =0?><8=0NB =51>;LH85 25H5=:8.
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 0,5 8 A<, >B 2K?C:;>9 4> @0A?@>AB5@B>9, >:@C3;>-255@>284=0O, @0:>28=>284=0O, <>65B 1KBL A 1C3>@:>< 2 <5AB5 ?@8:@5?;5=8O. @09 ?>425@=CB, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>28BAO
1>@>74G0BK<. >25@E=>ABL :@5<>2>3>, 65;B>>@0=652>3> 8;8 :>@8G=52>3> F25B0, ?@8 2KAKE0=88 15;>20B0O, 3;04:0O, <>3CB 8<5BLAO >G5=L <5;:85 1C@K5 G5HC9:8. ;0AB8=:8 ?@8@>AH85 8;8
A2>1>4=K5, @0AE>4OBAO ?> H;O?:5 255@>>1@07=>
>B <5AB0 ?@8:@5?;5=8O : AB2>;C 8;8 25B:5, C7:85,
G0ABK5, 28;LG0BK5, >B 15;>3> 4> :@5<>2>3> 8;8
A25B;>-:>@8G=52>3> F25B0, :@0O @>2=K5, 8=>340 1>;55 A25B;K5. O:>BL :@5<>20O, 2>4O=8AB0O,
B>;AB0O, 157 70?0E0, A> A;04:>20BK< 2:CA><.
5A=>9 284, @0AB5B =0 <5@B2>9 4@525A8=5
(AB2>;K, 25B:8) ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4.  0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5, >1KG=> 1>;LH8<8
3@C??0<8, G0AB>. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O ?> >:BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
>E>6 =0 4@C385 284K @>40 @5?84>BCA, 0 B0:65
=0 =5:>B>@K5 A25B;>>:@0H5==K5 A84OG85 (255@>284=K5 8 A @54CF8@>20==>9 =>6:>9) @O4>2:>2K5 3@81K, B@C4=>>B;8G8<K5 4;O >1KG=>3>
3@81=8:0.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 8 100 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
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8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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125

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Crucibulum laeve (Huds.) Kambly

>:0;LG8: 3;04:89
!5<59AB2>: =574>2:>2K5 (Nidulariaceae).

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> A=0G0;0 H0@>284=>5 8;8 1>G>=:>284=>5, <>E=0B>5, 70B5< :C1:>284=>5 8;8 F8;8=4@8G5A:>5, 4> 1 A< 2KA>B>9, 2>9;>G=>5, 65;B>20B>5, : >A=>20=8N 15;>5. B25@AB85 =0 25@H8=5
?@8:@KB> O@:>->E@O=>9, :>@8G=52>-65;B>9 8;8
(>G5=L @54:>) 15;>9 ?;>A:>9 70I8B=>9 ?;5=:>9.
! 2>7@0AB>< ?;5=:0 @07@K205BAO, >1=060O A5@CN,
3;04:CN 8 1;5ABOICN 2=CB@5==NN ?>25@E=>ABL.
=CB@8 �:C1:0� @0A?>;030NBAO A5@>20BK5, 15;K5
8;8 65;B>20B>-15;K5 ;8=7>284=K5 ?5@848>;8
(<5H>G:8 A> A?>@0<8) 1,5 2 << 2 480<5B@5, :>B>@K5 ?@8:@5?;ONBAO : 4=C ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 E0@0:B5@=K<8 <8F5;80;L=K<8 H=C@0<8. >A;5 @07;5B0 A?>@ 3@81K A=0@C68 AB0=>2OBAO 3;04:8<8 8
?@8>1@5B0NB 1C@>20B>-:>@8G=52K9 F25B.
 0AB5B 1>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8 =0 >B?02H8E 25B>G:0E 8 20;56=8:5 ;8AB25==KE 8 E2>9=KE ?>@>4, =0 3=8;CH:0E, 70A>EH8E AB51;OE B@02O=8ABKE @0AB5=89, @565 =0 ?>G25, 2 ;5A0E, ?0@:0E 8
A040E. AB@5G05BAO G0AB>, ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5
 >AA88. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O 4> =>O1@LA:8E 70<>@>7:>2, 8=>340 ?>O2;O5BAO 2 ?@>4>;68B5;L=K5
78<=85 >BB5?5;8.

!E>4=K5 284K
B 1>:0;LG8:>2 @>40 Cyathus >B;8G05BAO ACI5AB25==> <5=LH8<8 @07<5@0<8.

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126

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Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Shear

@8?B>?>@CA 2>;L2>=>A=K9
!5<59AB2>: >@8>;>2K5 (Coriolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@CB>28: 2>;L2>2K9.

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1 5 A< 2 ?>?5@5G=8:5 8 1 3 A< B>;I8=>9, A?;NA=CBKE (8;8 =5A:>;L:> 1>;55 A?;NA=CBKE A=87C)
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8 ?@>1:>20B>9   2 ACE><. >25@E=>ABL 1;5ABOI0O, A> A<>;8ABK<8 2K45;5=8O<8, ?>AB5?5==>
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:>@8G=52>-65;BK9 8;8 A25B;>-:>@8G=52K9, =5?>A@54AB25==> ?5@5E>4OI89 2 ?;5=:C, ?@8:@K20NICN ?>@K, >:>;> 1 << B>;I8=>9, =0?><8=0NICN 70<HC, <0B>2CN, 1;54=>-65;B>3> F25B0, ?@8
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127

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Cyathus stercoreus (Schwein.) de Toni

>:0;LG8: =02>7=K9
!5<59AB2>: =574>2:>2K5 (Nidulariaceae).

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Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Willd.

>:0;LG8: ?>;>A0BK9
!5<59AB2> =574>2:>2K5 (Nidulariaceae).

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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<8=80BN@=>5 ?B8GL5 3=574KH:> A :@>H5G=K<8
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4> 2K45;5=8O 8E 87 C. striatus.

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0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 Bacillus cereus 8 B. subtilis.
>A;5 2K45;5=8O G8ABKE AB@80B8=>2 (AB@80B8=K A, B 8 C) ?>A;54=85 ?>:070;8 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 1>;LH>3> G8A;0 284>2
3@0<?>;>68B5;L=KE 8 3@0<>B@8F0B5;L=KE 10:B5@89, 0 B0:65 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 =5A>25@H5==KE 3@81>2. >A;5 @07@01>B:8 <5B>48:8 ?@>872>4AB20 AB@80B8=>2 ?CB5< D5@<5=B0F88 MB8
0=B818>B8:8 1K;8 :;8=8G5A:8 8A?KB0=K ?@>B82
Leishmania amazonensis 8 Trypanosoma cruzi.
-B8 ?@>AB59H85 2K7K20NB 2KA>:CN A<5@B=>ABL
2 B@>?8G5A:8E @538>=0E. 081>;LHCN 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 Leishmania amazonensis ?>A;5 B@5E
4=59 >1@01>B:8 ?>:070; AB@80B8= .
NF-kB (B@0=A:@8?F8>==K9 O45@=K9 D0:B>@
�:0??0-18�) ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>B58=>2K9
:><?;5:A, CG0AB2CNI89 2 @53C;OF88 8<<C==>3>
>B25B0 =0 8=D5:F88. 7<5=5=8O 2 >B:;8:5 NFkB 2;5G5B 70 A>1>9 @07;8G=K5 ?0B>;>388, 2:;NG0O @0:.  ?@8<5@C, 8725AB=>, GB> ?@8 =5A:>;L:8E B8?0E @0:0 G5;>25:0 35==0O NF-kB @53C;OF8O
>1KG=> 2:;NG5=0, =0@CH0O =>@<0;L=CN 35==CN
M:A?@5AA8N 8 ?>72>;OO =5:>B>@K< :;5B:0< 2K6820BL 2 B0:8E CA;>28OE, :>340 >AB0;L=K5 :;5B:8
381=CB. @81=K5 M:AB@0:BK, ?@83>B>2;5==K5 87
C. striatus, ?>:07K20NB 7=0G8<K9 8=3818@CNI89 MDD5:B =0 0:B820F8N NF-kB, GB> 405B E>@>HCN ?>G2C 4;O 40;L=59H8E 8AA;54>20=89 2 B5@0?88 @0:0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.


130

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

Daedalea quercina (L. : Fr.) Pers.

C1:0 4C1>20O
!5<59AB2>: $><8B>?A8A>2K5 (Fomitopsidaceae).

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
48= 87 H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE B@CB>28:>2, 2K7K205B 1C@CN 3=8;L 4@525A8=K. ;>4>2K5
B5;0 D. quercina 2 A2>5 2@5<O 8A?>;L7>20;8AL :0:
?@8@>4=K9 3@515=L 4;O @0AG5AK20=8O ;>H0459
A =56=>9 H:C@>9. "0:65 8725AB=>, GB> 2 =3;88
4K< >B B;5NI53> ?>@>H:0 ?;>4>2KE B5; ?G5;>2>4K 8A?>;L7>20;8 4;O CA?>:>5=8O ?G5; ?@8 27OB88
<540 8 CE>45 70 C;LO<8.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 3@81
0:B82=> B5AB8@C5BAO =0 ?@8<5=5=88 2 18>>G8AB:5. K45;5==K9 87 =53> ;83=8=>@07@CH0NI89
D5@<5=B ;0::070 ?>:070; 2KA>:CN A?>A>1=>ABL :
@07;>65=8N @07;8G=KE B>:A8G=KE :@0A8B5;59 8
?83<5=B>2.
%>BO 3@81 8 =5AJ54>15=, 1;03>40@O =0945==K< 2 =5< 18>0:B82=K< :><?>=5=B0< >= 25AL<0
?5@A?5:B825= 4;O D0@<0:>;>38G5A:>3> ?@8<5=5=8O.

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 4>;3>682CI85, 3 4-;5B=85, >48=>G=K5, 8=>340 A@0AB0NBAO ?> 2 3 8 1>;55 8;8
@0A?>;030NBAO G5@5?8BG0BK<8 3@C??0<8, A84OG85 8;8 >BG0AB8 @0A?@>AB5@B>->B>3=CBK5, ?>;C:@C3;K5, :>?KB>>1@07=K5 (@54:> ?;>A:85), B@5C3>;L=K5 2 A5G5=88, 4> 15 20 A< 2 480<5B@5 8 4>
8 A< B>;I8=>9, ?;>B=> ?@8@>AH85 : AB2>;C, ?>
:>=A8AB5=F88 ?@>1:>2K5 8;8 ?@>1:>2>-45@52O=8ABK5. >25@E=>ABL H;O?:8 ?;>A:0O 8;8 A;53:0
2K?C:;0O, G0AB> A =51>;LH8< 1C3>@:>< C >A=>20=8O, =5@>2=0O, <5;:>1C3>@G0B0O 8;8 <>@I8=8AB0O, :@5<>20O, 1C@>20B0O, :@5<>2>->E@O=0O, 65;B>20B>-A5@0O 8;8 4K<G0B0O. @09 H;O?:8 >AB@K9
8;8 ?@8BC?;5==K9, G0AB> >E@O=K9, >A>15==> C
<>;>4KE M:75<?;O@>2. O:>BL >E@O=0O, :>60=>-65;B0O, B010G=>-1C@>20B0O, B>;AB0O, ?@>1:>20O, :;>G:>20B0O =0 @07@575, A @57:8< 3@81=K<

70?0E><. !?>@>=>A=K9 A;>9 ;018@8=B>284=K9,
?> :@0N H;O?:8 ?>@K >:@C3;K5 8;8 ?@>4>;3>20BK5, ?5@5E>4OI85 : >A=>20=8N ?;>4>2>3> B5;0
2 8728;8ABK5 ;018@8=B>284=K5 E>4K 8;8 A>548=5==K5 ?>?5@5G=K<8 ?5@5<KG:0<8 ?;0AB8=:8
0,8 3 A< 2KA>B>9. &25B A?>@>=>A=>3> A;>O 1;54=>-1C@>20BK9, 1;54=>-4@525A8==K9, 8=>340 A
15;>20BK< =0;5B><.


131

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
8>0:B82=K5 25I5AB20 :25@F8=>; 8 4540;8= ,
2K45;5==K5 87 4C1>2>9 3C1:8, ?>:070;8 2KA>:CN
0=B8>:A840=B=CN 8 ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL. >:070=>, GB> ?>4 2>7459AB285< MB8E
25I5AB2 8=3818@CNBAO D5@<5=BK F8:;>>:A835=070-2, :A0=B8=->:A84070 8 ?5@>:A84070 E@5=0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
@8 1>;57=8 >B:8=0 >B20@ 87<5;LG5==>3> 3@810 ?LNB 3 @070 2 45=L ?> ?>;>28=5 AB0:0=0 (?5@54
54>9).
!5;8BAO 2 ;5A0E =0 ?=OE 8 <5@B2KE AB2>;0E
H8@>:>;8AB25==KE ?>@>4 (>1KG=> 4C1, @565 1C:
8 :0HB0=), 0 B0:65 =0 >1@01>B0==>9 4@525A8=5.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88 :@C3;K9
3>4.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 B@CB>28:, :>B>@K9 >G5=L A;>6=>
A?CB0BL A :0:8<8-;81> 4@C38<8 2840<8 3@81>2.

Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton : Fr.) Schroet.

540;5>?A8A 1C3@8ABK9
!5<59AB2>: >@8>;>2K5 (Coriolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 4540;5>?A8A H5@H02K9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
540;5>?A8AK 8A?>;L7CNBAO 48709=5@0<8 4;O
873>B>2;5=8O 45:>@0B82=>9 1C<038. ;O MB>3>
<O:>BL ?;>4>2KE B5; ?@5AAC5BAO 8 2KACH8205BAO. >;CG82H85AO ;8ABK >B;8G0NBAO =5>1KG=>9
AB@C:BC@>9 8 @0AF25B:>9.

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 3 18 � 4 10 A<, B>;I8=>9 0,5 5 A<,
>1KG=> 255@>284=K5, A B>=:8< :@05<, A84OG85,
>48=>G=K5 8;8 G5@5?8BG0B>-@0A?>;>65==K5,
?@>1:>2K5. >25@E=>ABL @0480;L=>-<>@I8=8AB0O, 8=>340 1>@>402G0B0O, A :>=F5=B@8G5A:8<8
7>=0<8, @K6520B0O, 65;B>-1C@0O. !?>@>=>A=K9
A;>9 B@C1G0BK9, ?>@K 2=0G0;5 C4;8=5==K5, ?>74-

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5 (?5@2>3> 8;8 2B>@>3> 3>40
687=8) ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O >B20@0.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO. ABL A2545=8O >1 8A?>;L7>20=88 ?>@>H:0 ACH5=>9 4C1>2>9 3C1:8 4;O 7020@820=8O 3@81=>3> G0O.


132

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

=55 ;018@8=B>284=K5 (:0: C 4C1>2>9 3C1:8). #
<>;>4KE M:75<?;O@>2 :@0O ?>@ >:@0H5=K 1;54=55 H;O?:8, ?>:@KBK 15;>20BK< =0;5B><, ?@8
=0402;820=88 A;53:0 @>7>25NB 8;8 1C@5NB. !
2>7@0AB>< ?>@K B5<=5NB 4> A5@>- 8;8 B5<=>-1C@>3> F25B0. O:>BL 4@525A8==>3> F25B0, A> A;01>3>@L:8< 2:CA>< 8 =52K@078B5;L=K< 70?0E><.
 0AB5B ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2 ;5A0E, ?0@:0E 8 A040E =0 ?=OE 8 20;56=KE AB2>;0E
;8AB25==KE ?>@>4, G0I5 2A53> =0 825. AB@5G05BAO 2 B5G5=85 2A53> 3>40.

!E>4=K5 284K
&5@@5=0 >4=>F25B=0O (Cerrena unicolor) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 B>=:8<8 ?;>4>2K<8 B5;0<8, <O:>BLN
A G5@=>9 ?>;>A>9 =0 A@575 8 B@C1>G:0<8, @0A?040NI8<8AO A 2>7@0AB>< =0 >B45;L=K5 7C1G0BK5
D@03<5=BK. ;87:89 284 4540;5>?A8A B@5EF25B=K9 (D. tricolor) >B;8G05BAO O@:>9 7>=0;L=>9
>:@0A:>9 A 2K@065==>9 :@0A=>9 A>AB02;ONI59
8 B>;L:> ?;0AB8=G0BK< A?>@>=>A=K< A;>5<.
I5 >48= 1;87:89 (8 @54:89) 284 4540;5>?A8A
A525@=K9 (D. septentrionalis) B0:65 >B;8G05BAO ?;0AB8=G0BK< A?>@>=>A=K< A;>5<. 10 2840
E0@0:B5@87CNBAO B5<8 65 D0@<0:>;>38G5A:8<8
A2>9AB20<8, GB> 8 4540;5>?A8A 1C3@8ABK9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 A>AB025 ?;>4>2KE B5; 4540;5>?A8A0 >1=0@C65=K @07;8G=K5 18>0:B82=K5 25I5AB20: B@8B5@?5=K, ;5:B8=K, AB5@>;K, D>AD>;8?84K.
K45;5==K9 87 ACH5=KE ?;>4>2KE B5; :><-

?>=5=B 20 (29)-;N?5=-3-0= ?>:070; 2KA>:CN
?@>B82>3@81:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N :
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 8 Microsporum gypseum,
8 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N
: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis 8 Staphylococcus
aureus. ><8<> MB>3>, 40==>5 25I5AB2> 8=3818@C5B ?5@>:8A;5=85 ;8?84>2, ?@>872>4O MDD5:B,
0=0;>38G=K9 E>@>H> 8725AB=><C 0=B8>:A840=BC
�-B>:>D5@>;C.
>4=K9 M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070; ?@>B82>38?5@B>=8G5A:>5 459AB285, :>B>@>5 >A=>20=>
=0 8=3818@>20=88 0:B82=>AB8 F8=:>A>45@60I59 <5B0;;>M=4>?5?B8407K ACE 8 =59B@0;L=>9
M=4>?5?B8407K NEP.
>;8A0E0@84K, 2K45;5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K, 8=3818@CNB @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 %, ?@>O2;OO 2KA>:CN
?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN 0:B82=>ABL. @C385 8AA;54>20=8O, ?@>2545==K5 A <5B0=>;>2K< M:AB@0:B><, ?>:070;8 53> F8B>B>:A8G=>ABL ?@>B82 ;8=88 L1210 (<KH8, ;8<D>;59:>7).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 2 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

540;5>?A8A B@5EF25B=K9.

;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO. ABL A2545=8O >1 8A?>;L7>20=88 ?>@>H:0 4540;5>?A8A0
4;O 7020@820=8O 3@81=>3> G0O.


133

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Daldinia concentrica (Bolton : Fr.) Ces. et De Not.

0;L48=8O :>=F5=B@8G5A:0O
!5<59AB2>: A8;O@852K5 (Xylariaceae).

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
 2@>?5 3@81 8725AB5= ?>4 =0720=8O<8 �AC4>@>6=K9 H0@�, �C3>;L=K9 3@81� 8 �B>@B :>@>;O
@BC@0� (?>A;54=8< =0720=85< >= >1O70= A2>59
A;>8AB>9 :>=F5=B@8G5A:>9 AB@C:BC@5 =0 A@575).
D. concentrica A>45@68B =5A:>;L:> C=8:0;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?C@?C@=K9
?83<5=B, A>AB>OI89 87 ?5@8;5=-E8=>=0 8 :>=F5=B@8=>;0 (>:8A;5==K9 A:20;5=). = A;C68B
68;8I5< 4;O <=>38E 284>2 =0A5:><KE 8 4@C38E
<5;:8E 682>B=KE >@30=87<>2.
 0=55 3@81 8A?>;L7>20;AO :0: :0G5AB25==K9
B@CB 4;O @076830=8O >3=O. ;O MB>3> A>18@0;8
G5@=K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 (:>@8G=52K5 1>;55 BO65;K5 8 EC65 2>A?;0<5=ONBAO, B>340 :0: G5@=K5
;53G5 8 1>;55 2>73>@05<K), 2KACH820;8, ?>A;5
G53> (=5 87<5;LG0O) ?>46830;8 8A:@>9 87 :@5A0;0. @81 3>@8B <54;5==> (A:>@55 B;55B), =0?>4>185 C3>;L=KE 1@8:5B>2, A >G5=L =51>;LH8< :>;8G5AB2>< 4K<0. 'B>1K ?>;CG8BL >B:@KB>5 ?;0<O,
B@51C5BAO ?>46830BL >B45;L=K5 :CA:8 ?;>4>2>3>
B5;0. !>3;0A=> 0=3;89A:>9 ;535=45, :>@>;L ;LD@54 5;8:89 (VIII 2. =. M.) 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K A 28:8=30<8 A:@K20;AO =0 =5:>9 D5@<5 2 A5;LA:>9
<5AB=>AB8 8, 3>B>2O A515 ?8@>6:8 2 ?5G8, 70A=C;.
> ;535=45 40;L48=8O :>=F5=B@8G5A:0O =0?><8=05B 8<5==> B0:85 A3>@52H85 ?8@>6:8, 70 GB> 8
?>;CG8;0 =0720=85 �C3>;L=K9 3@81�.

?8A0=85
@81 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >B45;L=K5 8;8 A;820NI85AO B25@4K5 H0@>284=K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0
2 7 A< 2 480<5B@5. >25@E=>ABL ?;>4>2KE B5;
@602>-:>@8G=520O, A 2>7@0AB>< G5@=0O. 0 ?>?5@5G=>< @07@575 E>@>H> 284=K G5@54CNI85AO
?>;>A:8 A5@>3> 8 G5@=>3> F25B>2.
5A=>9 3@81, @0AB5B =0 <5@B2>9 4@525A8=5
;8AB25==KE ?>@>4, G0I5 2A53> =0 15@575 8 >;LE5.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88 :@C3;K9 3>4.

!E>4=K5 284K
;87:89 284 D. vernicosa >B;8G05BAO <5=LH8<8
@07<5@0<8 ?;>4>2KE B5;, ?@54?>G8B05B 30@8 8
@0AB5B B>;L:> =0 >A8=0E 8 B>?>;OE.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
8>E8<8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O <5B0=>;>2>3>
M:AB@0:B0 3@810 2KO28;8 =0;8G85 B@5E F8B>B>:A8G5A:8E 25I5AB2: 6,8-48384@>:A8-3-<5B8;-3,448384@>87>:C<0@8=0, (22R)-384@>:A8;0=>AB07,9(11),24-B@85=0 8 M@3>AB5@>;0. A5 B@8
25I5AB20 ?>:070;8 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 G5;>25G5A:8E @0:0 :>68 (KB), @0:0 3@C48 (MCF7), @0:0
;53:8E (SK-LU-1) 8 @0:0 ?5G5=8 (HepG2). >-


134

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

?>;=8B5;L=> 87>:C<0@8= 8=3818@C5B @>AB 8 @07<=>65=85 7>;>B8AB>3> AB0D8;>:>::0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
B20@K 8 =0AB>8 3@810 8A?>;L7CNBAO :0: ?@>B82>AC4>@>6=>5 A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB 7@5;K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 G5@=>3> F25B0,
40;55 87<5;LG0NB 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O >B20@0 8;8
A?8@B>2>3> =0AB>O.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

Elaphomyces granulatus Fr.

"@ND5;L >;5=89
!5<59AB2>: -;0D><8F5A>2K5 (Elaphomycetaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@ND5;L 75@=8ABK9, 4>64528: >;5=89.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
"@ND5;L >;5=89 =5 8<55B =8:0:>3> >B=>H5=8O
: =0AB>OI8< B@ND5;O<, A2>5 =0720=85 >= ?>;CG8; 87-70 AE>4=KE ?> 2=5H=5<C 284C ?;>4>2KE
B5; 8 ?>475<=>3> >1@070 687=8. 0: 8 B@ND5;8,
3@81 @0A?@>AB@0=O5B >AB@K9 A?5F8D8G5A:89
70?0E, ?> :>B>@><C 53> =0E>4OB >18B0B5;8 ;5A0
(3@81C MB> =C6=> 4;O @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O A?>@).
0 >;5=L5< B@ND5;5 G0AB> ?0@078B8@C5B 3@81
:>@48F5?A
>D8@>3;>AA>284=K9
(Cordyceps
ophioglossoides), 1;87:89 @>4AB25==8: ;5:0@AB25==>3> :>@48F5?A0 2>>@C65==>3>, G5@=K5
1C;02>284=K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 :>B>@>3> 2KABC?0NB 87 75<;8, >1=0@C6820O ?@8ACBAB285 2 ?>G25
>;5=L8E B@ND5;59. %>BO ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 >1@07CNBAO 8 =53;C1>:> 2 ?>G25, =09B8 8E 157 <0O:0:>@48F5?A0 <>6=> B>;L:> B>340, :>340 682>B=K5
2K:0?K20NB 8E =0 ?>25@E=>ABL.
 ?8I52KE F5;OE 40==K9 B@ND5;L =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO, => A;C68B ;0:><AB2>< 4;O <=>38E ;5A=KE
682>B=KE: 15;>:, 709F52, 10@AC:>2, <KH59, :010=>2, ;>A59, >;5=59 8 B. 4.  =5C@>609=K5 3>4K,
154=K5 A5<5=0<8 8 >@5E0<8, 15;:8 A =0G0;0 >A5=8 G0AB> @>NBAO 2 75<;5, 45;0O 2 ?>8A:0E 3@810
=51>;LH85 ;C=:8. 25@5: GC5B 3@81 4065 G5@57
5 10-A0=B8<5B@>2K9 A;>9 75<;8, 0 78<>9 5I5
8 B0:CN 65 B>;IC A=530 2?@840GC. �0@30�, 8;8
�?0@CH:0�, :0: 7>2CB >;5=89 B@ND5;L >E>B=8:8 !525@0,   ;CGH0O ?@8<0=:0 4;O 15;:8. �5;:0
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135

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8=3818@CNICN 8 0=B8>:A840=B=CN 0:B82=>ABL
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M:AB@0:B0 E. granulatus   A8@8=30;L45384 8 A8@8=3>20O :8A;>B0. !8@8=30;L45384 ?>:07K205B
2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 8=3818@>20=85 !%-2, B>340
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136

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Exidia glandulosa (Bull. : Fr.) Fr.

-:A848O 65;578AB0O
!5<59AB2>: -:A84852K5 (Exidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 4@>60;:0 65;578AB0O.

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!E>4=K5 284K
84><, =081>;55 1;87:8< E. glandulosa, O2;O5BAO
M:A848O CA5G5==0O (E. truncata), ?;>4>2K5 B5;0
:>B>@>9 =5 >1@07CNB A@>AB:>2 8 A25@EC C?;>I5=K. -:A848O A60B0O (E. recisa) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55
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8 157 E0@0:B5@=KE �1>@>402>G5:� =0 ?>25@E=>AB8.
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137

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(AK@K<) 2 A0;0B0E 8 ACH5=K< 4;O AC?>2 (;8G=K9
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Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With.

5G5=>G=8F0 >1K:=>25==0O
!5<59AB2>: 5G5=>G=8F52K5 (Fistulinaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?5G5=>G=8: >1K:=>25==K9, ?5G5=>G=K9 3@81.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
@525A8=0, ?>@065==0O ?5G5=>G=8F59, 2KA>:>
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138

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2 4C?;0E, B@5I8=0E 8 ?>2@5645=8OE :>@K.   >AA88 @0AB5B 2 N6=>9 G0AB8 C<5@5==>3> ?>OA0, 2
7>=0E 5AB5AB25==>3> ?@>87@0AB0=8O 4C10 8 :0HB0=0 (3@81 2K7K205B 15;CN :><;52>-AB2>;>2CN
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E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae 8 Salmonella typhi.
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139

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Flammulina velutipes (Curt. : Fr.) Sing.

8<=89 3@81
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae)1.
!8=>=8<K: D;0<<C;8=0 10@E0B8AB>=>6:>20O, >?5=>: 78<=89.

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Fomes fomentarius (L. : Fr.) Fr.

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Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw. : Fr.) P. Karst.

"@CB>28: >:09<;5==K9
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?@8 701>;520=8OE A5@45G=>-A>AC48AB>9 A8AB5<K 8 A>AC4>2 3>;>2=>3> <>730;

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153

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 54:89 A;CG09 >1@07>20=8O =>6:8 C
?;>4>2>3> B5;0 B@CB>28:0 ?;>A:>3> (G. applanatum), 45;0NI59 53> ?>E>68< =0 B@CB>28:
;0:8@>20==K9.
;LF359<5@0, ?0B>;>38G5A:8E 87<5=5=8OE ?5G5=8 8 ?>G5:.
! B>G:8 7@5=8O B@048F8>==>9 2>AB>G=>9 <548F8=K H5ABL >A=>2=KE F5;51=KE A2>9AB2 @M9H8 A;54CNI85:
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A8;L=>5
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" 

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A=OB85 0;;5@38G5A:8E 701>;520=89 (1@>=E80;L=0O 0AB<0, 0B>=8G5A:89 45@<0B8B 8
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;5G5=85 ;N1KE ;53>G=KE 701>;520=89;

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C25;8G5=85 A8;K 4CE0, ?>2KH5=85 ?>78B82=>3> M<>F8>=0;L=>3> =0AB@>O.

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(70=5A5= 2 @538>=0;L=K5 @0A=K5 :=838).

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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Geastrum fimbriatum Fr.

5<;O=0O 725740 10E@><G0B0O
!5<59AB2>: 5<;O=K5 72574K (Geastraceae).
!8=>=8<K: 72574>28: 10E@><G0BK9, 72574>28: A84OI89.

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> 65;B>20B>-:>@8G=52>5, 3 7 A< 2
?>?5@5G=8:5, A=0G0;0 H0@>284=>5, G0AB8G=> ?>3@C65==>5 2 ?>G2C. >765 53> 2=5H=OO >1>;>G:0 @07@K205BAO 8 @0A:@K205BAO 5 9 ;>?0ABO<8.
B45;L=K5 ;>?0AB8 =0G8=0NB A:@CG820BLAO ?>
<5@5 B>3>, :0: ?;>4>2>5 B5;> 2KE>48B 87 75<;8.
=CB@5==OO H0@>284=0O A?>@>=>A=0O G0ABL A25B;>-A5@0O, 480<5B@>< 1 2,5 A<, >:@C3;0O, A5@0O,
2?>A;54AB288 A >B25@AB85< 2 25@E=59 G0AB8 4;O
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154

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(G. rufescens) >B;8G05BAO :@0A=>20BK< F25B><
?;>4>2KE B5;.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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2 :0G5AB25 ?;0ABK@O 8A?>;L7CNBAO :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 8 0=B8A5?B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2>.

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!E>4=K5 284K
5<;O=0O 725740 B@>9=0O (G. triplex) >B;8G05BAO
=0;8G85< E0@0:B5@=>3> 2>@>B=8G:0 <564C 72574>>1@07=K<8 ;>?0ABO<8 8 F5=B@0;L=K< <5H>G:>< A> A?>@0<8, 75<;O=0O 725740 :@0A=5NI0O

>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 A>18@0NB :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI89 8 0=B8A5?B8G5A:89 ?;0ABK@L,
7@5;CN A?>@>2CN <0AAC   4;O ?@8AK?>: 8 ?@83>B>2;5=8O A?8@B>2KE =0AB>5:.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 A0<>< <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5 (2 2845 H0@8:0 A 15;>9 <O:>BLN), =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 60@:8.

Geastrum fornicatum (Huds.) Hook.

5<;O=0O 725740 A2>4G0B0O
!5<59AB2>: 5<;O=K5 72574K (Geastraceae).
!8=>=8<K: 72574>28: A2>4G0BK9.

?8A0=85
@81 A ?;>4>2K<8 B5;0<8 A@54=53> @07<5@0, @072820NI8<8AO A=0G0;0 ?>4 75<;59 8;8 G0AB8G=>
?>3@C65==K<8, 70B5< =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 ?>G2K.
;>4>2>5 B5;> A=0G0;0 H0@>284=>5, 3 8 A< 2
480<5B@5, 70B5< 2=5H=89 ?>:@>2=K9 A;>9 (M:7>?5@8489) @07@K205BAO =0 3 5 (G0I5 2A53> 4)
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?>GB8 25@B8:0;L=K5, ?@8:@5?;5=K :>=F0<8 :
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15;>20B0O 4> A25B;>-1C@>9. CG8 ?>GB8 2A5340
?@O<K5 8 25@B8:0;L=K5, ?>4=8<0NI85 ?;>4>2>5
B5;> 2KA>:> =04 ?>G2>9, A ?>425@=CBK<8 :@0O<8
8 2K3;O4OI85 C7:8<8. ;8=0 ;CG0 2 5 A<, H8@8=0 3 4 A<. AB0NI0OAO 2=CB@5==OO G0ABL H0@>-

284=0O, =0 =>6:5 2 3 << 2KA>B>9, A5@>-1C@0O, =0
25@H8=5 A =5>BG5B;82> >:09<;5==K< >B25@AB85< (?>@>9). O:>BL A=0G0;0 15;0O, ?@8 A>7@520=88 ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN ?@5>1@07C5BAO 2 B5<=>-1C@CN A?>@>2CN <0AAC.


155

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B G. fornicatum ?>:070;
0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N
: @07;8G=K< ?0B>35==K< 4;O G5;>25:0 10:B5@8O<, 2 B>< G8A;5 Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella
typhimurium
8
Streptococcus
pyogenes, 0 B0:65 ?@>B82>3@81:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL
?> >B=>H5=8N : Candida albicans, Rhodotorula
rubra 8 Kluyveromyces fragilis.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
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!E>4=K5 284K
%>@>H> >B;8G05BAO >B 4@C38E 75<;O=KE 72574
E0@0:B5@=K< CAB@>9AB2>< ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 (A?>@>2<5AB8;8I5, 2KA>:> ?>4=OB>5 =0 ;CG0E =04 A84OI8< 2 75<;5 �<5H>G:><�).

 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
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=5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 A0<>< <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5 (2 2845 H0@8:0 A 15;>9 <O:>BLN), =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 60@:8.

Geastrum saccatum Fr.

5<;O=0O 725740 <5H:>284=0O
!5<59AB2>: 5<;O=K5 72574K (Geastraceae).
!8=>=8<K: 72574>28: <5H:>284=K9.

?8A0=85
>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 ?> <5@5 A>7@520=8O 2KE>4OB =0 ?>25@E=>ABL ?>G2K. =8 H0@>284=K5,
;C:>28F5284=K5 8;8 ?>GB8 1CBK;:>284=K5, A
:;N2>284=K< 1C3>@:><, 0,5 3 � 0,6- 3,5 A<. =>340 2 3 ?;>4>2KE B5;0 @0ABCB, B5A=> ?@8602H8AL
4@C3 : 4@C3C. >25@E=>ABL 3;04:0O 8;8 <5;:><>@I8=8AB0O, 65;B>20B0O 4> 1;54=>-:>@8G=52>9.
@8 A>7@520=88 2=5H=OO >1>;>G:0 (M:7>?5@8489) @0A:@K205BAO ?@8<5@=> 4> ?>;>28=K @048CA0 =0 3 12 (>1KG=> 5 9) ;CG59 @07=>9 D>@<K.
CG8 G0AB> 703810NBAO 2 2845 <5H>G:0 ?>4 48A:
2=5H=59 >1>;>G:8. (8@8=0 @0A:@KB>3> 3@810
1 5 A<, 8=>340 (?@8 3>@87>=B0;L=> @0A:@KBKE
;CG0E) 4>AB8305B 10 A<. 5@E=OO ?>25@E=>ABL ;C-

G59 A=0G0;0 15;>20B0O, 70B5< 1;54=>-65;B0O, >@5E>2>-:>@8G=520O, 2A:>@5 G0AB> >?0405B, => 8=>-


156

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

2K.  0A?@>AB@0=5= 2 N6=>9 ;5A=>9 8 ;5A>AB5?=>9
7>=5 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8  >AA88, 2AN4C @54>:.

!E>4=K5 284K
%>@>H> >B;8G05BAO >B 4@C38E 75<;O=KE 72574
G5B:>9 H8@>:>9 �>12>4:>9� 2>:@C3 F5=B@0;L=>3> >B25@AB8O =0 A?>@>=>A=>< <5H>G:5.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

340 >AB05BAO. >;>:=8ABK9 A;>9, =0E>4OI89AO
3;C165, 1C<03>>1@07=K9 8 3@O7=>-15;K9. 86=OO, =075<=0O ?>25@E=>ABL ;CG59 B>;AB0O, 8=>340
A ?@>4>;L=K<8 B@5I8=0<8, A 2=5H=59 AB>@>=K
10@E0B8AB0O, 65;B>20B0O 8;8 :>@8G=520B0O, A 2=CB@5==59 156520O 8;8 15;>20B0O.
!?>@>2K9 <5H>G5: >1KG=> A84OG89 8;8 A >G5=L
:>@>B:>9 =>6:>9, H0@>284=K9, 0,5 2 A<, 3;04:89,
A25B;K9, 15652K9, :>@8G=520B>-A5@K9. B25@AB85
4;O 2KE>40 A?>@ G5B:> >G5@G5==>5. @5;0O A?>@>20O <0AA0 :>@8G=520O, ?>@>H:>284=0O.
@54?>G8B05B 1>30BK5 ?>G2K, @0AB5B =0 @07;>682H59AO 4@525A8=5 2 H8@>:>;8AB25==KE, ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, ?@54?>G8B05B 4C1@0-

�-3;N:0=-?@>B58=>2K9 :><?;5:A, =5402=> 2K45;5==K9 87 G. saccatum, ?>:070; ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=CN, 0=B8>:A840=B=CN 8 F8B>B>:A8G5A:CN
(?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN) 0:B82=>ABL. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> <5E0=87< ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>3> 459AB28O >A=>2K205BAO =0 8=3818@>20=88 D5@<5=B>2 =8B@8=>:A84A8=B5B07K 8 F8:;>>:A835=07K.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 =0A5;5=85< 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
=5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
5AJ54>15= 87-70 3>@L:>20B>9 <O:>B8.

Geastrum triplex Jungh.

5<;O=0O 725740 B@>9=0O
!5<59AB2>: 5<;O=K5 72574K (Geastraceae).
!8=>=8<K: 72574>28: B@>9=>9, 75<;O=0O 725740 8=489A:0O.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
!@548 ?;5<5=8 G5@=>=>38E (8=459FK !525@=>9 <5@8:8) 3@81 =07K20;AO �ka-ka-toos�, GB>
>7=0G0;> �C?02H0O 725740� 8, A>3;0A=> ?@540=8O<, =0E>4:0 B0:8E 3@81>2 ?@5425I0;0 =5:85
A25@EJ5AB5AB25==K5 A>1KB8O.

?8A0=85
>;>4>5 ?;>4>2>5 B5;> >:@C3;>5, A >AB@K< =>A8:><, 3@O7=>-:>@8G=52>3> F25B0, 4> 5 A< 2K-


157

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

A>B>9 8 4 A< 2 480<5B@5. >765 =0@C6=K9 A;>9
@07@K205BAO =0 4 7 B>;ABKE ;CG59 87015;;>2>3>,
B5@@0:>B>2>3> 8;8 15652>3> >BB5=:>2.  @0725@=CB>< 2845 480<5B@ ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 <>65B 4>AB830BL 12 A<, 0 2KA>B0   3 8 A<. &5=B@0;L=0O G0ABL
2=CB@5==53> A;>O >AB05BAO 2 2845 E0@0:B5@=>3>
2>@>B=8G:0 ?>4 H0@>284=K<, A84OG8< (157 =>6:8) 1;54=>-:>@8G=52K< A?>@>2<5AB8;8I5<. 0
25@ECH:5 ?>A;54=53> ?@8 A>7@520=88 ?>O2;O5BAO >B25@AB85 4;O 2KE>40 A?>@. O:>BL 2=5H=53>
A;>O <O3:0O, E@C?:0O, A>G=0O; 53> =0@C6=K9 A;>9
1>;55 ?;>B=K9, C?@C389, :>68ABK9. !?>@>20O
<0AA0 ?@8 A>7@520=88 ?>@>H:>>1@07=0O, >;82:>2>-:>@8G=520O.
@81 @0AB5B 2 ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E,
A@548 >?02H8E ;8ABL52 8 E2>8, G0AB> 2AB@5G05BAO
2 ?0@:0E, A:25@0E, A040E. B<5G5= 2 52@>?59A:>9
G0AB8  >AA88, N6=>9 !818@8, @8<>@A:>< :@05.
;>4>=>A8B A 023CAB0 4> :>=F0 >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
> 27@>A;>< A>AB>O=88 E0@0:B5@=>5 B@5E:><?>=5=B=>5 AB@>5=85 ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 =5 ?>72>;O5B
?5@5?CB0BL 3@81 A :0:>9-;81> 4@C3>9 75<;O=>9
72574>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 ?;>4>2KE B5; Geastrum triplex 1K; 2K45;5= F5;K9 @O4 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE 25I5AB2.
!@548 =8E A;54C5B C?><O=CBL 3@81=K5 AB5@>;K, B0:85 :0: M@3>AB0-4,6,8,(14),22-B5B@05=-35=,5,6-48384@>M@3>AB5@>;, M@3>AB5@>; 8 ?5@>:A8M@3>AB5@>;. @81K B0:65 A>45@60B @07;8G=K5
68@=K5 :8A;>BK (<8@8AB8=>2CN, ?0;L<8=>2CN,
AB50@8=>2CN, >;58=>2CN, �-;8=>;52CN, ;8=>;52CN 8 4@.), :>B>@K5 <>3CB 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 <548F8=A:8E F5;OE.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
"@>9=0O 75<;O=0O 725740 8A?>;L7>20;0AL 4;O <548F8=A:8E F5;59 8=459F0<8 !525@=>9 <5@8:8.
'5@>:8, =0?@8<5@, ?@8<5=O;8 3@81 4;O 70682;5=8O ?C?:0 =>2>@>645==KE 2?;>BL 4> >BAKE0=8O
8 >B?045=8O ?C?>28=K, :0: 2 ?@>D8;0:B8G5A:8E,
B0: 8 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:8E F5;OE.
 :8B09A:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 G. triplex 8A?>;L7>20;AO 4;O A=OB8O ?>:@0A=5=8O (2>A?0;5=8O) 4KE0B5;L=KE ?CB59, 0 B0:65 4;O >AB0=>2:8
:@>2>B5G5=8O 8 C<5=LH5=8O >?CE>;59.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 =0A5;5=85< 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
=5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 A0<>< <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, >4=0:> 2
MB>B <><5=B 53> 4>2>;L=> B@C4=> =09B8, B. :. 3@81
?@0:B8G5A:8 ?>;=>ABLN ?>3@C65= 2 ?>G2C.


158

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst.

01>@=K9 3@81
!5<59AB2>: ;5>D8;;>2K5 (Gloeophyllaceae).

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 <=>3>;5B=85, A84OG85, >1KG=>
G5@5?8BG0B>-@0A?>;>65==K5,
?@>4>;3>20BK5,
4> 12 A< 2 4;8=C, 4> 7 A< H8@8=>9 8 0,5 0,8 A<
B>;I8=>9. >25@E=>ABL 3@C1>-2>9;>G=0O, 70B5< I5B8=8AB>-2>9;>G=0O, A :>=F5=B@8G5A:8<8
7>=0<8, @602>-:>@8G=520O, B5<=>-:>@8G=520O.
@09 H;O?:8 A25B;>-@602K9. # AB0@KE M:75<?;O@>2 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 AB0=>2OBAO ?>GB8 >4=>F25B=K<8, B5<=>-:>@8G=52K<8. O:>BL @602>:>@8G=520O, <O3:>- 8;8 :>68AB>-?@>1:>20O, 4>
5 << B>;I8=>9, A 4>2>;L=> =5?@8OB=K< 2:CA><.
!?>@>=>A=K9 A;>9 2 2845 ?;0AB8=>:, B5<=5NI8E ?@8 =0402;820=88. @0O ?;0AB8=>: F5;L=K5
8;8 1>;55-<5=55 7C1G0BK5, A 15;>20B>-A5@>20BK< =0;5B><, A=0G0;0 A25B;>-7>;>B8AB>-:>@8G=52K5, ?>74=55 O=B0@=>-:>@8G=52K5, 2 AB0@>AB8
:>@8G=52>-1C@K5. >6:0 >BACBAB2C5B.
> 2A59 B5@@8B>@88  >AA88 3@81 2AB@5G05BAO =0 <5@B2>9 4@525A8=5   ?=OE 8 20;56=8:5,
=0 >1@01>B0==>9 4@525A8=5 E2>9=KE, @565 ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4, =0 ?>AB@>9:0E, AB>;10E, 701>@0E. @81 @07@CH05B 4@525A8=C (2K7K205B 1C@CN
3=8;L), =0=>AO ACI5AB25==K9 CI5@1 E>7O9AB2C.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 ?;0AB8=G0BK9 B@CB>28:, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
-B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; >1;0405B 0=B810:B5@80;L=K<8 8 ?@>B82>3@81:>2K<8
A2>9AB20<8, ?>402;OO @>AB ?0B>35==KE 10:B5@89,
3@81:>2 8 <8:>10:B5@89.
-:AB@0:B :C;LBC@0;L=>3> <8F5;8O ?@>O2;O5B
?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN 0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO @>AB
A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 8 60 %
A>>B25BAB25==>.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@81 =5AJ54>15= 87-70 B25@4>9 :>=A8AB5=F88 8
=5?@8OB=>3> 2:CA0 <O:>B8.


159

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff. : Fr.) Fr.

>:@CE0 5;>20O
!5<59AB2>: >:@CE>2K5 (Gomphidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <>:@CE0 :;59:0O, A;87=O:.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 4 14 A< 2 480<5B@5, B>;AB0O, 3;04:0O, 2
<>;>4>AB8 A;878AB0O, 70B5< ;8?:0O 4> 1;5ABOI59,
A5@0O, A5@>20B>-A8=OO, A5@>-;8;>2>-, A5@>-D8>;5B>2>- 8;8 H>:>;04=>- 8 B5<=>-:>@8G=520O, A
2>7@0AB>< 2 F5;>< :>@8G=525NI0O 8 4065 G5@=5NI0O (8;8 A G5@=K<8 ?OB=0<8). # <>;>4KE
3@81>2 :@09 H;O?:8 A>548=5= A =>6:>9 15AF25B=>9 ?;5=:>9, A>AB>OI59 87 =8B5284=KE 2>;>:>=, ?@54AB02;ONI59 A>1>9 B>=:>5 A;878AB>5
G0AB=>5 ?>:@K20;>, 2 7@5;>AB8 ?> :@0N H;O?:8
A>E@0=ONBAO 53> >AB0B:8. ;0AB8=:8 15;>20B>A5@K5 4> 28==>-A5@KE, B>;ABK5, 4C3>>1@07=K5,
=8AE>4OI85 ?> =>6:5, @54:85, 8=>340 A G5@=K<8
?OB=0<8, 2 AB0@>AB8 ?C@?C@=>-1C@K5, ?C@?C@=>:>@8G=52K5 8;8 ?>GB8 G5@=K5. O:>BL <O3:0O,
;><:0O, =56=0O, A25B;0O, 2 =86=59 G0AB8 =>6:8   O@:>-65;B0O, A ?@8OB=K< 2:CA>< 8 70?0E><.
>6:0 4 10 � 1 2 A<, 2 <>;>4>AB8 A;878AB0O, A>
A;878ABK< ?>:@K20;><, 70I8I0NI8< ?;0AB8=:8, A B>;ABK< A;878ABK< :>;LF><, 2 >A=>20=88
;8<>==>-65;B0O.
1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 5;LN (>G5=L @54:>  
A A>A=>9), @0AB5B 2 E2>9=KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E,
5;L=8:0E, ;5A0E A CG0AB85< 5;8, 5;>2KE ?8B><=8:0E. AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5
 >AA88 A 8N;O ?> =>O1@L, G0AB>, 8 >48=>G=> 8
1>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8.

!E>4=K5 284K
G5=L ?>E>68< 3@81><, B0:65 @0ABCI8< 2 5;L=8:0E, O2;O5BAO 4>2>;L=> @54:0O <>:@CE0 ?OB=8AB0O
(G. maculatus). =0 >B;8G05BAO :@0A=5NI59 =0
A;><5 <O:>BLN 8 <5=LH8E @07<5@>2 H;O?:>9 A
B5<=K<8 ?OB=0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
1;0405B O@:> 2K@065==K<8 0=B810:B5@80;L=K<8 A2>9AB20<8.
725AB=>, GB> G. glutinosus O2;O5BAO 38?5@0::C<C;OB>@>< F578O. >=F5=B@0F8O MB>3> <5B0;;0
2 55 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E <>65B 2 10 000 @07 ?@52KH0BL
D>=>2CN.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 60@:8, 70A>;:8, <0@8=>20=8O.
@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O =5 B@51C5B, >4=0:> A;87L A =>6:8 8 A;878ABCN :>68FC A> H;O?:8 ?5@54 3>B>2:>9 ;CGH5 AG8AB8BL 2> 871560=85


160

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

?>G5@=5=8O 3@81>2. @8 B5?;>2>9 >1@01>B:5
4065 >G8I5==K5 3@81K 2A5 @02=> B5<=5NB, => =0
2:CA>2KE :0G5AB20E MB> =5 >B@0605BAO. > 2:C-

AC 3@81 1;87>: : <0A;OB0<, :>B>@K< ?@8E>48BAO
1;8609H8< @>4AB25==8:><.

Grifola frondosa (Dicks. : Fr.) Gray

@81-10@0=
!5<59AB2>: @8D>;>2K5 (Grifolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3@8D>;0 :C@G020O.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
/?>=A:>5 =0720=85 �<09B0:5� A2O70=> A 53> D>@<>9, :>B>@0O =0?><8=05B B0=FCNICN 101>G:C.
@>8AE>645=85 =0720=8O <09B0:51 (�B0=FCNI89 3@81�) 4> A8E ?>@ 2K7K205B 48A:CAA88, =>
?> >4=>9 87 25@A89, ;N48, :>B>@K< ?>AG0AB;828;>AL =09B8 MB>B 3@81, B0=F520;8 >B @04>AB8
(2 D5>40;L=CN M?>EC 70 <09B0:5 4020;8 53> 25A 2
A5@51@5), 0 ?> 4@C3>9   ?@5645, G5< A>@20BL MB>B
3@81, =5>1E>48<> 1K;> 8A?>;=8BL >?@545;5==K9 @8BC0;L=K9 B0=5F, 8=0G5 >= B5@O; A2>8 GC45A=K5 A2>9AB20.
 B5G5=85 A>B5= ;5B MB>B @54:89 8 2:CA=K9
3@81 F5=8;8 2 B@048F8>==>9 :8B09A:>9 8 O?>=A:>9 <548F8=5. 2B>@ =0HC<52H8E :=83 > ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@810E 5==5B 6>=A ?8H5B, GB>
�>E>B=8:8 70 <09B0:5 @52=82> >E@0=O;8 A2>8
>1;0AB8 A1>@0   E>48;8 ?> >4=><C 8 A:@K20;8
<5AB0 =0E>4>:. @81=8F0 A 1>;55 G5< 10 :3 3@81>2 70 A57>= AG8B0;0AL 8AB8==K< �>AB@>2>< A>:@>28I�, 8 55 <5AB>?>;>65=85 A:@K20;>AL 4065
>B A5<L8   >E>B=8: 70 <09B0:5 <>3 701@0BL B09=C
<5AB>?>;>65=8O 2 <>38;C 8;8 ?@>H5?B0BL ?5@54
A<5@BLN AB0@H5<C AK=C& �.

?8A0=85
@81 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 <0AAC @0725B2;5==KE
H;O?>:, 2KE>4OI8E 87 >1I53> :;C1=O. 5A >B45;L=KE M:75<?;O@>2 <>65B ?@52KH0BL 10 :3.
;>4>2>5 B5;> 480<5B@>< 20 80 A<, :CAB8AB>;8AB>284=>5, H0@>284=>5 8;8 >20;L=>5 ?> D>@<5. (;O?:8 @07;8G=KE >BB5=:>2 A5@>3> F25B0,
B>=:85, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 2>;=8ABK5 8;8 A:@CG5==K5 ?> :@0O<, 2 2845 ?>;C>:@C3;KE ;>?0AB59, :;8-

1

=>>1@07=> AC6820NI8EAO : >A=>20=8N 8 ?5@5E>4OI8E 2 ?;>B=K5 15;K5 =>6:8, 3 5 A< :0640O.
"@C1G0BK9 A;>9 15;K9, :@5<>2K9 8;8 A5@>20BK9,
A :>@>B:8<8 B@C1>G:0<8 8 >G5=L <5;:8<8 ?>@0<8, 40;5:> =8AE>4OI89 =0 =>6:C. O:>BL 15;0O,
C?@C30O, ?;>B=0O, A A8;L=K< 8 >G5=L ?@8OB=K<
>AB@K< 3@81=K< 70?0E>< 8 E0@0:B5@=K< @545G=K< 2:CA><.
AB@5G05BAO 2 A@54=59 8 N6=>9 G0AB8 ;5A=>9
7>=K  >AA88. 0@078B8G5A:89 3@81, @0ABCI89 =0
:>@=OE 8 C >A=>20=8O ?=59 8 AB2>;>2 H8@>:>;8AB25==KE 45@52L52 (4C1K, :;5=K, N6=55 B0:65
1C:8 8 :0HB0=K), 2K7K205B 15;CN 3=8;L. ;>4>=>A8B A =0G0;0 023CAB0 4> =0G0;0 >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.

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6528: :>@0;;>284=K9
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6528: 3@515=G0BK9
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170

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Staphylococcus aureus 8 Helicobacter pylori, 0
B0:65 0=B83@81:>2>5 459AB285 ?> >B=>H5=8N :
Aspergillus niger.

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Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.

C1:0 :>@=520O
!5<59AB2>: >=40@F52852K5 (Bondarzewiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 35B5@>107848>= <=>3>;5B=89.

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8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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:>@=59 8 >A=>20=8O AB2>;0. 0G8=0OAL 2 :>@=OE,
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F5==CN) G0ABL AB2>;0, ?>4=8<0OAL 225@E ?> AB2>;C =0 =5A:>;L:> <5B@>2. ;>4>2K5 B5;0 >1KG=>
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171

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701>@0E. @81 @07@CH05B 4@525A8=C (2K7K205B
1C@CN 3=8;L), =0=>AO ACI5AB25==K9 CI5@1 E>7O9AB2C.

!E>4=K5 284K
B
B@CB>28:0
>:09<;5==>3>
(Fomitopsis
pinicola) >B;8G05BAO =5?@028;L=>9, 2 2845 =0B5:>2, D>@<>9 ?;>4>2KE B5;, >B B@CB>28:0 ?;>A:>3> (Ganoderma applanatum)   ?> >BACBAB28N
?>B5<=5=8O A?>@>=>A=>3> A;>O ?@8 =0402;820=88.

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8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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Hydnum repandum (Fr.) Fr.

6528: 65;BK9
!5<59AB2>: 6528:>2K5 (Hydnaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 56528: 2K5<G0BK9.

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>G5=L 8718@0B5;L=> >B=>AOBAO : 3@810< 8 B0I0B 2
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(H. albidum) 8 :@0A=>20B>-65;BK9 (H. rufescens)   >B;8G0NBAO 2 >A=>2=>< >:@0A:>9 8 =5A:>;L:> <5=LH8<8 @07<5@0<8. 5@2K9 15;5AK9,
8=>340 ?>GB8 15;K9, 2B>@>9 :@0A=>20B>-@K689,
@K6520B>-65;BK9. 10 >=8 >1;040NB 0=0;>38G=K<8 ?8I52K<8 8 ;5:0@AB25==K<8 A2>9AB20<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
6528: 65;BK9 >B;8G05BAO 2KA>:8< A>45@60=85< >@30=8G5A:8E :8A;>B, 0<8=>:8A;>B, 68@=KE
:8A;>B 8 <8:>AB5@>;0.
K45;5==K9 0;:8;8@CNI89 035=B 48M?>:A84, ?>;CG82H89 =0720=85 @5?0=48>;, ?>:070;
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173

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B@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE ?>:070; 90 % 8=3818@>20=85 A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0.
%;>@>D>@<=K9 M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 3@810 ?>:070; 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL 2 >B=>H5=88 Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus 8 S. epidermidis.
5845=B8D8F8@>20==K5 ?>:0 ?>;8A0E0@84K
65;B>3> 56528:0 A=860NB 2 ;01>@0B>@=KE M:A?5@8<5=B0E C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0 2 :@>28.

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 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
6528: :@0A=>20B>-65;BK9.
=>H5=8N : @0:>2K< :;5B:0< @07;8G=KE ;8=89,
1C4CG8 >A>15==> 0:B82=K< ?@>B82 @0:0 65;C4:0.
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:;5B>: 4>?>;=8B5;L=K<8 <>AB8:0<8, GB> <5H05B 8E @0AE>645=8N 8, A>>B25BAB25==>, 45;5=8N
>?CE>;52KE :;5B>:.
-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K ?>:070;
70 % 8=3818@>20=85 A0@:><K-180, B>340 :0: M:A-

Hygrocybe conica (Scop.) P. Kumm.

83@>F815 :>=8G5A:0O
!5<59AB2>: 83@>D>@>2K5 (Hygrophoraceae).
!8=>=8<K: 383@>F815 ;>6=>:>=8G5A:0O.

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8;8 A;53:0 :;59:0O, 2 ACE><   H5;:>28AB>-1;5ABOI0O, >@0=6520O, 65;B0O, <5AB0<8 :@0A=>20B0O,
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2 <5AB0E =0402;820=8O AB0=>2OBAO A5@>20B>-A5@=>-65;BK<8. >6:0 5 10 � 0,4 0,8 A<, >48=0:>2>9 B>;I8=K ?> 2A59 4;8=5 8;8 =5A:>;L:> B>;I5

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174

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Lepista sordida   Armillaria mellea   Armillaria
tabescens. ><8<> MB>3>, 2 B:0=OE 3@810 =5 >1=0@C65=0 <54L.
7 3@810 2K45;5=K 18>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?83<5=B <CA:0D;028=, 8725AB=K9
4;O :@0A=>3> <CE><>@0. >:070=> 2KA>:>5 A>45@60=85 <8:@>M;5<5=B>2 (?><8<> <5B0;;>2), 0
B0:65 ?>;=>5 (97 %) 8=3818@>20=85 ?0=:@50B8G5A:>9 ;8?07K.
>;8A0E0@84K, 2K45;5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K, >AB0=02;820NB @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 8 80 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

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=0G0;0 =>O1@O.

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?5@5?CB0BL. 5@2K9 87 =8E 383@>F815 :>=8G5A:>?>4>1=0O (H. conicoides). # =55, 2 >B;8G85 >B
383@>F815 :>=8G5A:>9, 8<5NBAO :@0A=5NI85 A
2>7@0AB>< ?;0AB8=:8 8 A;>9 :@0A=>9 <O:>B8 =04
=8<8. B>@>9 284   383@>F815 E;>@>?>4>1=0O
(H. chloroides), C ?;>4>2KE B5; :>B>@>3> =8:>340
=5B :@0A=>3> F25B0 =8 2 >4=>9 87 G0AB59.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
@8 87CG5=88 <8:@>M;5<5=B=>3> A>AB020 H5AB8
AJ54>1=KE 284>2 3@81>2, 2:;NG0O 383@>F815 :>=8G5A:CN, :>@59A:85 8AA;54>20B5;8 >1=0@C68;8,
GB> ?><8<> >1KG=KE <5B0;;>2 (:0;89, 65;57>,
F8=:, =0B@89, <03=89, <54L 8 :0;LF89   2 ?>@O4:5 C1K20=8O 8E ?@>F5=B=>3> :>;8G5AB20 2 >AB0;L=KE ?OB8 3@810E), F8=: 2 H. conica A>45@68BAO 2
=081>;LH5< :>;8G5AB25, B0: 65 :0: 8 >1I55 :>;8G5AB2> <5B0;;>2, C1K20NI55 2 @O4C Hygrocybe
conica   Hygrophorus russula   Lepista nuda  

 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 2  >AA88 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
> 2>?@>AC AJ54>1=>AB8 MB>3> 2840 >:>=G0B5;L=>3> A>3;0A8O <564C A?5F80;8AB0<8 =5B, 0 A CG5B>< =51>;LH8E @07<5@>2, ?C30NI53> ?>G5@=5=8O
?;>4>2KE B5; 8 8E ;8?:>AB8 =8:B> MB> >A>15==>
8 =5 2KOA=O5B. !:>@55 2A53>, 3@81 AJ54>15=, 8<5NBAO ;8HL ?@54?>;>68B5;L=K5 40==K5 >1 >B@02;5=88 383@>F815 :>=8G5A:>9 2 =0G0;5 %% 25:0 2
8B05 (=0 MB>< A>>1I5=88 2A5 A2545=8O > O4>28B>AB8 8 >A=>20=K), ?@8G5< 157 30@0=B88, GB> 8AB>G=8: >B@02;5=8O 1K; >?@545;5= ?@028;L=>.
>?>4;8==> 8725AB=>, GB> :0: AJ54>1=K9 A>18@05BAO 2 '5E88, >;LH5 8 >;30@88.


175

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Hygrophorus agathosmus (Fr.) Fr.

83@>D>@ 4CH8ABK9
!5<59AB2>: 83@>D>@>2K5 (Hygrophoraceae).
!8=>=8<K: 383@>D>@ 0@><0B=K9, 383@>D>@ 1;03>CE0==K9, 383@>D>@ A5@K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 4 10 A<, 2K?C:;0O, 70B5< ?;>A:0O, =5@54:> A ?;>A:8< 1C3>@:>< 8;8 2402;5==0O,
3;04:0O, A;878AB0O 8;8 A;01> :;59:0O, A5@0O, 65;B>20B>-A5@0O, 8=>340 A >;82:>2K< >BB5=:><, ?>
:@0N A25B;55 (4> 15;>20B>9), 8=>340 3@O7=>-15;0O.
;0AB8=:8 @54:85, B>;ABK5, 15;K5, A 2>7@0AB><
A5@>20BK5. O:>BL 15;0O 8;8 A5@>20B0O, A A8;L=K<
70?0E>< <8=40;O 8;8 0=8A0 (8;8 8E A>G5B0=85<), A
=52K@078B5;L=K< 2:CA><. >6:0 5 15 � 0,6 2 A<,
F8;8=4@8G5A:0O 8;8 AC65==0O : >A=>20=8N, ACE0O
8;8 2;06=0O, A >?CH5=85<, <CG=8AB>-75@=8ABK<
=0;5B>< 8;8 <5;:8<8 65;B>20BK<8 G5HC9:0<8,
A=0G0;0 15;0O, A 2>7@0AB>< A5@>20B0O.
AB@5G05BAO 2 E2>9=KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, =0
8725AB:>2KE ?>G20E, G0AB> A@548 <E>2, ?> 2A59
;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, =5 G0AB> 8 =5 >18;L=>, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 5;LN.
;>4>=>A8B 2 023CAB5->:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
!>G5B0=85 E0@0:B5@=KE 70?0E0 (0=8A>2>-<8=40;L=K9) 8 >:@0A:8 =5 ?>72>;O5B ?5@5?CB0BL
MB>B 383@>D>@ A 4@C38<8 53> @>4AB25==8:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
AA;54>20=8O =0 0=B8>:A840=B=CN 0:B82=>ABL
?>:070;8 =0;8G85 :0: <8=8<C< ?OB8 >@30=8G5A:8E :8A;>B: I025;52>9, ;8<>==>9, O1;>G=>9,
E8=8=>2>9 8 DC<0@>2>9. @8 B5AB0E =0 0=B8<8:@>1=CN 0:B82=>ABL 3@81 ?>:070; 8=3818@>20=85 @>AB0 H8@>:>3> A?5:B@0 ?0B>35==KE 4;O
G5;>25:0 10:B5@89: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter
aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis
8 Bacillus subtilis. @>B82>3@81:>20O 0:B82=>ABL
?>:070=0 2 >B=>H5=88 4@>6652KE ?0B>35=>2
Candida albicans 8 Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 2  >AA88 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A =52KA>:8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8, C?>B@51;O5BAO 2 ?8IC 2 A2565<, <0@8=>20==>< 8 A>;5=>< 2845.


176

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull. : Fr.) Fr.

83@>D>@ 65;B>20B>-15;K9
!5<59AB2>: 83@>D>@>2K5 (Hygrophoraceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 2 10 A<, A@54=59 B>;I8=K, 2K?C:;0O, G0AB> A H8@>:8< 1C3>@:><, @565 BC?>:>=8G5A:0O, 3;04:0O, A;878AB0O, A 8728;8ABK< >?CI5==K< :@05<, 2=0G0;5 15;0O, ?>765 F25B0 A;>=>2>9
:>AB8, ?@8 ?>4AKE0=88 GCBL 65;B>20B0O. (;O?:0 2>
2;06=>< A>AB>O=88 ?>:@KB0 B>;ABK< A;>5< A;878 =0AB>;L:>, GB> MB> 70B@C4=O5B A1>@ 3@810. @8
@0AB8@0=88 3@810 <564C ?0;LF0<8 >= =0?><8=05B
=0 >IC?L 2>A:. O:>BL 15;0O, ?;>B=0O, A ?@8OB=K<
2:CA><, A> A?5F8D8G5A:8< 70?0E>< (=0?><8=05B 70?0E 3CA5=8F ?0ECG53> 4@52>B>GF0). ;0AB8=:8 =8AE>4OI85, ?;>B=K5, B>;ABK5, @54:85, 15;K5,
8=>340 A> A;01K< :@5<>2K< >BB5=:><. >6:0
4 12 � 0,5 1,5 A<, F5=B@0;L=0O, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O,
2K?>;=5==0O, ?>765 G0AB> ?>;0O, 15;0O, 2 25@E=59
G0AB8 A;01> <CG=8AB0O 8;8 75@=8AB0O, 2 =86=59
A;878AB0O, A 15;K<8 B>G:>284=K<8 G5HC9:0<8.
 0AB5B =0 ?>G25 2 A<5H0==KE 8 H8@>:>;8AB25==KE ;5A0E (?>4 4C10<8, 1C:0<8, 2O70<8),
?;>4>=>A8B A 023CAB0 ?> =>O1@L.  N6=>9 ;5A=>9
7>=5   G0AB>, <5AB0<8 >18;L=>.

!E>4=K5 284K
 1;87:8< ?> 2=5H=5<C >1;8:C 3@810< >B=>A8BAO
383@>D>@ 65;B>20B>48A:>2K9 (H. discoxanthus).
%>@>H> >B;8G8< ?> @602>-1C@K< ?OB=0<, :>B>@K5 ?>O2;ONBAO ?@8 ?@8:>A=>25=88. 5A:>;L:> 4@C38E 15;>>:@0H5==KE 383@>D>@>2 @0ABCB
B>;L:> 2 5;>2KE 8;8 15@57>2KE ;5A0E ;81> 8<5NB
G5B:> 2K@065==>5 A;878AB>5 :>;LF> =0 =>6:5.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
;>4>2K5 B5;0 A>45@60B 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2>
<8:@>M;5<5=B>2 (<03=89, E@><, <0@30=5F, 65;57>, :>10;LB, =8:5;L, <54L, F8=:, >;>2>, :04<89).
7 ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 383@>D>@0 65;B>20B>-15;>3> 2K45;5= F5;K9 @O4 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE
25I5AB2, 2:;NG0O 68@=K5 :8A;>BK A 10:B5@8F84=>9 8 ?@>B82>3@81:>2>9 0:B82=>ABLN. 8@=K5 :8A;>BK >1@07>20=K =0 >A=>25 25I5AB20
�->:A>:@>B>=0B0. 4=0 87 B0:8E :8A;>B   (E)4->:A>35:A045:0-2-5=>20O :8A;>B0   ?>:070;0

DC=38F84=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 ?0B>35=0 :0@B>D5;O 8 B><0B>2 Phytophthora infestans.
K;8 2K45;5=K 8 4@C385 2B>@8G=K5 <5B01>;8BK, =0?@8<5@ F5@0<84=K9 :><?>=5=B, =0720==K9 384@>D0<84><, 0 B0:65 �-:0@1>=8;L=K5
0;:0;>84K, 8725AB=K5 :0: 30@<0= 8 =>@30@<0=,
E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O 2KAH8E @0AB5=89. -B> >B:@KB85, A45;0==>5 2 2008 3., 2?5@2K5 ?>:070;> =0;8G85 ?>4>1=KE 25I5AB2 2 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E 3@81>2.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
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177

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
#?>B@51;O5BAO 2 ?8IC 2 A2565<, <0@8=>20==>< 8
A>;5=>< 2845.

 8B05 A =8< 3>B>2OB =0?8B>: 87 <>;>:0 O:0,
D5@<5=B8@CO A<5ALN Lactobacillus bulgaricus,
Streptococcus thermophilus 8 Lactobacillus
acidophilus.

Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr.

83@>D>@ >;82:>2>-15;K9
!5<59AB2>: 83@>D>@>2K5 (Hygrophoraceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5@=>3>;>28:, A;0AB5=0.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 2 6 A<, ?>;CH0@>284=0O 4> :>=8G5A:>9, 70B5< @0A?@>AB5@B0O A >:@C3;K< 1C3>@:><, A;878AB0O, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 A5@>- 8;8 >;82:>2>-1C@0O A B5<=>-1C@K<, 8=>340 ?>GB8 G5@=K<
F5=B@><, A 2>7@0AB>< A;53:0 A25B;55B. ;0AB8=:8
@54:85, B>;ABK5, G8AB>- 8;8 :@5<>2>-15;K5. O:>BL ?;>B=0O, 15;0O, 2 1C3>@:5 ?>4 :>68F59 >1KG=> ;8<>==>-65;B0O, 157 >A>1>3> 2:CA0 8 70?0E0.
>6:0 4 10 � 0,4 1 A<, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 ?>:@KB0 A;878ABK< ?>:@K20;><, A>548=5==K< A :@0O<8 H;O?:8, 2KH5 7>=K ?>:@K20;0
ACE0O 8 15;0O, =865   A;878AB0O, >;82:>2>-1C@0O,
A 2>7@0AB>< A B5<=K<8 >;82:>2>-1C@K<8 :>=F5=B@8G5A:8<8 G5HC9G0BK<8 ?>OA:0<8.
AB@5G05BAO 2 E2>9=KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E
=0 :8A;KE ?>G20E 8 A@548 <E>2, ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9
7>=5  >AA88, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 5;LN 8 A>A=>9.
;>4>=>A8B 2 023CAB5 =>O1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
081>;55 ?>E>689 =0 MB>B 3@81 383@>D>@ 5@A>=0 (H. persoonii) >1@07C5B <8:>@87C =5 A E2>9=K<8 ?>@>40<8, 0 A ;8AB25==K<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 ?;>4>2KE B5; 1K;8 2K45;5=K ?@>872>4=K5
F8:;>?5=B5=>=>2, =0720==K5 383@>D>@>=0<8
(3@81 ?@>872>48B 8E :0: 2B>@8G=K5 <5B01>;8BK). =8 ?>:070;8 2KA>:CN 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN
8 ?@>B82>3@81:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL, >A>15==> 2 >B=>H5=88 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=KE 10:B5@89. 284C
MB>3> H. olivaceoalbus <>65B AB0BL ?5@A?5:B82=K< 8AB>G=8:>< 0=B818>B8:>2, =0?@02;5==KE 2
?5@2CN >G5@54L ?@>B82 B5E 10:B5@89, :>B>@K5

C65 ?@8>1@5;8 CAB>9G82>ABL :> <=>38< A>2@5<5==K< ?@5?0@0B0< (<5B8F8;;8=, F8?@>D;>:A0B8= 8 20=:><8F8=).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
@81 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 B@048F8>==>9 :8B09A:>9
<548F8=5 87-70 >1I53> >74>@>28B5;L=>3> MD-


178

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

D5:B0, >1CA;>2;5==>3> =0;8G85< 4-, 6- 8;8
4,5,6-B@8-O-0F5B8;>2 (383@>D>@>= B14).

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

%>@>H89 AJ54>1=K9 3@81, C?>B@51;O5BAO 2 ?8IC
2 A2565<, <0@8=>20==>< 8 A>;5=>< 2845.

;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 2  >AA88 =5 A>18@05BAO.

Hypholoma fasciculare (Curt. : Fr.) Qu�l.

>6=>>?5=>: A5@=>-65;BK9
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).

?8A0=85
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@K60O. @09 H;O?:8 G0AB> A E;>?L5284=K<8
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?>765 65;B>-75;5=K5 8, =0:>=5F, D8>;5B>2>G5@=K5. O:>BL A5@=>-65;B0O, A =52K@078B5;L=K< 8;8 =5?@8OB=K< 70?0E>< 8 3>@L:8< 2:CA><. >6:0 3 7 � 0,5 1 A<, ?>;0O, 65AB:0O, G0AB>
87>3=CB0O, A 2>;>:=8ABK<, 1KAB@> 8AG570NI8<
:>;LF><, 65;B0O, :=87C :>@8G=520O.
 0AB5B ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 8 ;5A>AB5?=>9 7>=5
 >AA88, =0 3=8NI59 4@525A8=5 ;8AB25==KE, @565
E2>9=KE ?>@>4 (15@570, 4C1, A>A=0, 5;L), 1>;LH8<8 ?CG:0<8, 8=>340 =0AG8BK20NI8<8 4> ?OB845AOB8 M:75<?;O@>2, A@>AH8EAO >A=>20=8O<8 =>65:. 09B8 53> <>6=> =0 ?=OE, AB2>;0E, :>@=OE
A0<KE @07;8G=KE 45@52L52, => 3;02=K< >1@07><
=0 :>@=OE A>A=K, 5;8, 1C:0, 4C10, 15@57K. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O ?> =>O1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
B AE>4=KE AJ54>1=KE 284>2   >?5=:0 ;5B=53>
(Kuehneromyces mutabilis), ;>6=>>?5=:0 A5@>?;0AB8=G0B>3> (H. capnoides) 8 ;>6=>>?5=:0
:8@?8G=>-:@0A=>3> (H. lateritium) >B;8G05BAO
3>@L:8< 2:CA>< <O:>B8 8 E0@0:B5@=>9 A5@=>65;B>9 >:@0A:>9 ?;0AB8=>: 8 ?;>4>2KE B5;.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; A>45@68B @07;8G=K5
18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=K5 25I5AB20, >1;040NI85
A>AC4>@0AH8@ONI8<, 35<>;8B8G5A:8<, D81@8=>;8B8G5A:8<, 0=B8<8:@>1=K< 8 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52K< 459AB285<.
1=0@C65==K9 M@3>AB5@>; O2;O5BAO ?@>28B0<8=>< 0=B8@0E8B=>3> 28B0<8=0 D. #AB0=>2;5=0 ?@>B82>@0:>20O 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N :
A0@:><5-180 8 :0@F8=><5 -@;8E0 =0 80 8 90 %
A>>B25BAB25==>.
5<0B>;8= >:07K205B F8B>B>:A8G5A:>5 459AB285 =0 28@CA 3@8??0.


179

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 ;>6=>>?5=>: A5@=>-65;BK9 @5:><5=4C5BAO :0: A;018B5;L=>5 8 @2>B=>5
A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB A25685 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0, 8A?>;L7CNB
4;O 2KH5C:070==KE F5;59 >B20@5==K<8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
 0=LH5 MB>B 3@81 AG8B0;AO ?@>AB> =5AJ54>1=K<,
B5?5@L 53> >B=>AOB : A;01>O4>28BK<, B. :. 8=>340 >= 2K7K205B 65;C4>G=K5 8 :8H5G=K5 :>;8:8.
>6=>>?5=>: A5@=>-65;BK9 >B;8G05BAO >B2@0B8B5;L=K< 3>@L:8< 2:CA>< 8 45;05B 3>@L:>9 ;N1CN ?8IC.

Hypholoma lateritium (Schaeff. : Fr.) Schroet.

>6=>>?5=>: :8@?8G=>-:@0A=K9
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 5-10 A< 2 480<5B@5, >:@C3;0O, A 2>7@0AB><
@0A?@>AB5@B0O, :8@?8G=>-:@0A=0O, G0AB> A 65;BK<, A5@K< 8;8 75;5=>20BK< >BB5=:><, ?> :@0N
=5@54:> A 15;K<8 E;>?LO<8. ;0AB8=:8 C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 70:@KBK ?5@5?>=G0BK< 15;>20B>65;BK< ?>:@K20;><, >=8 A5@>-65;B>3> F25B0, A
2>7@0AB>< AB0=>2OBAO 1;54=>-D8>;5B>2>-:>@8G=52K<8. O:>BL 65;B>20B0O, GCBL 3>@L:0O. >6:0
4> 10 A< 2KA>B>9, 4> 1,5 A< 2 480<5B@5, ?;>B=0O, :
>A=>20=8N >1KG=> AC65==0O 8 1C@>20B0O, 2 25@E=59 G0AB8 15;>20B>-65;B0O.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2 ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0 =0 <5@B2>9 4@525A8=5
;8AB25==KE 8 E2>9=KE ?>@>4. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O
4> =>O1@LA:8E 70<>@>7:>2.

!E>4=K5 284K
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Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) Kumm.

>;>:>==8F0 70>AB@5==0O
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" 

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" 

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" 

;070, CH8, =>A, 3>@;>, ;>:0;L=K5 MDD5:BK:
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M:75<K.

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Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pil. f. sterilis (Van.) Nikol.

'030
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15@57>2K9 3@81, G5@=K9 3@81.

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0780BA:8E 8 52@>?59A:8E AB@0=.

Laccaria laccata (Scop. : Fr.) Berk. et Br.

0:>28F0 @>7>20O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: ;0:>28F0 ;0:>20O, ;0:>28F0 1;5ABOI0O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3@810 1 6 A< 2 480<5B@5, ?>;C:@C3;0O,
2K?C:;0O 8;8 A;53:0 2402;5==0O, <OA8AB0O, A =5@>2=K<, A;01>@C1G0BK<, ;>?0AB=K<, @0AB@5A:820NI8<AO :@05<, @>7>20B>-1C@>20B0O, @>7>2>;8;>20O, 4> >E@O=>- 8;8 65;B>-@>7>2>9, 2 ACECN
?>3>4C 2KF25B0NI0O 4> A25B;>-15652>-@>7>20B>9 8;8 15;>20B>9. O:>BL 2>4O=8AB0O, >4=>3>
F25B0 A> H;O?:>9, B>=:0O, E@OI520B0O, A <O3:8<
2:CA><, 157 >A>1>3> 70?0E0. ;0AB8=:8 @54:85,
B>;ABK5, @>7>2K5, ?@8@>AH85 8;8 A;53:0 =8AE>4OI85, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 A25B;55. >6:0 4> 12 A<

2KA>B>9 8 4> 1 A< B>;I8=>9, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O,
F5=B@0;L=0O, G0AB> 87>3=CB0O, ?@>4>;L=>-2>;>:=8AB0O, ?>;0O, A=87C A 15;K< >?CH5=85<, >4=>3>
F25B0 A> H;O?:>9 8;8 B5<=55, :>@8G=520B0O.
@81 ;N18B ;5A=CN ?>4AB8;:C, @0AB5B 2 A25B;KE ;8AB25==KE 8 E2>9=KE ;5A0E, :CAB0@=8:0E, 2
?0@:0E 8 A040E, =0 ;C30E, G0AB> 2K@0AB05B =0 AD03=>2KE 1>;>B0E. ;>4>=>A8B A :>=F0 8N=O 4>
?5@2KE 70<>@>7:>2 (=0G0;> =>O1@O).


189

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0

 ACECN ?>3>4C 3@81 ?>E>6 =0 4@C385 AJ54>1=K5
;0:>28FK (;8;>2CN, AB@>9=CN), B0:65 2KF25B0NI85 4> A25B;>-@>7>2>-156520BKE >BB5=:>2.

 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 ?;>4>2KE B5; 2K45;5=K 0=B818>B8:8, >1;040NI85 0=B810:B5@80;L=>9 8 ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO A25659 (60@:0), ?>4E>48B 4;O
ACH:8.

Lactarius deliciosus (L. : Fr.) S. F. Gray

 K68: A>A=>2K9
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: @K68: =0AB>OI89, @K68: >1K:=>25==K9, @K68: 45;8:0B5A=K9, @K68: >A5==89,
@K68: 1;03>@>4=K9, @K68: 1>@>2>9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
#<5;> 70A>;5==K9 @K68: 87402=0 AG8B0;AO 87KA:0==K< 1;N4>< =5 B>;L:> 2  >AA88, => 8 70 @C156><. 0 #@0;5 2> 2@5<O 1>;LH>3> C@>60O MB8
3@81K A>;8;8 ?@O<> 2 ;5AC. ;O MB>3> 2K2>78;8
2 ;5A 2K?0@5==K5 A <>66525;L=8:>< :54@>2K5
1>G:8. 064K9 3@81 >1B8@0;8 ;L=O=K< ?>;>B5=F5< 8 >AB>@>6=> C:;04K20;8 ?;>B=K<8 @O40<8,
?5@5AK?0O :@C?=>9 A>;LN. > AB0@8==K< @5F5?B0< @K68:8 A;54C5B A>;8BL 2 4C1>2>9 ?>AC45 157
4>102;5=8O A?5F89, GB>1K A>E@0=8BL =5?>2B>@8<K9 2:CA 8 0@><0B.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 5 15 A<, A=0G0;0 ?>;CH0@>284=0O, 10@E0B8AB0O, 70B5< 2K?C:;0O A 7025@=CBK<
:@05<, 2K?C:;>-@0A?@>AB5@B0O, A;01> 2402;5==0O, A >?CI5==K< B>=:8< :@05<, ?>74=55 2>@>=G0B0O A ?@O<K< B>=:8< :@05<, @K6520B>->@0=6520O, :8@?8G=>-:@0A=0O 4> A5@>-:@0A=>9 8;8
A5@>20B>->;82:>2>9, A 1>;55 B5<=K<8 G5B:8<8
:>;LF52K<8 7>=0<8, 2> 2;06=CN ?>3>4C ;8?:0O.
;0AB8=:8 G0ABK5, >@0=652K5 4> >@0=652>-65;BKE, ?@8 =0402;820=88 <54;5==> 75;5=5NB. O:>BL 65;B>->@0=6520O, =0 A@575 1KAB@> :@0A=55B,
70B5< 75;5=55B, A ?@8OB=K< 2:CA><. ;5G=K9 A>:

>@0=652>- 8;8 <>@:>2=>-:@0A=K9, =0 2>74CE5
F25B =5 <5=O5B 8;8 ?>AB5?5==> AB0=>28BAO A5@>20B>-75;5=K<. >6:0 3 7 � 1 2 A<, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, G0AB> A >@0=652K<8 2402;5==K<8 ?OB=0<8,
>B ?@8:>A=>25=8O 75;5=55B.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A A>A=>9.  0AB5B =0 ?5AG0=KE ?>G20E 2 A>A=O:0E, =0 A>A=>2KE >?CH:0E,
2 ;5A0E A CG0AB85< A>A=K, 2 A>A=>2KE ?>A04:0E 8
25B@>70I8B=KE ;5A>?>;>A0E, 2 B@025, A@548 <E>2.
;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O 4> =0G0;0 =>O1@O.


190

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

!E>4=K5 284K

cerevisiae. #AB0=>2;5=>, GB> ?@>B82><8:@>1=>5
459AB285 500 <:3 A>:0 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; M:2820;5=B=> 459AB28N 10 <:3 ?5=8F8;;8=0.
=B8>:A840=B=>5 459AB285 <5B0=>;>2>3>
M:AB@0:B0 @K68:0 0=0;>38G=> B0:>2><C C H8@>:> ?@8<5=O5<>3> �-B>:>D5@>;0.
;03>40@O =0;8G8N ?>;8A0E0@84>2 8 D5@<5=B0 B8@>78=07K, =59B@0;87CNI8E ?@>F5AA >:8A;5=8O 68@>2 2 >@30=87<5, 3@81 =>@<0;87C5B >1<5= 25I5AB2 8 >:07K205B ;5G51=>5 459AB285 ?@8
53> =0@CH5=88.
;O 3@810 E0@0:B5@=> 8 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>5
459AB285 (B>@<>78B @>AB 8 @0728B85 A0@:><K-180
8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0).

 K68: 5;>2K9 (L. deterrimus) >B;8G05BAO 75;5=K<8 B>=0<8 H;O?:8 8 ?;0AB8=>: 8 @0AB5B ?>4
5;O<8. 7 42CE 4@C38E 2=5H=5 1;87:8E, => >G5=L
@54:8E C =0A @K68:>2   ?8EB>2K9 (8;8 ;>A>A52K9) @K68: (L. salmonicolor) >B;8G05BAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L B5<, GB> @0AB5B ?>4 ?8EB0<8, 0 :@>202>-:@0A=K9 @K68: (L. sanguifluus) @0AB5B ?>4
A>A=0<8 8 >B;8G05BAO A>:>< :@>202>-:@0A=>3>, 0
=5 <>@:>2=>3> F25B0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

@81 >B;8G05BAO A0<K< 2KA>:8< A@548 ?@>G8E AJ54>1=KE 284>2 A>45@60=85< 28B0<8=0 .  @K68:5
A>45@68BAO 16 0<8=>:8A;>B, 2 B. G. 8 =570<5=8<KE.
@81 >B;8G05BAO 2KA>:8< A>45@60=85< 3;NB0<8=0
(4> 5 % >B <0AAK ?;>4>2>3> B5;0), G5< >1JOA=O5BAO
53> 2KA>:>45;8:0B5A=K9 2:CA. C4CG8 2K@0I5==K< 2 ?>3@C65==>9 :C;LBC@5, <8F5;89 A>A=>2>3>
@K68:0 ?@>4CF8@C5B A<5AL 68@=KE :8A;>B 8 8=K5
18>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK (E@><0=-4->=, 0=>D8=>20O :8A;>B0, 3-384@>:A80F5B8;8=4>;, M@3>AB5@>;, F8:;8G5A:85 48?5?B84K 8 4@.).
I5 2 !!!  87 @K68:0 1K; ?>;CG5= 0=B818>B8G5A:89 ?@5?0@0B �0:B0@>28>;8=�, >1;040NI89 0=B810:B5@80;L=K<8 A2>9AB20<8, 0=B8>:A840=B=>9 0:B82=>ABLN 8 B>@<>7OI89 @>AB
BC15@:C;57=>9 ?0;>G:8.
5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE
B5; >:07K205B 0=B810:B5@80;L=>5 8 ?@>B82>3@81:>2>5 459AB285, ?>402;OO Escherichia coli,
Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus,
Salmonella thyphi, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, Mycobacterium
smegmatis, Candida albicans 8 Saccharomyces

!0<K9 2:CA=K9 87 @K68:>2 8, A>>B25BAB25==>,
87 2A5E <;5G=8:>2. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 60@:8, 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. 0: 70:CA:0 : 2>4:5 C?>B@51;O5BAO AK@K< (?>AK?0==K< A>;LN). !>;OB
MB8 3@81K 157 2K<0G820=8O, B>;L:> >G8I0O >B
;5A=>3> <CA>@0.

 XIX XX 25:0E 8A?>;L7>20;AO 2 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 :0: ?@>B82>BC15@:C;57=>5 A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

 K68: ?8EB>2K9.


191

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Lactarius deterrimus Groeger

 K68: 5;>2K9
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: @K68: 75;5=K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 5 15 A<, >@0=6520O, 1>;55
8;8 <5=55 7>=0;L=0O, G0AB> A 75;5=K<8 8;8 :>@8G=52K<8 ?OB=0<8, >A>15==> 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, A 2>7@0AB>< F5;8:>< A5@>20B>-75;5=0O,
2> 2;06=CN ?>3>4C A;878AB0O. ;0AB8=:8 >@0=652K5, A 2>7@0AB>< A 75;5=K<8 ?OB=0<8, C7:85,
=8AE>4OI85. >6:0 >@0=6520O, G0AB> 75;5=0O
8;8 3>;C1>20B>-75;5=0O, :>@>B:0O, B>;AB0O, ?;>B=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< ?>;0O. :CA <O:>B8 GCBL >AB@K9.
;5G=K9 A>: <>@:>2=>-:@0A=K9, =0 2>74CE5 G5@57 10 15 <8=CB AB0=>28BAO 28==>-:@0A=K<, 70B5< 75;5=55B.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2 5;L=8:0E, =0 5;>2KE >?CH:0E, 2 ;5A0E A CG0AB85< 5;8. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O ?> =>O1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
!<. @K68: A>A=>2K9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!>3;0A=> ?>A;54=8< 8AA;54>20=8O<, 3C09O=>2K5
A5A:28B5@?5=K, 1;03>40@O :>B>@K< A>: @K68:>2 8<55B A2>N E0@0:B5@=CN >@0=652>-:@0A=CN
>:@0A:C, >1;040NB 0=B818>B8G5A:>9, ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 8 8<<C=>AB8<C;8@CNI59 0:B82=>ABLN.  @K68:5 5;>2>< ?@8ACBAB2CNB 8 4@C385
18>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK: 07C;5= (11,12-4838-

4@>;0:B0@8>28>;8=), ;5:B8=, B@8?B0<8=, <5;0=8=, B@8?B>D0=, 8=4>;8;C:ACA=0O :8A;>B0 8 4@.
5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;
L. deterrimus ?>:070; 0=B8<8:@>1=CN 0:B82=>ABL
?> >B=>H5=8N : Escherichia coli, Micrococcus
luteus, Stapylococcus aureus, Salmonella thyphi,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus cereus, B.
megaterium, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida
albicans 8 Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
=B8>:A840=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL <5B0=>;>2>3>
M:AB@0:B0 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K M:2820;5=B=0
459AB28N �-B>:>D5@>;0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 XIX XX 25:0E 8A?>;L7>20;AO 2 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 :0: ?@>B82>BC15@:C;57=>5 A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
5A:>;L:> CABC?05B A>A=>2><C @K68:C ?> ?;>B=>AB8, 3010@8B0< 8 2:CAC, 2 >AB0;L=>< 845=B8G5=
5<C 2 :C;8=0@=>< A<KA;5.


192

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Lactarius piperatus (Fr.) S. F. Gray

@C74L ?5@5G=K9
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <;5G=8: ?5@5G=K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 15;0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B0O 8;8 A 1C@>20BK<8 ?OB=0<8, 157 :>=F5=B@8G5A:8E 7>=,
480<5B@>< 5 20 A<, <OA8AB0O, ?;>B=0O, A=0G0;0
?;>A:0O, A 7025@=CBK< :@05<, ?>B>< 2>3=CB0O, <0B>20O, =5>?CH5==0O, ACE0O. O:>BL 3@C10O, ?;>B=0O, 15;0O, =0 @07@575 AB0=>28BAO 3>;C1>20B>-A8=59, A >AB@K< ?5@5G=K< 2:CA>< 8 A;01K< 70?0E><
@60=>3> E;510. ;5G=K9 A>: >G5=L >18;L=K9,
63CG89, 15;K9, =0 2>74CE5 3>;C155B 8;8 65;B55B1.
;0AB8=:8 15;K5 8;8 :@5<>2K5, >G5=L G0ABK5,
C7:85. >6:0 5 8 � 1 2,5 A<, ?;>B=0O, 3;04:0O, 15;0O, 8=>340 A 65;B>20BK<8 ?OB=0<8.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= 2 C<5@5==>9 8 ;5A>AB5?=>9
7>=5  >AA88, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 4C1><, 15@57>9 8 5;LN, =0A5;O5B ;8AB25==K5 8 A<5H0==K5
;5A0 A CG0AB85< MB8E ?>@>4. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 
>:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
!:@8?8F0 (L. vellereus) >B;8G05BAO 1C@5NI8< =0
2>74CE5 <;5G=K< A>:>< 8 @54:8<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8.
@C74L ?5@30<5=B=K9 (Lactarius pergamenus) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 4;8==>9 =>6:>9 8 <>@I8=8AB>9
H;O?:>9. 5;K9 ?>43@C74>: (Russula delica) >B;8G05BAO >BACBAB285< <;5G=>3> A>:0 8 =554:>9
<O:>BLN (?;0AB8=:8 54:85).

1

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
>@OG89 2>4=K9 M:AB@0:B L. piperatus ?>:070;
?@>B82>@0:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL, 8=3818@CO A0@:><C-180, :0@F8=><C -@;8E0 8 ;53>G=CN 045=><C
LN8A0.
5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;
?>:070; 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 B0:8E ?0B>35=>2, :0: Escherichia coli, Proteus
vulgaris 8 Mycobacterium smegmatis, 8 >BACBAB285 ?@>B82>3@81:>2>9 0:B82=>AB8 ?> >B=>H5=8N Candia albicans. 5402=85 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5
8AA;54>20=8O CAB0=>28;8, GB> C@>25=L 0=B8<8:@>1=>9 0:B82=>AB8 A8;L=> 7028A8B >B 2>7@0AB0
?;>4>2KE B5;, =081>;55 2KA>: C <>;>4KE 3@81>2
8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 >BACBAB2C5B C 7@5;KE 3@81>2, =0G8=0NI8E @0AA5820BL A?>@K.
-B> 65 >B=>A8BAO 8 : 0=B8>:A840=B=>9 0:B82=>AB8, 2KA>:>9 C <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 8
=87:>9 C AB0@KE. =B8>:A840=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL
?5@5G=>3> 3@C74O 2K@0605BAO 2 A=865=88 G8A;0
A2>1>4=KE @048:0;>2, 8=3818@>20=88 >:A840B82=>3> 35<>;870 2 M@8B@>F8B0E 8 8=3818@>20=88 ;8?84=>9 ?5@>:A840F88.

=>340 D>@<0 A 3>;C15NI8< =0 2>74CE5 A>:>< 2K45;O5BAO 2 A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9 284 3@C74L A87>20BK9 (L. glaucescens).


193

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 3@81 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O @0AA;01;5=8O <KHF 8 A=OB8O <KH5G=KE AC4>@>3.
  >AA88 <;5G=K9 A>: ?5@5G=>3> 3@C74O ?@8<5=O;AO 4;O 2K2545=8O 1>@>402>: 8 ?@8 >AB@><
3=>9=>< :>=JN=:B828B5 (?@8:;04K20;8 B@O?>G:C, A<>G5==CN <;5G=K< A>:><), 0 A;53:0
?>460@5==K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0   ?@8 ?>G5G=>- 8
65;G=>:0<5==>9 1>;57=OE. 725AB=K ?>?KB:8
?@8<5=5=8O 3@810 2 XIX 25:5 ?@>B82 BC15@:C;570
(AG8B05BAO, GB> =5MDD5:B82=K5).

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

;5G=K9 A>: ?5@5G=>3> 3@C74O.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

205BAO 8/8;8 2K<0G8205BAO. 0 02:075 8=>340
ACH0B, @0AB8@0NB 2 ?>@>H>: 8 8A?>;L7CNB 2 :0G5AB25 63CG59 ?@8?@02K 2<5AB> ?5@F0.

A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. ;O
C40;5=8O 63CG53> 2:CA0 ?@5420@8B5;L=> >B20@8-

Lactarius repraesentaneus Britz.

@C74L A8=5NI89
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3@C74L A>10G89, 3@C74L 65;BK9 A8=5NI89, 3@C74L 7>;>B8AB>-65;BK9 ;8;>25NI89.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
7 3@810 1K;8 2K45;5=K A?5F8D8G5A:85 25I5AB20, A?>A>1=K5 @53C;8@>20BL @>AB @0AB5=89.
-B8 A>548=5=8O, >B=>AOI85AO : A5A:28B5@?5=>840< 8 ?>;CG82H85 =0720=8O @5?@575=B8=K A, B
8 C, AB8<C;8@CNB C4;8=5=85 :>@=59 A5O=F52 A0;0B=>9 :0?CABK 2 1,5 2 @070. K45;5==K5 2 2006
3>4C @5?@575=B8=K D, E 8 F E0@0:B5@87CNBAO 5I5
1>;55 A8;L=K< @>AB>2K< 2>7459AB285< =0 :>@=52CN A8AB5<C @0AB5=89.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 7 20 A<, B>;AB><OA8AB0O, @0A?@>AB5@B0O 8 2 A5@548=5 2402;5==0O, 65;B>20B0O,
A> A;01>70<5B=K<8 :>=F5=B@8G5A:8<8 7>=0<8, A
B>@G0I8<8 2>;>A:0<8, ?> :@0O< <>E=0B0O, 2 AK@CN
?>3>4C A;878AB0O, ?@8 =0402;820=88 ;8;>255B. O:>BL 15;0O, ?;>B=0O, GCBL 3>@L:>20B0O, <;5G=K9 A>:

15;K9, =0 2>74CE5 AB0=>28BAO ;8;>2K<. ;0AB8=:8
G0ABK5, C7:85, 1;54=>-65;BK5, ?@8 =0402;820=88 A
B5<=K<8 ?OB=0<8. >6:0 3 10 � 1 3 A<, 1;54=>-


194

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

;>25NI89 =0 2>74CE5 <;5G=K9 A>: 45;0NB MB>B
3@C74L =5?>E>68< =0 4@C385 <;5G=8:8. 081>;55 1;87:89 ?> 2=5H=5<C 284C 3@C74L 65;BK9 (L.
scrobiculatus) >B;8G05BAO 15;K< <;5G=K< A>:><,
AB0=>2OI8<AO =0 2>74CE5 O@:>-65;BK<, 8 >BACBAB285< ?>A8=5=8O 2 :0:>< 1K B> =8 1K;> <5AB5
8 2845.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
;>4>2K5 B5;0 ?>:070;8 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Staphylococcus aureus.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
65;B0O, A ?OB=0<8, 2=CB@8 @KE;0O, ?@8 A>7@520=88 ?>;0O, >B ?@8:>A=>25=8O A8=55B.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 8 0@:B8G5A:>9 7>=5  >AA88, =0A5;O5B AK@K5 ;8AB25==K5 8
A<5H0==K5 ;5A0, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 15@57>9 8
82>9, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 :0@;8:>2K<8, 0 B0:65 A 5;LN.
;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
5;BK9 F25B ?;>4>2>3> B5;0, ;8;>25NI53> 2
<5AB0E =0402;820=8O 8 ?>2@5645=8O, 0 B0:65 ;8-

5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O 157
?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. =>340, B0:8
?@5420@8B5;L=> >B20@82, 3@81 60@OB.

Lactarius resimus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr.

@C74L =0AB>OI89
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3@C74L 15;K9, 3@C74L AK@>9, 3@C74L <>:@K9, ?@02A:89 3@C74L.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
 2@>?5 3@81 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =58725AB5= 8;8 AG8B05BAO =5AJ54>1=K<, 2  >AA88 65 B@048F8>==> AG8B05BAO >4=8< 87 ;CGH8E 3@81>2. >A;5 C40;5=8O
3>@5G8 845B =0 70A>;:C, A>;5=K5 3@81K ?@8>1@5B0NB 3>;C1>20BK9 >BB5=>:, <OA8ABK, A>G=K 8 >1;040NB >A>1K< 0@><0B><.  AB0@8=C 3@C74L =0AB>OI89
AG8B0;AO 548=AB25==K< 3@81><, 3>4=K< 2 70A>;,
53> =07K20;8 �F0@5< 3@81>2�. ">;L:> 2 0@3>?>;LA:>< C5745 5653>4=> A>18@0;8 4> 150 BKAOG ?C4>2
@K68:>2 8 3@C7459 8 A>;5=K<8 2K2>78;8 2 5B5@1C@3. 725AB5= ?5@5G5=L 1;N4 =0 720=>< >1545
17 <0@B0 1699 3>40 C ?0B@80@E0 4@80=0: �& B@8
?8@>30 4>;385 A 3@810<8, 420 ?8@>6:0 A 3@C74O-


195

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

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 0A?@>AB@0=5= 2 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2
15@57=O:0E, ;5A0E A CG0AB85< 15@57K, =5 G0AB>, =>
<5AB0<8 >18;L=>. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
5A<>B@O =0 =0;8G85 <=>38E 4@C38E 15;>3> F25B0
<;5G=8:>2, =0AB>OI89 3@C74L A;8H:>< E0@0:B5@5=, GB>1K 53> <>6=> 1K;> A G5<-B> ?5@5?CB0BL.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5 87CG5=K.
<8, 3@81K E>;>4=K5 ?>4 E@5=><, 3@C748 E>;>4=K5
A <0A;><, 3@C748 3@5BK5 A A>:>< 40 <0A;><& � 0:
284=>, 2> 2@5<O ?>AB0 3;02=K< C:@0H5=85< AB>;0
1K;8 2A52>7<>6=K5 1;N40 87 3@C7459.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 :@C?=0O, 480<5B@>< 10- 20 A<, A=0G0;0
15;0O, >:@C3;>-2K?C:;0O 8;8 ?>GB8 ?;>A:0O, ?>B>< 2>@>=:>284=0O, A 7025@=CBK< 2=87 <>E=0BK< :@05<, A;01>-65;B>20B0O, A 5420 70<5B=K<8
2>4O=8ABK<8 :>;LF52K<8 7>=0<8. >25@E=>ABL
H;O?:8 2 AK@CN ?>3>4C >G5=L A;878AB0O. O:>BL
3@810 15;0O, ?;>B=0O, <OA8AB0O, C?@C30O, A ?@8OB=K< A?5F8D8G5A:8< 0@><0B><. ;5G=K9 A>:
15;K9, >AB@K9, 3>@L:89, =0 2>74CE5 A@07C AB0=>28BAO A5@=>-65;BK<. ;0AB8=:8 15;K5 8;8 :@5<>2K5, A 65;B>20BK< :@05<, H8@>:85, @54:85.
>6:0 :@5?:0O, @>2=0O, 3 5 � 1,5 3 A<, 3>;0O, 15-

Lactarius rufus (Fr.) S. F. Gray

>@L:CH:0
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <;5G=8: ?5@5G=K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 4 12 A<, ?;>A:>-2K?C:;0O, A
7025@=CBK< 2=CB@L :@05<, A 2>7@0AB>< 2402;5==0O
4> 3;C1>:>2>@>=:>284=>9, A 2KABC?0NI8< F5=B@0;L=K< 1C3>@:><, <OA8AB0O, ACE0O, B5<=>-:@0A=>-:>@8G=520O, G0AB> A E0@0:B5@=K< H5;:>28ABK<
1;5A:><. ;0AB8=:8 C7:85, G0ABK5, A=0G0;0 1;54=>-:@0A=>20B>-65;BK5, 70B5< 1C@K5, 2 AB0@>AB8 A

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 @CAA:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7C5BAO
?@8 701>;520=8OE 65;C4:0 8 1;5==>@55 (>AB@K9
3=>9=K9 :>=JN=:B828B).

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NBAO <>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0, ?@8<5=ONBAO >B20@5==K<8 157 A>;8 (65;C4>G=K5 701>;520=8O). ;O ;5G5=8O 1;5==>@58 A>18@05BAO
<;5G=K9 A>:.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!G8B05BAO A0<K< 2:CA=K< 87 3@C7459. "@51C5B
?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O 8/8;8 2K<0G820=8O, 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O,
8=>340 4;O 60@:8 (?>A;5 >B20@820=8O).


196

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

!E>4=K5 284K
B ?@>G8E AE>4=> >:@0H5==KE <;5G=8:>2 >B;8G05BAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 63CG8< 2:CA>< 8 E0@0:B5@=K< 1C3>@:>< 2 F5=B@5 H;O?:8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!?8@B>2>9 M:AB@0:B 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;
3>@L:CH:8 ?@>O2;O5B 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella
thyphi 8 S. paratyphi.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
15;>20BK< =0;5B><, 2 <5AB0E =04;><0 >18;L=> 2K45;ONB <;5G=K9 A>:. O:>BL A=0G0;0 15;>20B0O,
70B5< ?0;520O, 65;B>20B0O 8;8 A :@0A=>20BK< >BB5=:><, A =5A8;L=K< 70?0E>< A<>;8AB>9 4@525A8=K. ;5G=K9 A>: 2>4O=8AB>-15;K9, G@572KG09=>
63CG5-54:89, >G5=L >18;L=K9, =0 2>74CE5 >:@0A:C
=5 87<5=O5B. >6:0 1 2 � 4 10 A<, >1KG=> =5A:>;L:> A25B;55 H;O?:8, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, 8=>340
274CB0O, 2 >A=>20=88 15;>20B0O 8 A >?CH5=85<, A
2>7@0AB>< ?>;0O.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 A525@=>9 8 A@54=59 G0AB8 ;5A=>9 7>=K  >AA88, ?>2AN4C G0AB>
8 >18;L=>. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A A>A=>9, 5;LN,
?8EB>9, 15@57>9 8 ;5I8=>9, G0AB> 2AB@5G05BAO =0
1>;>B0E. ;>4>=>A8B 2 <05 =>O1@5.

Lactarius vellereus (Fr.) Fr.

!:@8?8F0
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3@C74L ACE>9, 3@C74L
2>9;>G=K9, A:@8?C=, A:@8?CE0.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 6 25 A<, >G5=L <OA8AB0O, ?;>B=0O, ?;>A:0O, ?>765 2>@>=:>284=0O, A;01>>?CH5==0O, <>;>G=>-15;0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B>15;0O 8 A 65;BK<8 ?OB=0<8, 157 :>=F5=B@8G5A:8E
7>=, ACE0O, A 7025@=CBK<8 2=CB@L :@0O<8. O:>BL
?;>B=0O, B>;AB0O, 65AB:0O, A:@8?CG0O, 15;0O, >G5=L
3>@L:0O. ;5G=K9 A>: >18;L=K9, 63CG5-54:89,
15;K9, =0 2>74CE5 <54;5==> 65;B55B. ;0AB8=:8
=8AE>4OI85, 15;K5 8;8 :@5<>2K5, =5G0ABK5, B>;-

 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
>@L:CH:0   A0<K9 54:89 87 2A5E ?@>87@0AB0NI8E C =0A <;5G=8:>2. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 70A>;:8
8 <0@8=>20=8O ?>A;5 4;8B5;L=>3> ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> 2K<0G820=8O.


197

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

ABK5. >6:0 :>@>B:0O 8 B>;AB0O, 3 10 � 1,5-3,5 A<,
?;>B=0O, >4=>F25B=0O A> H;O?:>9.
> 2A59 A@54=59 8 A525@=>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5, :@><5 @09=53> !525@0. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 15@57>9, A5;8BAO 2 ;N1KE ;5A0E A 55 CG0AB85<. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5->:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
B ?5@5G=>3> 3@C74O (L. piperatus) >B;8G05BAO
3>@074> 1>;55 @54:8<8 ?;0AB8=:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!?8@B>2>9 M:AB@0:B 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:07K205B ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=CN 8 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN 0:B82=>ABL.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 ?@8<5=ONB =0@C6=> 4;O ;5G5=8O ;N<103>, 1>;59 8 >=5<5=8O 2 :>=5G=>ABOE, 48A:><D>@B0 2 ACE>68;8OE
8 :>ABOE.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 2 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15=.  54:> ?>@0605BAO =0A5:><K<8. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O ?>A;5
42CE- 8;8 B@5E4=52=>3> 2K<0G820=8O.

Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr.

>;>G09
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3@C74L :@0A=>-:>@8G=52K9, ?>4<>;>G=8:, ?>4>@5H=8:.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 <OA8AB0O, ?;>B=0O, 6 10 (4> 15) A< 2
480<5B@5, ?;>A:>2K?C:;0O, 2 F5=B@5 =5<=>3>
2>@>=:>284=0O, 2402;5==0O, 3>;0O, ACE0O, :@0A=>20B>-1C@0O 8;8 65;B>-1C@0O, 8=>340 @0AB@5A:820NI0OAO. O:>BL 15;0O, =0 @07@575 1C@5NI0O, 2:CA ?@5A=K9. ;5G=K9 A>: >G5=L >18;L=K9,
;8?:89, 15;K9, =0 2>74CE5 1C@55B, 70B5< 45;05BAO
G5@=K< 8 BO3CG8<, =0 2:CA A;04:>20BK9. ;0AB8=:8 A=0G0;0 65;B>20BK5, 70B5< :>@8G=520BK5, B>=:85, G0ABK5, ?@8 =0402;820=88 1C@5NB. >6:0
6 10 � 1 2,5 A<, @>2=0O 8;8 =5A:>;L:> 274CB0O ?>A5@548=5, >4=>3> F25B0 A> H;O?:>9 8;8 =5<=>3>
A25B;55 55.
AB@5G05BAO 2 A@54=59 8 N6=>9 ;5A=>9 ?>;>A5  >AA88. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A ;5I8=>9 8 4C1><, @565 A 5;LN, =0A5;O5B E2>9=K5 8 ;8AB25==K5


198

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

=> =0720BL 2>;5<>;84   ?@>872>4=>5 >1KG=>3>
3@81=>3> M@3>AB5@>;0, 4@C385 AB5@>;K, @0=55 =58725AB=K5 =0C:5 A@548 3@81>2 8 E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O
<O3:8E :>@0;;>2 8 <>@A:8E 3C1>:, 0 B0:65 2>;5<8B>;, A5<8C3;5@>4=K9 A0E0@=K9 A?8@B, 4> MB>3>
8725AB=K9 4;O @0AB5=89 8 2>4>@>A;59.
-B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;
3@810 ?>:070; 0=B8@0:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO @>AB 8 @0ABO65=85 A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0, 0 B0:65 2KA>:CN 0=B8>:A840=B=CN
0:B82=>ABL.
 B:0=OE 3@810 A@548 ?@>G8E AB5@>84>2 >1=0@C65= :>@B87>=, 8A?>;L7CNI89AO :0: ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 8 ?@>B82>@52<0B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2>.
;5A0 A 8E CG0AB85<, @0AB5B =0 ?>G25 8;8 A8;L=>
@07;>682H59AO 4@525A8=5, >48=>G=> 8 =51>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8, 2AN4C 4>AB0B>G=> @54>: 8 =5
>18;5=. "O3>B55B : N3C. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
;5G=8: =554:89 (L. mitissimus), <;5G=8: A5@>-@>7>2K9 (L. helvus) 8 4@C385 AE>4=> >:@0H5==K5 =53>@L:85 284K <;5G=8:>2 <5;LG5 ?>
@07<5@0<, A 3;04:>9, =5@0AB@5A:820NI59AO :>68F59 H;O?:8 8 157 AB>;L E0@0:B5@=> 87<5=ONI53>AO <;5G=>3> A>:0.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E <>;>G0O >1=0@C65= F5;K9 @O4
18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE 25I5AB2. !@548 =8E <>6-

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 <;5G=K9 A>: <>;>G0O
?@8<5=O5BAO :0: =0@C6=>5 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>5
A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 G8A;5 ;5:0@AB25==KE A>18@05BAO A>: A2568E
3@81>2 4;O =5?>A@54AB25==>3> ?@8<5=5=8O (1KAB@> A2>@0G8205BAO).

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
48= 87 =5<=>38E A>25@H5==> =53>@L:8E <;5G=8:>2. > 2:CAC =5 CABC?05B 3@C74N, 60;L, GB>
2AB@5G05BAO 2A5 @565 8 @565. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O
60@:8, 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. @5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O 8 2K<0G820=8O =5 B@51C5B.

Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull. : Fr.) Bond. et Sing.

"@CB>28: A5@=>-65;BK9
!5<59AB2>: $5>;>2K5 (Phaeolaceae).

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
(8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 4@52>@07@CH0NI89
3@81-?0@078B, ?>@060NI89 ;8AB25==K5 8 E2>9=K5 ?>@>4K 45@52L52. K7K205B :@0A=>-1C@CN
45AB@C:B82=CN AB2>;>2CN 3=8;L, :@0A=>-1C@CN
?@87<0B8G5A:CN O4@>2CN 3=8;L. >@0605B ?@58<CI5AB25==> O4@>2CN G0ABL AB2>;0 45@520, @565
701>;>=L. !B2>;>20O 3=8;L @0728205BAO >1KG=>

C AB0@KE 45@52L52. 5 ?@>BO65==>ABL A>AB02;O5B >:>;> 3 <, => <>65B 4>AB830BL 8 20 <. @8
A8;L=>< @0728B88 3=8;8 C ?>@065==KE 45@52L52
A=0G0;0 CAKE0NB 25B28, 70B5< CAKE05B 2A5 45@52>.
0@065=85 3=8;LN ?@>8AE>48B G5@57 >1;><0==K5 ACGLO, >6>38 8 @0=K =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 AB2>;>2. @81 A?>A>15= ?@>4>;60BL A2>5 @0728B85 =0
<5@B2>9 4@525A8=5 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B ?>A;5 3815;8 45@520.


199

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

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%0@0:B5@=K9 B@CB>28:, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2. =>340 3@81K, @0ABCI85 =0 5;8, A>A=5, B8A5
8 ;8AB25==8F5, @0AA<0B@820NB :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9 284 B@CB>28: A5@=>-65;BK9 E2>9=K9
(L.conifericola), 0 3@81K, @0ABCI85 =0 M2:0;8?B0E   :0: B@CB>28: A5@=>-65;BK9 8;15@BA>=0
(L. gilbertsonii).

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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>1;0405B :0: 35<>;8B8G5A:8<, B0: 8 35<033;NB8=0B82=K< 459AB285<. ;03>40@O MB><C A2>9AB2C
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:;5B>: @0:0 65;C4:0 Kato III 8 <85;>84=>9 ;59:5<88 HL-60.
!5@=>-65;BK9 B@CB>28: >1;0405B 2K@065==K< 0=B8<8:@>1=K< 8 ?@>B82>28@CA=K< 459AB285<. 8F5;80;L=K9 M:AB@0:B ?>402;O5B <0;O@89=K9 ?;07<>489 (Plasmodium falciparum).
-:AB@0:B CAB>9G82 : <5B8F8;8=C Staphylococcus
aureus, B>:A8G5= 4;O Escherichia coli. >:070=0
0:B82=>ABL M:AB@0:B0 3;C18==>9 <8F5;80;L=>9
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>4=><C 87 3;02=KE 2>71C48B5;59 2>A?0;5=8O <>G52KE :0=0;>2 ?@8 D81@>70E. @>2545==K5 M:A?5@8<5=BK ?>:070;8 8=3818@>20=85 >1@0B=>9


200

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201

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Langermannia gigantea (Pers.) Rostk.

>64528: 3830=BA:89
!5<59AB2>: >64528:>2K5 (Lycoperdaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3>;>20G 3830=BA:89.

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202

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!E>4=K5 284K

;53:8E, BC15@:C;57=>9 8=B>:A8:0F88, ?;52@8B0E,
1@>=E80;L=>9 0AB<5.

> 27@>A;>< A>AB>O=88 AB>;L :@C?=K9 3@81 ?5@5?CB0BL A 4@C38<8 4>64528:0<8 =52>7<>6=>. >;>4K5, 5I5 =5:@C?=K5 ;0=35@<0==88 ?>E>68 =0
=57@5;K9 <8F5=0AB@C< :>68ABK9 (Mycenastrum
corium), :>B>@K9 ?@8 A>7@520=88 @07@K205BAO
A25@EC 72574>>1@07=>, G5< E>@>H> >B;8G05BAO >B
3830=BA:>3> 4>64528:0.

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203

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=53> A=8<0NB >1>;>G:C. >;>40O B25@40O 8 15;0O
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5 <>6=> 60@8BL, :0: 18DHB5:A, >120;O2 2 ACE0@OE 1>;LH85 B>=:85 :CA:8.
5?;>E> ?>;CG05BAO 3@81, 60@5==K9 2 B5AB5.
"5AB> 3>B>2OB, :0: 4;O >;04L52. ><B8:8 3@810
>1<0:820NB 2 =53> 8 60@OB A >158E AB>@>= =0

;N1>< <0A;5. 0@8BL MB>B 4>64528: =5 AB>8B,
?>A:>;L:C 2> 2@5<O 20@:8 >= 2?8BK205B 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 2>4K 8 AB0=>28BAO ?>E>68< =0
<>:@CN B@O?:C. @5:@0A=> ?>4E>48B 4;O ACH:8.
!>E=5B >= ;53:>, 8, A20@5==K9, 405B ?@>7@0G=K9
A25B;K9 >B20@ A 3@81=K< 2:CA><.

Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.) Kotl. et Pouzar

"@CB>28: ;8AB25==8G=K9
!5<59AB2>: "@CB>28:>2K5 (Fomitaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ;8AB25==8G=0O 3C1:0, B@CB 15;K9, 10:0.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
"@CB>28: ;8AB25==8G=K9   MB> C=8:0;L=K9
3@81, 8725AB=K9 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5= 8<5==>
:0: ;5:0@AB2>. @81 >G5=L F5=8;AO 4@52=8<8 3@5:0<8, F5;K<8 :>@01;O<8 2K2>782H8<8 53> 4;O
A2>8E :>;>=89.   >AA88 >= A;C68; =5 B>;L:>
F5;51=K< A@54AB2><, => 8 1K; ?@81K;L=K< B>20@><. ">;L:> 2 1870 3.  >AA8O M:A?>@B8@>20;0 2
2@>?C 8 B>== ACH5=>3> B@CB>28:0. 03>B02;820;0AL ;8AB25==8G=0O 3C1:0 2 >A=>2=>< 2 !818@8.
 =0G0;5 ?@>H;>3> AB>;5B8O, : ?@8<5@C, 2 >4=><
B>;L:> NA>-#@N?8=A:>< ;5A=8G5AB25 703>B02;820;8 5653>4=> >:>;> 100 ?C4>2 MB>3> B@CB>28:0. 725AB=K G5BK@5 >A=>2=KE =0?@02;5=8O
?@8<5=5=8O B@CB>28:0: 2K2>4 B>:A8=>2 8 :0=F5@>35=>2 87 >@30=87<0; 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 ?5G5=8
8 55 =>@<0;L=>9 @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8, A=865=85
C@>2=O A0E0@0 2 :@>28 8, :0: A;54AB285, ?@82545=85 25A0 G5;>25:0 2 =>@<C; ;5G5=85 ;53>G=KE
701>;520=89 >B ?;52@8B0 4> BC15@:C;570 8 7;>:0G5AB25==KE >?CE>;59 ;53:8E 8 1@>=E>2; ;5G5=85
70?>@>2 8 48A10:B5@8>70.
$0:C;LB0B82=K9 ?0@078B, 2K7K20NI89 1C@CN
AB2>;>2CN 3=8;L.

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 <=>3>;5B=85, A84OG85, >48=>G=K5, :>?KB>>1@07=K5 8;8 2KBO=CBK5 225@E, ?>GB8 F8;8=4@8G5A:85, B>;ABK5, ?;>B=K5 8 B25@4K5,
A 2>7@0AB>< ;><:85, 3-20 � 5-20 � 4-40 A<. >25@E=>ABL H5@>E>20B0O, :>=F5=B@8G5A:8-1>@>74G0B0O, A 1;54=K<8, 15;>20BK<8, 65;BK<8 8

:>@8G=52>-1C@K<8 7>=0<8, 8=>340 H8H:>20B0O,
A B>=:>9, A8;L=> @0AB@5A:820NI59AO :>@:>9.
@09 BC?>9, 70:@C3;5==K9, >4=>3> F25B0 A 25@E=59 ?>25@E=>ABLN. O:>BL <O3:0O 2 A2565< A>AB>O=88, ?>74=55 B25@45NI0O, :@>H0I0OAO 8
@KE;0O, ;53:0O, 15;0O 8;8 65;B>20B0O, 3>@L:0O, A
<CG=8ABK< 70?0E><. "@C1>G:8 =5OA=> A;>8ABK5,
>4=>3> F25B0 A B:0=LN, 0,5 1 A< 4;8=>9 2 :064><
A;>5. >25@E=>ABL A?>@>=>A=>3> A;>O 15;0O 4>
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A F5;L=K<8, A> 2@5<5=5< AB0=>2OI8<8AO @07>@20==K<8 :@0O<8, 2 A@54=5< 3 5 =0 1 << (8=>340
4> 1 << 2 480<5B@5).
5A=>9 284, @0ABCI89 =0 E2>9=KE ?>@>40E 2
AB0@>2>7@0AB=KE ;5A0E. 1KG=> 2AB@5G05BAO ?@8
>A=>20=88 682KE AB2>;>2 ;8AB25==8FK (Larix)
8 A818@A:>3> :54@0 (Pinus sibirca), @565 ?0@078-


204

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2>AAB0=02;820BL =0@CH5==K9 >1<5= 25I5AB2.
>A;5 ;5G5=8O >1@0B=>3> MDD5:B0 (=018@0=8O
A1@>H5==KE :8;>3@0<<>2) =5 =01;N405BAO.
!<>;8ABK5 25I5AB20 B0:65 3C18B5;L=K 4;O
?0B>35==>9 D;>@K 1@>=E>-;53>G=KE ?CB59. >:070=0 0=B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL M:AB@0:B0
<8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 2 >B=>H5=88 Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis   2>71C48B5;O ?A524>BC15@:C;570 G5;>25:0 8 682>B=KE.
K45;5==K9 87 B@CB>28:0 030@8F8= 2 =51>;LH8E 4>70E ?@8 ?@85<5 2=CB@L 2K7K205B A=>B2>@=>5 8 CA?>:0820NI55 459AB285.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
0@C1;5==K5 8 ?>43>B>2;5==K5 4;O E@0=5=8O
?;>4>2K5 B5;0 ;8AB25==8G=>9 3C1:8.

B8@C5B =0 ?8EB0E (Abies) 8 A>A=5 >1K:=>25==>9
(Pinus silvestris).
  >AA88 3@81 2AB@5G05BAO 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8, =0 #@0;5, 2 !818@8 8 =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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d-3;N:>70<8=, A<>;K (30 70%), 68@K, D8B>AB5@8=K, 3;N:>7C 8 <0==8B, 0 B0:65 4@C385 @07;8G=K5 18>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK, 2:;NG0O 0=B8>:A840=BK.
5:0@AB25==K5 A2>9AB20 ;8AB25==8G=>3>
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;0=>D8;. -B>B ?>;8A0E0@84 70AB02;O5B �;5=8-

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865 ?@8254C =5A:>;L:> =0@>4=KE
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" 

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?@>F548BL. @8=8<0BL ?> 1 AB. ;. 3 4 @070 2
45=L.

" 

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(1:1 A 2>4>9) 2 :>;8G5AB25 0,5 ; 8 =0AB0820BL 3 ACB>: 2 E>;>48;L=8:5. @8=8<0BL ?>
1 AB. ;. 25G5@>< ?5@54 A=><.

" 

1 G09=CN ;>6:C 157 3>@:8 ?>@>H:0 ACE>3> B@CB>28:0 =0AK?0BL 2 1/2 AB0:0=0 2>4K,
@07<5H0BL 8 1KAB@> 2K?8BL. 5;0BL B0:
3 @070 2 45=L 70 20 30 <8=CB 4> 54K. C@A  
2 <5AOF0.

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A>18@0NBAO 25A=>9 8 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 ;5B0,
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?5@54 ACH:>9 @07@570NB =0 :CA:8.  2KACH5==>< 2845 AK@L5 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ;53:85 15;K5
8;8 65;B>20BK5 :CA:8 157 70?0E0, 2:CA 8E A=0G0;0
A;04:>20BK9, 70B5<   >G5=L 3>@L:89.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

Leccinum scabrum (Bull. : Fr.) S.F. Gray

>415@57>28: >1K:=>25==K9
!5<59AB2>: >;5B>2K5 (Boletaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 15@57>28: >1K:=>25==K9.

?8A0=85
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;53:> >B45;ONBAO >B H;O?:8. O:>BL ?;>B=0O,
=> A 2>7@0AB>< 1KAB@> AB0=>28BAO @KE;>9 8 3C1G0B>9, 15;0O, F25B =0 A@575 =5 <5=O5B 8;8 A;01>
@>7>255B. >6:0 8 20 � 2 4 A<, 15;0O 4> :>@8G=520B>9 8;8 A5@>20B>9, A B5<=>-:>@8G=52K<8 4>
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;>4>=>A8B A :>=F0 <0O ?> =>O1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

>65B 1KBL ?5@5?CB0= A �B>=:8<8� M:75<?;O@0<8 =5AJ54>1=>3> 65;G=>3> 3@810 (Tylopilus
felleus).

>415@57>28:8 A>45@60B 4> 35 % ?>;=>F5==>3>
15;:0, A10;0=A8@>20==>3> ?> 0<8=>:8A;>B=><C
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206

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, !, D 8 , <0:@>- 8 <8:@>M;5<5=B>2, GB> 45;05B
?@>4C:B F5==K< M;5<5=B>< 2 @0F8>=5.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
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>G8AB8B5;L >B 2@54=KE 25I5AB2, GB> >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 70 AG5B =0;8G8O 2 =8E 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20
?8I52KE 2>;>:>= 8 15;:0.
  >AA88 2 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7CNBAO
4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;57=59 ?>G5:.

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4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 F5;>< 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 2KA>:>3> :0G5AB20 2 <>;>4><
2>7@0AB5. @5;K5 (<O3:85) ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 >A=>2=>< 4;O 60@:8 8 AC?>2, <>;>4K5 (?;>B=K5)   4;O 2A5E B8?>2 :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 703>B>2>:.

Leccinum versipelle (Fr.) Snell

>4>A8=>28: 65;B>-1C@K9
!5<59AB2>: >;5B>2K5 (Boletaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?>4>A8=>28: :@0A=>-1C@K9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 5 35 A< 2 480<5B@5, 65;B>20B>- 8;8 >E@O=>-:>@8G=520O 4> >@0=652>-:>@8G=52>9 8
4065 >@0=652>-:@0A=>9. >@K C <>;>4KE 3@81>2
A O2=K< A5@K< >BB5=:><. O:>BL ?;>B=0O, 15;0O,
=0 A@575 A>G=>-:@0A=>-D8>;5B>20O, ?>765 D8>;5B>2>-G5@=0O, 2 >A=>20=88 =>6:8 3>;C1>20B>-75;5=0O. >6:0 8 20 � 2 3 A<, 2 >A=>20=88 4>
7 A<, ?>:@KB0 ?@>4>;L=K<8 2>;>:=8ABK<8 G5HC9:0<8 A5@>-G5@=>3> F25B0.
1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 15@57>9.  0AB5B ?> 2A59
;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88 2 ;5A0E A CG0AB85< 15@57K, 2
B>< G8A;5 8 :0@;8:>2>9, =0 15@57>2KE 1>;>B0E.
0AA>2K9 284, ?;>4>=>A8B G0AB> 8 >18;L=> A
8N=O 4> >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
>E>6 =0 ?>4>A8=>28: :@0A=K9 (L. aurantiacum),
>B :>B>@>3> >B;8G05BAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L B5<,

GB> G5HC9:8 =0 =>6:5 C =53> B5<=>-A5@K5 8;8
G5@=K5. ><8<> MB>3> ?>4>A8=>28: :@0A=K9 >1-


207

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8 ?>;57=K5 68@K, B0: GB> 3@81=>9 1C;L>= 87 =8E
?> ?8B0B5;L=>AB8 =5 CABC?05B <OA=><C.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
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ACH5=K5 ?>4>A8=>28:8 >G8I0NB :@>2L 8 A=860NB C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0.

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4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
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@07C5B <8:>@87C =5 A 15@57>9, 0 8A:;NG8B5;L=> A
>A8=>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
>4>A8=>28:8 1>30BK :;5BG0B:>9, <8=5@0;0<8 8
C3;52>40<8.  =8E A>45@68BAO :0;89, D>AD>@ 8

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 2KA>:>3> :0G5AB20 2 <>;>4><
2>7@0AB5. @5;K5 (<O3:85) ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 >A=>2=>< 4;O 60@:8 8 AC?>2, <>;>4K5 (?;>B=K5)   4;O 2A5E B8?>2 :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 703>B>2>:.

Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Sing.

8;>;8AB=8: AJ54>1=K9
!5<59AB2>: >;8?>@>2K5 (Polyporaceae).
!8=>=8<K: H88B0:M.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans 8
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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Lepista nuda (Bull. : Fr.) Cooke

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214

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 O4>2:0 ;8;>2>=>30O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
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215

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Leucopaxillus giganteus (Sibthorp : Fr.) Sing.

 O4>2:0 3830=BA:0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
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216

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B>35==KE 10:B5@89, B0:8E :0: Bacillus cereus,
B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi 8 Brucella abortus.
;8B>F8= B0:65 ?>:070; F8B>B>:A8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL 4;O :;5B>: @0:0 H59:8 <0B:8 (HeLa).
-:AB@0:B 87 <8F5;8O, 2K@0I5==>3> 2 684:>9
:C;LBC@5, A>45@68B D5=>;K 8 D;02>=>84K, >1;040NI85 0=B8>:A840=B=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A@54=53> :0G5AB20, 8A?>;L7C5BAO A2568< (>B20@820=85 >:>;> 15 20 <8=CB) 8
A>;5=K<. !>18@0BL A;54C5B <>;>4K5 3@81K, B. :.
<O:>BL AB0@KE =0G8=05B 3>@G8BL.

Lycoperdon echinatum Pers.

>64528: H8?>20BK9
!5<59AB2>: >64528:>2K5 (Lycoperdaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 4>64528: 565284=K9, 4>64528: 83>;LG0BK9.

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> 3@CH5284=>5, 2 6 A<, A >G5=L =51>;LH>9 AB5@8;L=>9 =86=59 G0ABLN 2 2845 :>@>B:>9 ;>6=>9 =>6:8, A E0@0:B5@=K<8 4;8==K<8, 70>AB@5==K<8 8 G0AB> 703=CBK<8 H8?8:0<8,
3 6 << 2KA>B>9, A> 2@5<5=5< >?040NI8<8. O:>BL 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5 15;0O, A ?@8OB=K<8 70?0E>< 8 2:CA><, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>28BAO A5@>20B>- 8;8 :>@8G=52>-D8>;5B>2>9.
 0AB5B 2 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5, ?>2AN4C, =>
=5 >18;L=>, =0 ?>G25 8 ?>4AB8;:5 2 ;5A0E @07=>3>
B8?0, G0AB> A@548 75;5=KE <E>2 8;8 =0 3=8NI59
4@525A8=5, >48=>G=> 8;8 =51>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8.
;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 A5=BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
!>2A5< <>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 <>6=> A?CB0BL A
4>64528:>< 65<GC6=K< (L. perlatum), 7@5;K5 65
3@81K >G5=L E0@0:B5@=K 8 42>9=8:>2 =5 8<5NB.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B 3@810 ?>:070; 0=B8<8:@>1=CN 0:B82=>ABL 2 >B=>H5=88 B0:8E ?0B>35==KE 4;O G5;>25:0 10:B5@89, :0: Bacillus subtilis,
Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium,
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes 8
Mycobacterium smegmatis. %>BO A0<8 25I5AB20,
>B25G0NI85 70 ?>4>1=K9 MDD5:B, ?>:0 5I5 =5


217

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

>?@545;5=K, E8<8G5A:89 0=0;87 ?>:070; ?@8ACBAB285 B5@?5=>84>2, =0;8G85 :>B>@KE B0:65 A2O70=> A 0=B810:B5@80;L=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K ?@8<5=ONBAO :0:
?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 8 :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 A@54AB2>. ;O MB>3> 8A?>;L7CNBAO ;81> B>=:> =0@570==K5 ?;0AB8=:8 <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5;,
;81> 7@5;K9 A?>@>2K9 ?>@>H>: (:0: ?@8AK?:0).

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5, 15;K5 =0 A@575 ?;>4>2K5
B5;0, ;81> ACECN A?>@>2CN <0AAC 87 ?>;=>ABLN
A>7@52H8E 3@81>2.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. O:>BL C <>;>4>3>
3@810 15;0O, A A8;L=K< ?@8OB=K< 70?0E><, =5 8AG570NI8< ?@8 2KACH820=88. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O
60@:8, ?@83>B>2;5=8O 1C;L>=0 8 ACH:8.

Lycoperdon pyriforme Scaeff. : Pers.

>64528: 3@CH5284=K9
!5<59AB2>: >64528:>2K5 (Lycoperdaceae).

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> 2KA>B>9 3 7 A<, 1 4 A< 2 ?>?5@5G=8:5, O9F5284=>5, A;82>- 8;8 3@CH5284=>5,
15;>5, A5@>5 8;8 4065 :>@8G=52>5, A ?>AB5?5==>
B5<=5NI8< 1C3>@:>< =0 25@H8=5, 3;04:>5 8;8
<5;:>75@=8AB>5, A E>@>H> 2K@065==>9 ;>6=>9
=>6:>9, :>B>@0O <>65B ?@OB0BLAO 2 AC1AB@0B5.
O:>BL 2 <>;>4>AB8 G8AB>-15;0O, 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5   :>@8G=52>->;82:>20O. !?>@>2K9 ?>@>H>: ?C@?C@=>-:>@8G=52K9.
@81 2AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88,
:@><5 @09=53> !525@0.  0AB5B 2 ;5A0E ;N1>3>
B8?0, <>65B @0AB8 =0 75<;5 8 >?045, => >A>15==>
?@54?>G8B05B 3=8;CN 4@525A8=C. 0AA>2> @0728205BAO =0 AB0@KE 2K@C1:0E, ;N18B 20;56=8:, 3=8;K5 ?=8, >A=>20=8O AB2>;>2. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O
?> =>O1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
!>2A5< <>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 <>6=> A?CB0BL A
4>64528:>< 65<GC6=K< (L. perlatum), 7@5;K5 65
3@81K >G5=L E0@0:B5@=K 8 42>9=8:>2 =5 8<5NB.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E >1=0@C65= :0;L20F8= (:0;L20F8520O :8A;>B0), >1;040NI0O ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=K<8, 0=B810:B5@80;L=K<8, ?@>B82>3@81-

:>2K<8, ?@>B82>@0:>2K<8 A2>9AB20<8, 0 B0:65
:@>2>>AB0=02;820NI8< 459AB285<.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K ?@8<5=ONBAO =0@C6=> :0: ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 8 :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 A@54AB2>, 0 B0:65 ?@>B82 7;>:0G5AB25==KE O72 8 >1<>@>65=89. ;O MB>3>
8A?>;L7CNBAO ;81> B>=:> =0@570==K5 ?;0AB8=:8
<>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5;, ;81> 7@5;K9 A?>@>2K9
?>@>H>: (:0: ?@8AK?:0). =CB@5==55 8A?>;L7>20=85 (2>4>G=K5 =0AB>9:8) ?@54=07=0G5=> 4;O
1>@L1K A ;59:5<859.


218

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5, 15;K5 =0 A@575 ?;>4>2K5
B5;0 ;81> ACECN A?>@>2CN <0AAC 87 ?>;=>ABLN
A>7@52H8E 3@81>2.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O
?@83>B>2;5=8O ?5@2KE 8 2B>@KE 1;N4, 70:CA>:
8 =0G8=>:, 3>48BAO 4;O ACH:8, ?@83>B>2;5=8O
3@81=>3> ?>@>H:0.

Lyophyllum decastes (Fr. : Fr.) Sing.

 O4>2:0 A:CG5==0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: ;8>D8;;C< A:CG5==K9, @O4>2:0 3@C??>20O.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
C;LB828@C5BAO 2 @O45 AB@0= 788 4;O ?@>872>4AB20 >=:>AB0B8G5A:8E, 8<<C=>AB8<C;8@CNI8E 8
0=B848015B8G5A:8E ?@5?0@0B>2.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 4 12 A<, ?>;CH0@>284=0O,
70B5< ?>;C@0A?@>AB5@B0O, A >?CI5==K< :@05<,
3;04:0O, <OA8AB0O, 1C@>20B>-A5@0O, :>@8G=520B0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B>-:>@8G=520O A 1>;55
A25B;K< :@05<, 2 F5=B@5 1>;55 B5<=0O. O:>BL
15;0O, CB>;I5==0O 2 F5=B@5 H;O?:8, 2:CA 8 70?0E
A;01K5, ?@8OB=K5. ;0AB8=:8 3@O7=>-15;K5, A
2>7@0AB>< 4> :@5<>2KE 8;8 4065 A25B;>-:@0A=>20B>-1C@>20BKE, G0ABK5, C7:85, B5<=5NB ?@8 =0402;820=88. >6:0 5 8 � 1 2 A<, ?;>B=0O, 2>;>:=8AB0O, >1KG=> ?>GB8 ?>;0O, A25@EC 15;0O, =865
A5@>20B>-1C@0O, 2 <5AB0E =0402;820=8O 1C@55B.
0A5;O5B ;5A0, @54:>;5ALO, >?CH:8, >1>G8=K
;5A=KE 4>@>3 8 B@>?8=>:, ?0@:8, A04K, :;C<1K,
307>=K, ?0AB18I0, @07=>B@02LO, @0AB5B =0 1>30B>9 3C<CA>2>9 8;8 G5@=>75<=>9 ?>G25 1>;LH8<8
:>;>=8O<8, A@0AB0OAL >A=>20=8O<8 =>65:.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8  >AA88, 2
N6=>9 !818@8, =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5. ;>4>=>-


219

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

A8B =5 G0AB>, => <5AB0<8 >18;L=>, A :>=F0 023CAB0
4> =0G0;0 =>O1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K

;5AB5@8=-384@>:A8;07K), 0 B0:65 ACI5AB25==>
A=8605B C@>25=L A0E0@0 2 :@>28 8 8=AC;8=0, GB>
45;05B 53> ?5@A?5:B82=K< 4;O @07@01>B:8 ?@>B82>48015B8G5A:8E ?@5?0@0B>2.

@81 A E0@0:B5@=K<8 ?@87=0:0<8, =5 8<5NI89
42>9=8:>2.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

7 @O4>2:8 A:CG5==>9 2K45;5=> 1>;55 10 ?>;8A0E0@84>2 (2 B>< G8A;5 :><?;5:A ;8>D8;;0= ),
>1;040NI8E ?@>B82>@0:>2K< 8 8<<C=>AB8<C;8@CNI8< 459AB285<, 0 B0:65 0:B82=>ABLN 4@C3>3>
@>40.
-:AB@0:B :C;LBC@0;L=>3> <8F5;8O ?>402;O5B
@>AB ?@828205<>9 A0@:><K-180 =0 100 %.
<<C=>AB8<C;8@CNI89 MDD5:B 2K@0605BAO
2 C25;8G5=88 :>;8G5AB20 <0:@>D03>F8B>2. >@>H>: 87 ?;>4>2KE B5; 8;8 8E 3>@OG89 M:AB@0:B
A=8605B C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0 2 AK2>@>B:5 :@>28
(70 AG5B ?>2KH5=8O 0:B82=>AB8 D5@<5=B0 E>-

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A 2KA>:8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8, =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O (?> =5:>B>@K< 40==K< 65;0B5;L=> =5?@>4>;68B5;L=>5 >B20@820=85 A> A;82>< >B20@0).
>4E>4OB 2A5 284K :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8
B8?K 703>B>2>:, :@><5 ACH:8.

Macrolepiota procera (Scop. : Fr.) Sing.

@81-7>=B8: 2KA>:89
!5<59AB2>: (0<?8=L>=>2K5 (Agaricaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 3@81-7>=B8: ?5AB@K9, 3@81-7>=B8: 1>;LH>9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 10 50 A<, A=0G0;0 O9F5284=>>:@C3;0O, ?;>B=> >1E20BK20NI0O =>6:C, 70B5<
:>;>:>;LG0B0O 8, =0:>=5F, @0A?@>AB5@B0O, <OA8AB0O, A 1C3>@:>< 2 F5=B@5, A5@>-1C@0O, 2 A5@548=5
1>;55 B5<=0O, A C3;>20BK<8, 1>;55 B5<=K<8 G5HC9:0<8, ;53:> >B45;O5BAO >B =>6:8. ;0AB8=:8
15;K5, A 2>7@0AB>< A;53:0 :@0A=5NI85, G0ABK5,
<O3:85, >G5=L H8@>:85. O:>BL 15;0O, @KE;0O,
B>;AB0O, A ?@8OB=K< >@5E>2K< 8 3@81=K< 70?0E>< 8 2:CA><, F25B =0 A;><5 =5 <5=O5B 8;8 >G5=L
A;01> @>7>255B. >6:0 20 60 � 1,5 4 A<, 65AB:0O,
?>;0O, 2 >A=>20=88 A8;L=> CB>;I5==0O, A25B;>1C@>20B0O, ?>:@KB0 1C@K<8 G5HC9:0<8, A:;04K20NI8<8AO 2 783703>>1@07=K5 C7>@K, A H8@>:8<
15;K< 42>9=K< :>;LF><, :>B>@>5 <>65B A2>1>4=> ?5@5<5I0BLAO ?> =>6:5 225@E-2=87.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 8 ;5A>AB5?=>9
7>=5  >AA88.  0AB5B =0 1>30B>9 ?>G25 A@548 B@02K

2 A8;L=> 87@565==KE ;5A0E, =0 ;5A=KE >?CH:0E 8
?>;O=0E, 2K@C1:0E, >1>G8=0E 4>@>3, A040E 8 ?0@:0E, 2 ?>;OE, >3>@>40E, >48=>G=> 8 =51>;LH8<8
3@C??0<8, G0AB>. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 A5=BO1@5.
C;LB828@C5BAO 2 =5:>B>@KE AB@0=0E 2@>?K.


220

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

<0B>9� ?>25@E=>ABLN H;O?:8 8 :@0A=5NI59 =0
A;><5 <O:>BLN.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
@81 A>45@68B 18 =570<5=8<KE 0<8=>:8A;>B.
 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O =>@<0;870F88 ?8I520@5=8O 8 >1I53> C:@5?;5=8O
74>@>2LO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

!E>4=K5 284K
@81-7>=B8: :@0A=5NI89 (Chlorophyllum rhacodes) >B;8G05BAO <5=LH8<8 @07<5@0<8, �;>E-

@81-7>=B8: :@0A=5NI89.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
B;8G=K9 AJ54>1=K9 3@81 A 2KA>:8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8. 0: ?@028;>, 8A?>;L7CNBAO <>;>4K5 H;O?:8 4;O 60@:8 (?@5420@8B5;L=>5 >B20@820=85 8A:;NG5=>). > 2:CAC =0?><8=0NB :C@8FC
A >@5E>2K< ?@82:CA><. >6=> 3>B>28BL :0: 1;8=K, >1<0:=C2 F5;8:>< 2> 2718BK5 O9F0, >120;O2 2
<C:5 8 >160@820O. G5=L 2:CA=K 2 2845 =0G8=:8
4;O ?8@>6:>2 2<5AB5 A 60@5=K< ;C:><. >4E>48B
4;O AC?>2, 70A>;:8, <0@8=>20=8O 8 ACH:8. =>340 2 AK@>< 2845 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O A0;0B>2, 1CB5@1@>4>2.  =5:>B>@KE AB@0=0E 65AB:85 =>6:8
70ACH820NB 8 ?5@5B8@0NB 2 ?>@>H>:, A;C60I89
?@8?@02>9 A O@:> 2K@065==K< 3@81=K< 2:CA><
8 70?0E><.
 @810;B8:5 F5;K5 H;O?:8 7>=B8:>2, ?0=8@>20==K5 2 ACE0@OE, ?>40NB :0: 45;8:0B5A=>5
1;N4> 2 @5AB>@0=0E, 0 A0<8 7>=B8:8 B0< F5=OB
2KH5, G5< 15;K5, ?>415@57>28:8 8 ?>4>A8=>28:8.

Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull. : Fr.) Sing.

53=8NG=8: 25B>G:>2K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 0,2 2 A<, 2K?C:;0O, ?>74=55 @0A?@>AB5@B0O, A =51>;LH8< C3;C1;5=85<
2 F5=B@5, =5 ?>;>A0B0O 8;8 A;01> 1>@>74G0B0O
B>;L:> ?> :@0N, @>7>20B>-15;>3> F25B0, 2 F5=B@5 1>;55 B5<=0O. ;0AB8=:8 @54:85, =5 @02=K5,
?@8@>AH85, 15;K5 8;8 GCBL @>7>20BK5. >6:0

0,2 2 � 0,03 0,1 A<, >4=>3> F25B0 A> H;O?:>9, B5<=5NI0O :=87C, ?>:@KB0O 15;K< E;>?L5284=K<
=0;5B><, A>3=CB0O 8 1>;55 B>=:0O : >?CH5==><C
>A=>20=8N. O:>BL B>=:0O, A25B;0O, C?@C30O.
 0AB5B 1>;LH8<8 :>;>=8O<8 =0 <5@B2KE 25B:0E :CAB0@=8:>2 8;8 25B2OE, C?02H8E =0 75<;N.
> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, 4>2>;L=> G0AB>, <5AB0<8 >18;L=>, ?;>4>=>A8B A 8N=O 4> =>O1@O.


221

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K
5A:>;L:> ?>E>6 =0 =53=8NG=8: :>;5A>284=K9
(Marasmius rotula), :>B>@K9 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L
>B;8G05BAO ?;0AB8=:0<8, ?@8@>AH8<8 =5 : =>6:5, 0 : :>;;0@8C<C, >A>1><C :>;5G:C-AB0:0=G8:C
2>:@C3 =55. G5=L 1;87:89 8 ?>E>689 284   =53=8NG=8: 09;;0=B0 (Marasmiellus vaillantii)
>B;8G05BAO <5AB>>18B0=85<: >= A5;8BAO =0 >B<5@H8E :C@B8=0E 8 AB51;OE B@02 8 =0 >?02H8E
;8ABLOE.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
KBO6:0 87 :C;LBC@0;L=>3> <8F5;8O >1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=K<8 A2>9AB20<8. K45;5==K9
87 =55 0=B818>B8: <0@078= ?@>O2;O5B 2KA>:CN

Marasmius alliaceus (Jacq. : Fr.) Fr.

'5A=>G=8: ;C:>2K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5A=>G=8: 1>;LH>9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 2 5 A< 2 480<5B@5, :>;>:>;LG0B0O, 70B5<
?>;C@0A?@>AB5@B0O, A H8@>:8< 2KABC?0NI8< 1C3>@:><, 15;>20B>-1C@>20B0O, 8=>340 2 <>;>4><
2>7@0AB5 <>;>G=>-15;0O, => ?>765 B5<=5NI0O,
?> :@0N ?>;>A0B0O. ;0AB8=:8 @54:85, 15;>20BK5. O:>BL 2 H;O?:5 15;0O, 2 =>6:5 B5<=0O, ?>GB8 G5@=0O. >6:0 4 10 � 0,2 0,4 A<, E@OI520B0O,
:>@8G=52>-1C@0O, 225@EC <CG=8AB>-10@E0B8AB0O,

0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 B0:8E ?0B>35==KE 4;O G5;>25:0 <8:@>>@30=87<>2, :0: Salmonella tiphi,
S. @aratiphi, Vibrio cholera, Candida albicans, 0
B0:65 ?>402;O5B @>AB BC15@:C;57=>9 ?0;>G:8.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
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Marasmius androsaceus (L. : Fr.) Fr.

53=8NG=8: BKG8=:>284=K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: =53=8NG=8: BKG8=:>2K9,
=53=8NG=8: I5B8=:>=>6:>2K9.

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5 8<55B ?8I52>3> 7=0G5=8O 87-70 >G5=L <5;:8E
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Marasmius oreades (Bolt. : Fr.) Fr.

?5=>: ;C3>2>9
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!E>4=K5 284K
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Marasmius scorodonius (Fr. : Fr.) Fr.

'5A=>G=8: >1K:=>25==K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5A=>G=8: <5;:89, =53=8NG=8: G5A=>G=K9, G5A=>G=K9 3@81, E@OI528:.

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!>45@68B 0=B818>B8G5A:85 25I5AB20, ?@>O2;ONI85 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 Staphylococcus
aureus.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K =5 8A?>;L7CNBAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
'5A=>G=8:   3@81 AC?5@45;8:0B5A=K9. >AE8B8B5;L=0O A<5AL 3@81=>3> 8 G5A=>G=>3> 0@><0B>2
45;05B MB8E <0;NB>: 65;0==>9 4>102:>9 : ;N1><C 3@81=><C 1;N4C. '5A=>G=8: G@572KG09=> 2KA>:> F5=8BAO :0: ?@O=>ABL 2 70?04=>52@>?59A:>9
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:0@B>D5;5<, B0: 65, :0: 8 A>CA 87 G5A=>G=8:>2,
2K7>2CB C 3C@<0=>2 =0AB>OI89 2>AB>@3. @5420@8B5;L=>5 >B20@820=85 01A>;NB=> 8A:;NG5=>
(0@><0B B5@O5BAO). C4CG8 70ACH5==K<8, 3@81:8
A>E@0=ONBAO <=>3> ;5B. 5@54 3>B>2:>9 ?@>AB>
1@>ALB5 A<>@I5==K5 3@81:8 2 2>4C   8 G5@57
5 10 <8=CB >=8 AB0=CB B0:8<8 65, :0:8<8 2K 8E
A>1@0;8 2 ?>;5 8;8 =0 ;5A=>9 >?CH:5 <=>3> ;5B
=0704.


227

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers. : Fr.) Kotl. et Pouz.

5=56:0 H8@>:>?;0AB8=G0B0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: :>;;818O H8@>:>?;0AB8=G0B0O, C45<0=A85;;0 H8@>:>?;0AB8=G0B0O.

?8A0=85
!0<0O :@C?=0O 87 =0H8E 45=565: :>;;8189.
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@0A?@>AB5@B0O, A 1C3>@:><, A5@>-G5@=0O, B5<=>?5?5;L=>-A5@0O, A5@>20B>-:>@8G=520B0O, ?>765
2KF25B0NI0O, @0480;L=>-@0AB@5A:820NI0OAO,
;><:0O. O:>BL 15;0O, 157 >A>1>3> 70?0E0 8 2:CA0. ;0AB8=:8 15;K5, >G5=L H8@>:85 (4> 1,5 A<),
@54:85, ;><:85. >6:0 5 12 � 0,7 2 A<, ?;>B=0O,
F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, 15;>20B0O, @>2=0O, ?@>4>;L=>2>;>:=8AB0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 2=CB@8 ?>;0O, C >A=>20=8O >1KG=> A 15;K<8 H=C@0<8 3@81=8FK.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59  >AA88 2 C<5@5==>9 8
;5A>AB5?=>9 7>=0E, =0A5;O5B ;8AB25==K5 8 A<5H0==K5 ;5A0, @0AB5B =0 @07;030NI8EAO >?02H8E
25B2OE, C ?=59 45@52L52 ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4, =0
3=8;>9 4@525A8=5, 8=>340 >1@07C5B �254L<8=K
:>;LF0�. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O 8 4> :>=F0 >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
=>340, 2 >A>15==>AB8 :@C?=K5 8 <OA8ABK5 M:75<?;O@K, ?>E>60 =0 ?;NB59 >;5=89 (Pluteus
cervinus), >B :>B>@>3> ;53:> >B;8G8<0 G8AB>-15;>9 =>6:>9 157 B5<=KE :@0?8=>: 8 15;K<8, 0 =5
@>7>2K<8, :0: C ?;NB5O, ?;0AB8=:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 ?;>4>2KE B5; 2K45;5=K 0=B8:>03C;O=BK, ?@5?OBAB2CNI85 A2>@0G8205<>AB8 :@>28.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O @07@010BK205BAO ?@5?0@0B ?@>B82
B@><1>70.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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ACH0B.


228

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Meripilus giganteus Karst.

5@8?8;CA 3830=BA:89
!5<59AB2>: 5@8?8;>2K5 (Meripilaceae).

?8A0=85
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2 ?>?5@5G=8:5, A>AB>8B 87 <0AAK @>75B:>284=> @0ABCI8E H;O?>:. (;O?:8 H8@>:85, 255@>>1@07=K5 8;8 :;8=>284=K5, @0A?>;030NI85AO
4@C3 =04 4@C3><, B>=:85, A 3;04:>9 8;8 <O3:>G5HC9G0B>9 ?>25@E=>ABLN, =5OA=> :>=F5=B@8G5A:8 7>=0;L=K5, A25B;>-:>@8G=52K5, :@0A=>20B>-@K6520BK5, :0HB0=>2>-1C@K5. "@C1G0BK9
A;>9 15;K9 8;8 1;54=>-65;BK9, =8AE>4OI89 ?>
=>6:5. >@K B@C1>G5: <5;:85, :>@8G=525NB 8;8
G5@=5NB ?@8 =0402;820=88. O:>BL >B 15;>20B>9
4> @>7>20B>9, =0 A@575 B5<=55B, C <>;>4KE M:75<?;O@>2 <O3:0O 8 A>G=0O, ?>765 AB0=>28BAO :>68AB>-65AB:>9, A ?@8OB=K< :8A;>20BK< 2:CA><.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2AN4C 4>2>;L=> @54>: (2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8 G0I5).
0@078B8G5A:89 3@81, 2K7K20NI89 15;CN 3=8;L
C 45@52L52 ;8AB25==KE 8 E2>9=KE ?>@>4.  0AB5B C
>A=>20=8O AB2>;>2, ?=59, =0 :>@=OE 4C10 8 1C:0,
@565 =0 2O75, A>A=5, 5;8. ;>4>=>A8B A =0G0;0 023CAB0 4> =0G0;0 >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
5A:>;L:> ?>E>6 =0 3@81-10@0= (Grifola frondosa), >B :>B>@>3> >B;8G05BAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L
B5<=5NI59 =0 A@575 <O:>BLN 8 :>@8G=525NI8<8
8;8 G5@=5NI8<8 ?@8 =0402;820=88 ?>@0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B M. giganteus, ?@54AB02;ONI89 A>1>9 A<5AL =0AKI5==KE 8 =5=0AKI5==KE 68@=KE :8A;>B (2 B. G. ?0;L<8B8=>2>9, >;58=>2>9 8 ;8=>;5=>2>9) 8 M@3>AB5@>;-?5@>:A840,
1K; >?@545;5= :0: 8<<C=>45?@5AA82=K9. -B>
45;05B 3@81 ?5@A?5:B82=K< 2 @07;8G=KE <548F8=A:8E 8AA;54>20=8OE, 2 B>< G8A;5 87CG5=88
701>;520=89, 4;O :>B>@KE E0@0:B5@=0 38?5@GC2AB28B5;L=0O @50:F8O, B0:8E :0: 0AB<0.
!K@>9 <5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5;
?>:070; 2KA>:CN F8B>B>:A8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL
?@>B82 @0:>2>9 :;5B>G=>9 ;8=88 3LL (:0@F8=><0 ;53:8E LN8A0).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A =5?;>E8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8, 8A?>;L7CNBAO <>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 A
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>1@01>B:8, ACH:0, =5 3>48BAO 4;O 70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O.


229

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Morchella conica Pers. : Fr.

!<>@G>: :>=8G5A:89
!5<59AB2>: !<>@G:>2K5 (Morchellaceae).
!8=>=8<K: A<0@6>:.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
A5 A<>@G:8 8 8E @>4AB25==8:8   3@81K, @0ABCI85 25A=>9.  54:> :>340 A<>@G:8 4>BO3820NB A
?;>4>=>H5=85< 4> A5@548=K 8N=O.  0ABCB >=8
B>;L:> 2 ;5A0E, ?@54?>G8B0O ;8AB25==K5 ;5A0,
@54:>;5ALO, A:;>=K E>;<>2 8 >2@03>2, 30@8, :>AB@8I0, >1>G8=K 4>@>3 8 B@>?8=>:, :>@>G5 3>2>@O, <5AB0, :C40 ;CG8 25A5==53> A>;=F0 ?@>=8:0NB
;53G5 2A53>. > B>9 65 ?@8G8=5 ;N1OB A<>@G:8
?5AG0=K5 ?>G2K, B. :. ?>A;54=85 ?@>3@520NBAO
1KAB@55 8 =08;CGH8< >1@07><.  0ABCB MB8 3@81K
8 2 3>@=KE ;5A0E, 2 "O=L-(0=5, =0?@8<5@, 2AB@5G0NBAO 4> 25@E=59 3@0=8FK 5;L=8:>2, B> 5ABL 4>
2KA>BK 2600 < =04 C@>2=5< <>@O.
!<>@G>:   �A2OI5==K9� 3@81 4;O 0<5@8:0=A:8E 3@81=8:>2. =8 >E@0=ONB 8 45@60B 2 B09=5
A2>8 A<>@G:>2K5 �<5AB0� AB>;L 65 8AB>2>, :0:
7>;>B>8A:0B5;O E@0=8;8 2 A5:@5B5 @07@010BK205<K5 8<8 7>;>BK5 68;K.
 2013 3>4C C A<>@G:>2 >1=0@C65= =>2K9 C=8:0;L=K9 B8? A8<18>70, 3@81-10:B5@8O.  :0G5AB25
?0@B=5@0 2KABC?05B H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==0O
?>G25==0O 10:B5@8O Pseudomonas putida. @81=8F0 A<>@G:>2 @0A?@>AB@0=O5B MB8 10:B5@88 ?>
2A59 A2>59 <0AA5 8 �2K@0I8205B� 8E 2 A2>8E ?8B0B5;L=KE 2K45;5=8OE, ?>;CG0O 270<5= 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 C3;52>4K 8 70I8BC <8F5;8O.

?8A0=85
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?>25@E=>ABL @51@8AB>-OG58AB0O, A 2KBO=CBK<8
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?0@:0E, =0 2;06=>9 ?5@53=>9=>9 ?>G25 (=> ;N18B 8 ?5AG0=CN, 0 B0:65 =0@CH5==CN   >1>G8=K 4>@>3, A:;>=K :0=02 8 >2@03>2, :>AB@8I0), =0
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:CAB0@=8:>2, G0AB> 2 701@>H5==KE O1;>=52KE A040E. ;>4>=>A8B A :>=F0 <0@B0 (2 A;CG05 B5?;>9
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230

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

!E>4=K5 284K
B >G5=L 1;87:>3> A<>@G:0 45;8:0B5A=>3>
(M. deliciosa) >B;8G05BAO =0;8G85< 15;>9 8;8 :@5<>2>9 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 3>@87>=B0;L=>9 AB5@8;L=>9 7>=K, A>548=ONI59 :@09 H;O?:8 8 =>6:C. A=>2=K5 >B;8G8O >B ?@>G8E A<>@G:>2 (AJ54>1=>3>,
A04>2>3>, B>;AB>=>3>3> 8 4@.) A>AB>OB 2 B><, GB>
H;O?:0 A<>@G:0 :>=8G5A:>3> :>=CA>284=>- 8;8
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@02=0 8;8 GCBL 1>;LH5 H8@8=K =>6:8, A>AB02;OO
A =59 548=>5 F5;>5, 0 C3;C1;5=8O 2 H;O?:5 1>;55
8;8 <5=55 ?@028;L=>9 ?@O<>C3>;L=>9 D>@<K 8
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7>;>B8ABK9 AB0D8;>:>:: 8 Micrococcus flavus).
@><5 MB>3>, 4;O M:AB@0:B0 ?>:070=K 0=B8>:A840=B=0O 8 ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=0O 0:B82=>AB8.

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 8B05 3@81 8A?>;L7>20;8 4;O @53C;OF88 M=5@388 B5;0 8 4;O B>=878@>20=8O 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3> B@0:B0.  8<0;0OE 4> A8E ?>@ =0A5;5=85
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  >AA88 2 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 A<>@G>: :>=8G5A:89 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O ;5G5=8O ;53>G=KE 8
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231

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

?@5I05BAO C?>B@51;OBL 53> ?@8 E@>=8G5A:>< 35?0B8B5 8 1>;57=OE ?5G5=8.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB <>;>4K5, =5 ?5@5AB>O2H85 3@81K. ;O
?@5?0@0B>2 87<5;LG0NB A25685 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0
8;8 ?>;CG0NB ?>@>H>: 87 ACH5=KE.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
B;8G=K9 AJ54>1=K9 3@81, B@51CNI89 =54>;3>3> ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O (=5 ?5@54
ACH:>9 8 70<>@06820=85<). A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O
?@83>B>2;5=8O ?5@2KE 8 2B>@KE 1;N4, 70:CA>:,
=0G8=>:, 3>45= 4;O ACH:8 8 70<>@>7:8.

Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.

!<>@G>: AJ54>1=K9
!5<59AB2>: !<>@G:>2K5 (Morchellaceae).
!8=>=8<K: A<>@G>: >1K:=>25==K9, A<>@G>: =0AB>OI89.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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F5@:>2:>9 !2OB>3> 0=B5;59<>=0: =0 MB8E 3@0<>B0E 1K; C:070= �?;0=� 4;O <>=0ABK@O ?> A1>@C ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2 (G038 8 A<>@G:>2). -B8
3@0<>BK 1K;8 =0720=K �3@81=K<8�, 2 =8E ?@82>4OBAO @5F5?BK   :0: 8 ?@8 :0:8E 701>;520=8OE
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Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Sing.

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Panellus serotinus (Schrad. : Fr.) K�hn.

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237

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Panellus stipticus (Bull. : Fr.) Karst.

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238

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Paxillus atrotomentosus (Batsch : Fr.) Fr.

!28=CH:0 B>;AB0O
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239

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Paxillus involutus (Batsch : Fr.) Fr.

!28=CH:0 B>=:0O
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Peziza vesiculosa Bull. : Fr.

5F8F0 ?C7K@G0B0O
!5<59AB2>: 5F8F52K5 (Pezizaceae).

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# @07=>284=>AB8 P. impudicus var. togatus
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Phellinus igniarius (L. : Fr.) Qu�l.

"@CB>28: ;>6=K9
!5<59AB2>: $5;;8=>2K5 (Phellinaceae).
!8=>=8<K: D5;;8=CA >1>665==K9.

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1

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247

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Phellinus pini (Brot.) A. Ames

!>A=>20O 3C1:0
!5<59AB2>: $5;;8=>2K5 (Phellinaceae).

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248

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!E>4=K5 284K
!E>4=K5 3C1:8, 5;>20O (P. chrysoloma) 8 ;8AB25==8G=0O (Porodaedalea laricis), >B;8G0NBAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L B5<, GB> ?5@20O @0AB5B 2 >A=>2=>< =0
5;OE, 0 2B>@0O, A>>B25BAB25==>, =0 ;8AB25==8F0E.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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Pholiota alnicola (Fr. : Fr.) Sing.

'5HC9G0B:0 >;LE>20O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: >3=52:0 >;LE>20O.

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O:>BL 65;B>20B0O, A ?@8OB=K< A;04:>20BK<
70?0E>< 8 =>@<0;L=K< 8;8 3>@L:>20BK< 2:CA><.
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1C@>20BK< :>;LF><.

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?@>B82>?>403@8G5A:8E ?@5?0@0B>2 =0 >A=>25
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><8<> MB>3>, M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; >1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

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 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@81 =5AJ54>15= 87-70 B25@4>9 :>=A8AB5=F88.


249

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2 ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0, C >A=>20=8O 45@52L52
;8AB25==KE (15@570, >;LE0, 820 8 4@.) 8 E2>9=KE
(A>A=0, 5;L) ?>@>4, 2>7;5 ?=59 8 =0 =8E, 4>2>;L=>
G0AB>, <5AB0<8 >18;L=>. ;>4>=>A8B 2 023CAB5 
>:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
B 4@C38E 65;B>>:@0H5==KE G5HC9G0B>: >B;8G05BAO 3>@L:>9 <O:>BLN 8, 3;02=>5, ?@0:B8G5A:8
A>25@H5==> =5 G5HC9G0B>9 H;O?:>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5 87CG5=K.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81 8A?>;L7C5BAO :0: A;018B5;L=>5, @2>B=>5 8 >G8I0NI55 65;C4>G=>:8H5G=K9 B@0:B A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB A25685 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0, 8A?>;L7CNB
4;O 2KH5C:070==KE F5;59 >B20@5==K<8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
5AJ54>15= 87-70 3>@L:>20B>9 <O:>B8.

Pholiota aurivella (Batsch : Fr.) Kumm.

'5HC9G0B:0 7>;>B8AB0O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5HC9G0B:0 7>;>B8AB>-65;B0O, 82=O:.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 :@C?=0O, 8=>340 4> 20 A< 2 480<5B@5, A?5@20 H0@>284=0O, A 703=CBK<8 :@0O<8, 70B5< @0A?@>AB5@B>->:@C3;0O, 8=>340 A 1C3>@:>< 2 F5=B@5,
?;>B=0O, 7>;>B8AB0O 4> @602>-65;B>9, O@:0O, A
@54:8<8, >BAB0NI8<8 :@0A=>20B>-:>@8G=52K<8
8;8 1C@K<8 B@5C3>;L=K<8 G5HC9:0<8.  AK@CN
?>3>4C :>68F0 H;O?:8 :;59:0O, 2 ACECN ?>3>4C
A;87L 2KAKE05B 8 H;O?:0 AB0=>28BAO 1;5ABOI59.
O:>BL 15;0O, C AB0@KE 3@81>2   65;B>20B0O,
?;>B=0O, B>;AB0O, 2 =>6:5 <O:>BL 1C@>3> F25B0.
;0AB8=:8 C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 70:@KBK ?>:@K20;><, A=0G0;0 65;BK5, 70B5< @602>-1C@K5. >6:0
4> 15 A< 2KA>B>9 8 4> 1,5 A< B>;I8=>9, ?;>B=0O,
65;B0O 4> 65;B>-1C@>9, A 8AG570NI8< :>;LF><,
?>:@KB0 B5<=>-:>@8G=52K<8 G5HC9:0<8.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88
2 ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, ?0@:0E, A040E,

1>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8 =0 AB2>;0E ;8AB25==KE 45@52L52 (G0I5 15@570, >A8=0, 820) A =0G0;0 ;5B0 8
4> =>O1@O.


250

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

AJ54>1=K5 8 ;5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K.  G0AB=>AB8,
A>45@60=85 H5AB8 =570<5=8<KE 0<8=>:8A;>B 2
G5HC9G0B:5 7=0G8B5;L=> 2KH5, G5< 2 Lentinula
edodes 8 Hericium erinaceus.
-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; >1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=>9 8 ?@>B82>3@81:>2>9 0:B82=>ABLN.
!;87L =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 ?;>4>2KE B5; P. aurivella
@01>B05B :0: B>=8: 8 ?>;57=0 ?@8 2>AAB0=>2;5=88 M=5@3>70B@0B 8 AB8<C;8@>20=88 C<AB25==KE
A?>A>1=>AB59 G5;>25:0. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> ?>:070=>, GB> 3@81 >1;0405B 8<<C=>AB8<C;8@CNI8< 459AB285<, <>65B 0:B828@>20BL <0:@>D03>F8B>7 8 @53C;8@>20BL 8<<C==CN A8AB5<C 2 F5;><.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=0O, O@:0O, :@C?=>G5HC9G0B0O 8 2>>1I5
:@C?=0O G5HC9G0B:0 A =53>@L:>9 <O:>BLN.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!>3;0A=> @01>B0< :8B09A:8E 8AA;54>20B5;59,
A>45@60=85 15;:>2, 68@>2, A0E0@0, 28B0<8=>2 8
<8=5@0;L=KE M;5<5=B>2 (, Na, !0,  , Mg, Fe, Zn
8 n) 2 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E G5HC9G0B:8 7>;>B8AB>9
2 3 @070 2KH5, G5< 2 4@C38E AJ54>1=KE 3@810E, 0
?> :>;8G5AB2C =570<5=8<KE 0<8=>:8A;>B 8 8E
>1I5<C A>45@60=8N 3@81 ?@52>AE>48B 4@C385

 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 ?>A;5 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O 3@81 A E>@>H8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8.
A?>;L7C5BAO 2 >A=>2=>< 4;O 60@:8 8 ?@83>B>2;5=8O AC?>2, A>;8BAO 8 <0@8=C5BAO.  703>B>2:0E
A>E@0=O5B O@:>-65;BCN >:@0A:C.

Pholiota gummosa (Fr. : Fr.) Sing.

'5HC9G0B:0 :0<545=>A=0O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5HC9G0B:0 65;B>75;5=>20B0O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3 6 A<, A=0G0;0 :>;>:>;LG0B0O, 70B5<
2K?C:;>-@0A?@>AB5@B0O 8 A 1C3>@:><, A <5;:8<8 15;K<8 G5HC9:0<8, A 2>7@0AB>< 3>;0O, >G5=L
:;59:0O, A;878AB0O, A25B;>-65;B>20B0O, 65;B>-75;5=>20B0O, A 1>;55 B5<=>9 A5@548=>9 8 A25B;K<
15;>20BK< :@05<. ;0AB8=:8 G0ABK5, ?@8@>AH85,
:@5<>2K5, >E@O=K5, A 75;5=>20BK< >BB5=:><.
O:>BL B>=:0O, 65;B>20B0O, 1;54=0O, 157 >A>1>3> 70?0E0. >6:0 3 8 � 0,5 1 A<, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O,
?;>B=0O, A> A;01> 70<5B=K< :>;LF><, >4=>F25B-


251

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
-:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; >1;0405B 2K@065==>9 0=B810:B5@80;L=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.
=0O A> H;O?:>9, 2 >A=>20=88 @602>-:>@8G=520O.
 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88 2 ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, =0 ?=OE 45@52L52 ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4 8 >:>;> =8E, =0 ?>3@515==>9 2 ?>G25 3=8;>9
4@525A8=5, =0 ?@>A5:0E, C 4>@>3, 2 B@025, 3@C??0<8, =5G0AB>.
;>4>=>A8B A 023CAB0 ?> >:BO1@L.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 ?>A;5 >B20@820=8O 3@81 A> A@54=8<8
2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8. A?>;L7C5BAO A2568< 4;O
60@:8 8 AC?>2.

Pholiota squarrosa (Weig. : Fr.) Kumm.

'5HC9G0B:0 G5HC9G0B0O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5HC9G0B:0 >1K:=>25==0O, G5HC9G0B:0 2>@A8AB0O, G5HC9G0B:0 ACE0O.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
 =5:>B>@KE >1;0ABOE G5HC9G0B:0 G5HC9G0B0O
A;C68B >A=>2=K< 8AB>G=8:>< :>@<0 4;O 15;>:,
B. :. 2 MB>< 3@815 A>45@68BAO =081>;LH55 87 A>18@05<KE 15;:0<8 284>2 3@81>2 :>;8G5AB2> 4>ABC?=KE ?@>B58=>2.  07;030NI85AO ?;>4>2K5
B5;0 O2;ONBAO 87;N1;5==K< AC1AB@0B>< 4;O ?8B0=8O 8 2K2545=8O ;8G8=>: ;5A=KE D@C:B>2KE
<CH5: @>40 Drosophila.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 >B 5 4> 15 A< 2 480<5B@5, <OA8AB0O, 2K?C:;0O, <54>2>-65;B0O, :@C?=>G5HC9G0B0O. O:>BL
1;54=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B0O. ;0AB8=:8 C
<>;>4KE 3@81>2 70I8I5=K ?>:@K20;><, 65;B>20BK5, A 2>7@0AB>< ?@8>1@5B0NB 75;5=>20B>- 8;8
B5<=>-:>@8G=52CN >:@0A:C. >6:0 4> 15 A< 2KA>B>9 8 4> 2 A< B>;I8=>9, >4=>F25B=0O A> H;O?-

:>9, ?;>B=0O, G5HC9G0B0O, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2   A
:>;LF><.


252

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

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?>403@8G5A:89 0@B@8B, 8 8=3818B>@K MB>3> D5@<5=B0 8A?>;L7CNBAO :;8=8G5A:8 4;O ;5G5=8O ?>403@K.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2545BAO @07@01>B:0
?@>B82>?>403@8G5A:8E ?@5?0@0B>2 =0 >A=>25
A:20@@>7848=0 G5HC9G0B:8. !G8B05BAO, GB> ?@8ACBAB285 53> 2 <8F5;88 <>65B 1KBL >1CA;>2;5=>
=5>1E>48<>ABLN ?>402;OBL ?@>4C:F8N 70I8B=KE 25I5AB2 45@520-E>7O8=0, :>B>@K5 >=> 2K@010BK205B 2 >B25B =0 2B>@65=85 2 53> B:0=8 3@810.
><8<> MB>3>, M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; >1;0405B 10:B5@8F84=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.
 0A?@>AB@0=5=0 ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5
 >AA88, 2 ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0, =0 ;8AB25==KE 8
E2>9=KE 45@52LOE.  0AB5B 1>;LH8<8 3@C??0<8
=0 682KE 8 <5@B2KE AB2>;0E, =0 ?=OE, 2 4C?;0E, =0
:>@=OE. 7 E2>9=KE ?>@>4 MB0 G5HC9G0B:0 ?@54?>G8B05B 5;L, 87 ;8AB25==KE   15@57C, >A8=C 8
O1;>=N. ;>4>=>A8B 2 023CAB5 >:BO1@5.
B 4@C38E 65;B>- 8 :>@8G=52>>:@0H5==KE
G5HC9G0B>: >B;8G05BAO E0@0:B5@=K< 3CAB>-G5HC9G0BK< >1;8:><.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
;>4>2K5 B5;0 G5HC9G0B:8 G5HC9G0B>9 A>45@60B
C=8:0;L=>5 25I5AB2>, O2;ONI55AO ?@>872>4=K<
D5=8;?@>?0=>84>2. -B> A>548=5=85, =0720==>5

Pholiota lubrica (Pers. : Fr.) Sing.

'5HC9G0B:0 A:>;L7:0O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5HC9G0B:0 A;878AB0O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3 10 A<, A=0G0;0 ?>;CH0@>284=0O, A
?@860BK< : =>6:5 :@05<, 70B5< 2K?C:;>-@0A?@>AB5@B0O, A;878AB0O, :;59:0O, 2 ACECN ?>3>4C   ACE0O 8 1;5ABOI0O, >@0=652>-:>@8G=520O
8;8 :8@?8G=>-:@0A=0O, @K60O, A 1>;55 B5<=K<
F5=B@><, A 2>7@0AB>< 4> 65;B>->@0=652>9 8;8
1;54=>-65;B>9, ?> :@0N A >1;5B0NI8<8 15;K<8 G5HC9:0<8, 1;865 : :@0N A25B;0O, 15;>20B0O.
;0AB8=:8 A=0G0;0 15;>20BK5, A 2>7@0AB>< 75;5-

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 ?>A;5 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O 3@81 A E>@>H8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8.
>;>4K5 3@81K A>18@0NB F5;8:><, C 7@5;KE  
B>;L:> H;O?:8. A?>;L7C5BAO 2 >A=>2=>< 4;O
60@:8 8 AC?>2, A>;8BAO 8 <0@8=C5BAO.


253

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=0O G5HC9G0B:0 A 65;B>-1C@>9 A;878AB>9 H;O?:>9, @0ABCI0O 2 >A=>2=>< =0 ?>G25, =0456=> >B;8G05BAO >B ?@>G8E ?@54AB028B5;59 @>40.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
-:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; >1;0405B ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN, ?>402;OO =0 90%
A0@:><C-180 8 :0@F8=><C -@;8E0. @8 ?@85<5
A?8@B>2>9 2KBO6:8 >B<5G5=> A=865=85 C@>2=O
E>;5AB5@8=0 2 :@>28.
C;LB828@C5BAO =0 >?8;>G=KE AC1AB@0B0E 4;O
;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59.
=>20B>-65;B>20BK5 8, =0:>=5F, A5@>->;82:>2K5.
O:>BL B>=:0O, 65;B>20B0O, =0 A@575 AB0=>28BAO
1C@>9, A> A;01K< =5?@8OB=K< 4@525A8==>-@545G=K< 70?0E>< 8 2:CA><. >6:0 5 12 � 0,5 1 A<,
15;0O, 2 >A=>20=88 1C@>20B0O, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O,
?;>B=0O, 2=CB@8 20B>>1@07=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< ?>GB8
?>;0O, A> A25B;K< 8AG570NI8< :>;LF><, A=0G0;0
G5HC9G0B0O, 70B5< ?>GB8 3>;0O.
 0A?@>AB@0=5=0 2 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88 2
;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, =0 3=8;>9 70<H5;>9 4@525A8=5 ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4 (>1KG=> 15@570, 4C1), =0 ?>3@515==>9 2 ?>G25 @07;>682H59AO
4@525A8=5 8;8 ?@>AB> =0 ?>G25, ?>2A5<5AB=>, =>
2AN4C @54:>. ;>4>=>A8B A 023CAB0 ?> >:BO1@L.

Piptoporus betulinus (Bull. : Fr.) Karst.

C1:0 15@57>20O
!5<59AB2>: 8?B>?>@>2K5 (Piptoporaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@CB>28: 15@57>2K9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
5@57>2K9 B@CB>28:, 1C4CG8 ?0@078B>< 15@57K,
=5@54:> 2K7K205B <0AA>2CN 3815;L MB8E 45@52L52. "0:85 A;CG08 >B<5G5=K 2  >AA88, 5@<0=88,
!(. ;>4>2K5 B5;0, 2K@0AB0NI85 =0 <5@B2KE
C?02H8E 45@52LOE, AB0=>2OBAO 8AB>G=8:>< 70@065=8O 682KE 15@57. !?>@K ?@>=8:0NB 2 ?>@065==K5 <5AB0 8;8 B@5I8=K =0 AB2>;5, G5@57
A;><0==K5 25B28. >@065=85 45@520 >1KG=>
@0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO >B 53> 25@H8=K : >A=>20=8N
8;8 65 >B :>=F0 25B28 : AB2>;C.  07@0AB0OAL 2=C-

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 2  >AA88 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@81 AG8B05BAO =5AJ54>1=K< 87-70 E0@0:B5@=>3>
@545G=>3> 2:CA0 8 70?0E0.


254

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

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?@8OB=K5.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9
7>=5  >AA88. @>BO65==>ABL 3=8;8 2 AB2>;5 <>65B 4>AB830BL =5A:>;L:8E <5B@>2. !5;8BAO =0
AB2>;0E, G0I5 2A53> =0 ACE>AB>5 8 20;56=8:5. A=>2=K5 <5AB>>18B0=8O 3C1:8   ;5A0, ;5A>?0@:8,
?0@:8, A04K A CG0AB85< 15@57K.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
B@8 AB2>;0, 3@81=8F0 87 3>40 2 3>4 2K405B 2A5 =>2K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0. '0AB> <>6=> C2845BL 15@57C,
CAK?0==CN 3C1:0<8 >B >A=>20=8O 4> A0<>9 25@H8=K. ;>4>2K5 B5;0 B@CB>28:0 >4=>;5B=85, =>
2 A;CG05 B5?;>9 78<K >=8 <>3CB ?@>68BL 8 420
3>40. >4 2>7459AB285< 15@57>2>9 3C1:8 4@525A8=0 15@57K AB0=>28BAO B@CE;O2>9, @KE;>9,
E@C?:>9, B0:>9, GB> 55 <>6=> @0AB5@5BL <564C
?0;LF0<8 2 <5;LG09H89 :@0A=>-:>@8G=52K9 ?>@>H>:.  (259F0@88 MB>B ?>@>H>: 8A?>;L7CNB
4;O ?>;8@>2:8 45B0;59 G0A>2.
5@57>20O 3C1:0 ?>;L7C5BAO 1>;LH8< CA?5E><
A@548 =0A5:><KE, :>B>@K5 =5 B>;L:> 8A?>;L7CNB
55 2 :0G5AB25 ?8I8, => 8 2K2>4OB 2 3@810E A2>8E
;8G8=>:. '0AB> <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL ?;>4>2K5 B5;0,
A8;L=> 87C@>4>20==K5 ?>3@K70<8 =0A5:><KE.
> =5 =04> 4C<0BL, GB> >=8 B>;L:> 2@54OB B@CB>28:C. 0 A2>8E ;0?:0E =0A5:><K5 ?5@5=>AOB
A?>@K 3@810 =0 4@C385 15@57>2K5 AB2>;K. '5@57
?>2@5645=8O 2 :>@5 45@520 3@81=8F0 ?@>@0AB05B
2=CB@L, 8 =0G8=05BAO @0728B85 =>2>3> 3@810.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 4> 20 A< 2 ?>?5@5G=8:5, ?>G:>284=0O
8;8 :>?KB>284=0O, 8=>340 A 70G0B>G=>9 =>6:>9
2 <5AB5 ?@8:@5?;5=8O : AB2>;C 45@520, 2K?C:;0O,
?>:@KB0 A5@>20B>9, :>@8G=520B>9 8;8 65;B>20B>9 :>68F59, :>B>@0O C AB0@KE 3@81>2 G0AB>
@0AB@5A:8205BAO, ?> :@0N H;O?:8 ?@>E>48B E0@0:B5@=K9 20;8:, >:09<;ONI89 A;>9 B@C1>G5:.
"@C1>G:8 15;5AK5. >@K :@C3;K5, >G5=L <5;:85, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 15;K5, A 2>7@0AB>< ?@8>1@5B0NB >@0=6520BK9 8;8 :>@8G=52K9 >BB5=>:. >6:0 70G0B>G=0O 8;8 >BACBAB2C5B. O:>BL
B>;AB0O (2 7 A<), 15;0O, <OA8AB>-?@>1:>20B0O,
4>2>;L=> <O3:0O, E>BO A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>28BAO

 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E 15@57>2>9 3C1:8 >1=0@C65=
F5;K9 @O4 18>0:B82=KE :><?>=5=B>2. !@548 =8E
<>6=> =0720BL 0;8D0B8G5A:85 A?8@BK, :5B>=K,
0;L45384K, B5@?5=K, 0@><0B8G5A:85 A>548=5=8O.
(5ABL B@8B5@?5=>2 ;0=>AB0=>2>3> @O40, 2K45;5==K5 87 P. betulinus, 1K;8 >?@545;5=K :0: ?>;8?>@5=>2K5 :8A;>BK A 8 C. >;8?>@5=>2K5 :8A;>BK
E0@0:B5@87CNBAO O@:> 2K@065==K< ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=K< 459AB285<, =5 CABC?0NI8< ?> A8;5
:>@B87>=C. =8 2>2;5G5=K 2 F5;K9 @O4 687=5==>
206=KE 18>E8<8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, 2:;NG0O ?@>;8D5@0F8N :;5B>:, <83@0F8N <0:@>D03>2 8 ;8<D>F8B>2, 0=38>35=57, 0?>?B>7 8 70I8BC >@30=87<0-E>7O8=0 =0 <>;5:C;O@=>< C@>2=5.
8?B0<8=, 2K45;5==K9 87 <5B0=>;>2>3> 8
48E;>@<5B0=>2>3> M:AB@0:B>2 A2568E ?;>4>2KE
B5;, ?>:070; 0=B818>B8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 Bacillus subtilis 8 Escherichia coli. C:;58=>2K5 :8A;>BK, 2K45;5==K5 87 15@57>2>9 3C1:8,
>1;040NB ?@>B82>28@CA=>9 0:B82=>ABLN, :0: 8
55 I5;>G=>9 M:AB@0:B.  G0AB=>AB8, 2 E>45 M:A-


255

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

>;8A0E0@84K, 2K45;5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9
:C;LBC@K P. betulinus, >1;040NB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN 8 ?>402;ONB @>AB A0@:><K-180
8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7CNB :0: >1I5C:@5?;ONI55 A@54AB2>, CA8;820NI55 A>?@>B82;O5<>ABL >@30=87<0 ?@8 701>;520=8OE.  07@570==K5
?;>4>2K5 B5;0 3@81>2 <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 2 :0G5AB25 ?;0ABK@O 4;O A:>@59H53> 70682;5=8O @0=.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
?5@8<5=B0 =0 15;KE <KH0E ?@>D8;0:B8G5A:85
?@5?0@0BK ?>72>;8;8 871560BL 70@065=8O 28@CA>< :;5I52>3> M=F5D0;8B0. 5>G8I5==0O  
P. betulinus <>65B 8=4CF8@>20BL D81@>1;0ABK
G5;>25:0 : ?>2KH5==>9 ?@>4C:F88 8=B5@D5@>=0.
!<5AL :><?>=5=B>2, 2K45;5==KE 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K (2:;NG0O ?>;8?>@5=>2K5 :8A;>BK), ?>:070;0 0=B8?0@078B8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL,
>:0702H8AL B>:A8G=>9 4;O 2;0A>3;020 Trichuris
trichura (:@C3;K9 G5@2L, 2K7K20NI89 701>;520=85 B@8E>F5D0;57).

!>18@0NB <>;>4K5, =5 >G5=L :@C?=K5 ?;>4>2K5
B5;0 (>1O70B5;L=> 15;K5 2=CB@8), 65;0B5;L=>
5I5 <O3:85. 0;55 8A?>;L7CNBAO A2568<8 8;8
ACH0BAO 4;O ?>;CG5=8O ?>@>H:0.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15=. ;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 A;54C5B A>18@0BL B>;L:> <>;>4K5 3@81K, C :>B>@KE <O:>BL
G8AB>-15;0O.  A>60;5=8N, ?@8 20@:5 :8A;>20BK9 2:CA CA8;8205BAO. !CH5=K9 ?>@>H>: 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O 1C;L>=>2.

Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker et Couch.

87>;8B :@0A8;L=K9
!5<59AB2>: >6=>4>64528:>2K5 (Sclerodermataceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?87>;8B 15A:>@=52>9.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
@5;CN <O:>BL ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 (3;51C) 8A?>;L7>20;8 2 .6=>9 2@>?5 :0: B5E=8G5A:>5 :@0A8;L=>5 @0AB5=85 4;O ?>;CG5=8O 65;B>9 :@0A:8. ;03>40@O A2>59 A?>A>1=>AB8 @0AB8 =0 >154=5==KE,
:8A;KE ?>G20E 3@81 8<55B 1>;LH>5 M:>;>38G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 4;O ;5A>@072545=8O 8 ;5A>2>AAB0=>2;5=8O =0 >B20;0E, :0@L5@0E 8 8=KE <5AB0E A
B5E=>35==> =0@CH5==K<8 ?>G20<8. 0@065=85
<8:>@87>9 ?87>;8B0 A065=F52 A>A5=, M2:0;8?B>2 8 =5:>B>@KE 4@C38E 4@525A=KE ?>@>4 MDD5:B82=> ?@8 ;5A>=0A0645=8OE.


256

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

=KE ?>G20E, =0 70@0AB0NI8E 2K@C1:0E, 2 AB0@KE
:0@L5@0E, =0 >75;5=O5<KE C3>;L=KE >B20;0E. 
<0;>=0@CH5==KE ;5A0E :@09=5 @54>:. 1@07C5B
<8:>@87C A E2>9=K<8 ?>@>40<8, 15@570<8, 4C10<8, B>?>;O<8 8 M2:0;8?B0<8.
  >AA88 2AB@5G05BAO 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8, =0
02:075, 2 0?04=>9 !818@8 8 =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5, ;5B>< 8 2 =0G0;5 >A5=8.

!E>4=K5 284K

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> :@C?=>5, 5 30 A< 2KA>B>9, 4 20 A<
2 ?>?5@5G=8:5, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 H0@>284=>5,
?>74=55 1C;02>284=>5 8;8 =5?@028;L=>9 D>@<K,
A ?;>B=>9, 2>;>:=8AB>9, 3;C1>:> C:>@5=5==>9
;>6=>9 =>6:>9 1 8 � 2 3 A<, 87@54:0 A84OG55,
A 75;5=>20B>-65;BK<8 <8F5;80;L=K<8 BO60<8.
1>;>G:0 (?5@8489) >G5=L B>=:0O, >:>;> 1 <<
B>;I8=>9, A=0G0;0 <O3:0O 8 15;>20B0O, 70B5< ACE0O 8 ;><:0O, 65;B>20B0O, >E@8AB0O A >;82:>2>G5@=K<8 ?OB=0<8, 3;04:0O, ?>74=55 @0AB@5A:8205BAO 8 >?0405B E;>?LO<8, >B:@K20O 1C@>20BCN
A?>@>2CN <0AAC. ;>4>2>5 B5;> ?@8 MB>< ?@8>1@5B05B AE>65ABL A M:A:@5<5=B0<8 682>B=KE,
?>;CA3=82H8<8 :>@=O<8, >1;><:0<8 B@CE;O2KE
?=59.
;510 C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 A>AB>8B 87 <5;:8E
(2 5 <<) >:@C3;KE, 15;KE 8;8 65;B>20BKE, ?5@848>;59 (:0?AC;K, 2 :>B>@KE >1@07CNBAO A?>@K),
?>3@C65==KE 2 G5@=CN 65;0B8=>>1@07=CN <0AAC; C >A=>20=8O ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 ?5@848>;8 <5;LG5. !>7@520NB, =0G8=0O >B 25@ECH:8 ?;>4>2>3>
B5;0. !> 2@5<5=5< ?5@848>;8 AB0=>2OBAO :@0A=>20B>-:>@8G=52K<8 8 @0A?040NBAO, ?@52@0I0OAL 2
?>@>H:>284=CN 65;B>20B>-:>@8G=52CN A?>@>2CN <0AAC. 0?0E C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 =52K@065==K9, 3@81=>9, ?>74=55   4>2>;L=> =5?@8OB=K9.
87>;8B @0AB5B >48=>G=> 8;8 =51>;LH8<8
3@C??0<8 =0 :8A;KE, >154=5==KE 8;8 =0@CH5=-

;03>40@O E0@0:B5@=><C 2=5H=5<C 284C 8 <=>3>:0<5@=>9 3;515 ;53:> >B;8G8< >B 4@C38E 284>2 3@81>2. > =5:>B>@K< A2545=8O<, 2 53> A0<>< <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5 3@81 <>6=> A?CB0BL A
;>6=>4>64528:>< 1>@>402G0BK< (Scleroderma
verrucosum).

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
K45;5==K9 87 3@810 B@8B5@?5= ?87>AB5@>;
>1;0405B ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN. !>3;0A=> ?@>2545==K< 8AA;54>20=8O<, ?87>AB5@>;
?>;=>ABLN ?>402;O5B :C;LBC@K @0:>2KE :;5B>:
;8=89 HL-60 8 B16 (;59:5<8O 8 <5;0=><0 A>>B25BAB25==>), 0 B0:65 A0@:><K-180. >:070=>
>A>1> ?>78B82=>5 2>7459AB285 ?87>AB5@>;0 ?@8
=>2>>1@07>20=8OE 2 ?>G:0E 8 ?5G5=8.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!G8B05BAO =5AJ54>1=K<. 725AB=K A;CG08 8A?>;L7>20=8O <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 4;O ACH:8
8;8 60@:8, 0 B0:65 2 :0G5AB25 ?@8?@02K.


257

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Pleurotus citrinopileatus Sing.

5H5=:0 ;8<>==>-65;B0O
!5<59AB2>: 5H5=:>2K5 (Pleurotaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 25H5=:0 7>;>B8AB0O, 25H5=:0 ;8<>==0O, 8;L<0:.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3 6 A< 2 480<5B@5, C =081>;55 :@C?=KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 4> 10 A<.  <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5
H;O?:0 I8B:>284=0O, ?>B>< A 3;C1>:>9 O<>G:>9 8, =0:>=5F, 2>@>=:>284=0O =5?@028;L=0O A
;>?0AB=K< :@05<, ;8<>==>-65;B0O, 2 AB0@>AB8
1KAB@> 2KF25B05B 8 AB0=>28BAO 15;>9. ;0AB8=:8 G0ABK5, C7:85, 3 4 A< H8@8=>9, A;53:0 @>7>20BK5, 40;5:> =8AE>4OI85 =0 =>6:C. O:>BL 15;0O.
>6:0 6 9 A< 4;8=K, 2 2,5 A< B>;I8=K, C <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>GB8 F5=B@0;L=0O, C 7@5;KE
M:AF5=B@8G5A:0O, :@5<>20O.
@81K @0ABCB ?CG:0<8 8 A@>AB:0<8 (10 80
H;O?>:) =0 20;56=KE, ACE>AB>9=KE 8 (>G5=L @54:>) =0 682KE AB2>;0E 2O7>2 2 H8@>:>;8AB25==KE
8 E2>9=>-H8@>:>;8AB25==KE ;5A0E =0 N35 @8<>@A:>3> :@0O, 0 B0:65 =0 15@570E 2 A525@=KE
@09>=0E >AB>G=>9 !818@8. 0 N35 0;L=53>
>AB>:0 O2;ONBAO >4=8< 87 4>2>;L=> @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE 8 E>@>H> 8725AB=KE <5AB=><C =0A5;5=8N 284>2 AJ54>1=KE 3@81>2. ;>4>=>A8B 2
8N;5 >:BO1@5. 8:8 ?;>4>=>H5=8O A>2?040NB
A ?5@8>40<8 4>6459.
@81 :C;LB828@C5BAO :0: 4@C385 284K 25H5=>:. 5:>B>@K<8 <8:>;>30<8 AG8B05BAO >4=8<
284>< (F25B>2>9 D>@<>9) A 25H5=:>9 @>6:>284=>9 (P. cornucopiae).

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81 A =0456=K<8 ?@87=0:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
@81 O2;O5BAO =081>;55 :C;LB828@C5<>9 25H5=:>9 2 8B05 87-70 A?>A>1=>AB8 ?5@5@010BK20BL
100 3 AC1AB@0B0 2 50 70 3 25A0 A2568E 3@81>2,
30 % :>B>@>3> A>AB02;ONB ?@>B58=K. 5H5=:0
;8<>==0O A;C68B 8AB>G=8:>< 0=B8>:A840=B>2
(?@8G5< 0=B8>:A840=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL A=8605BAO
2 @O4C: 48:>5 ?;>4>2>5 B5;>   :C;LBC@=>5 ?;>4>2>5 B5;>   <8F5;89). -:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5;
?>:070; 0=B838?5@3;8:5<8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL,
>15A?5G820NICN A=865=85 C@>2=O A0E0@0 :@>28

?@8 48015B5.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =0 >A=>25 M:AB@0:B0 ;8<>==>9 25H5=:8 2545BAO A>740=85 ;5:0@AB25==KE ?@5?0@0B>2, =0?@02;5==KE =0 A=865=85 C@>2=O ;8?84>2.
>;8A0E0@84K, 2K45;5==K5 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;, >:07K20NB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>5 8 C:@5?;ONI55 8<<C=8B5B 459AB285, ?>=860NB 0:B82=>ABL 28@CA0 >:A0:8 5, :>B>@K9, :0: AG8B05BAO,
G0I5 2A53> O2;O5BAO ?@8G8=>9 M=B5@>28@CA=KE
A5@45G=KE ?>@065=89.
@81 A>45@68B DC<0@>2CN :8A;>BC, ?@8<5=5=85 :>B>@>9 ACI5AB25==> C25;8G8205B A:@KBK9
?5@8>4 0AB<K.


258

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 :8B09A:>9 8 :>@59A:>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O C:@5?;5=8O >@30=87<0 ?@8
A;01>AB8, 8<?>B5=F88, 4875=B5@88.  53C;O@=K9
?@85< A2568E 8;8 ACE8E 3@81>2 CAB@0=O5B =54>AB0B>: ;878=0 8 A=8605B C@>25=L E>;5AB5@8=0. 
=0@>4=>9 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 25H5=:>9 ;8<>==>-65;B>9 ;5G0B M<D875<C ;53:8E.

Pleurotus cornucopiae (Paul. ex Pers.) Roll.

5H5=:0 @>6:>284=0O
!5<59AB2>: 5H5=:>2K5 (Pleurotaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 25H5=:0 >18;L=0O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 2 15 A<, 2402;5==0O, 2>@>=:>284=0O, @>6:>284=0O, ?> :@0N G0AB> ;>?0AB=0O, 15;>20B0O, ?0;520O 8;8 1;54=>-65;B>->E@O=0O 4> A25B;>-A5@>20B>-:>@8G=52>9, A 2>7@0AB><
2KF25B0NI0O 8;8 B5<=5NI0O. ;0AB8=:8 =8AE>4OI85 40;5:> ?> =>6:5, @54:85, C7:85, 15;>20BK5. O:>BL 15;0O, <OA8AB0O, A A8;L=K< ?@8OB=K< A;04:>20BK< 70?0E><. >6:0 2 5 � 0,8 1,5
A<, F5=B@0;L=0O, @565 M:AF5=B@8G=0O, A?;>H=0O,
A25B;0O 8;8 ?0;520O.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 8 ;5A>AB5?=>9 7>=5, ?0@078B8@C5B =0 AB2>;0E, ?=OE 8 20;56=8:5 ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4 (2O7, 4C1, :;5=, >A8=0,
15@570, @O18=0). ;>4>=>A8B A <0O ?> >:BO1@L.
@81 :C;LB828@C5BAO :0: 4@C385 284K 25H5=>:. 5:>B>@K5 <8:>;>38 AG8B0NB 53> @07=>284=>ABLN 25H5=:8 ;8<>==>-65;B>9 (P. citrinopileatus) 8 2:;NG0NB 2 A>AB02 ?>A;54=59, =5
?@87=020O A0<>AB>OB5;L=K< 284><.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81 A =0456=K<8 ?@87=0:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5H5=:0 @>6:>284=0O A;C68B 8AB>G=8:>< 0=B8>:A840=B>2.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@83>4=K 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O 2 A2565< 2845,
ACH:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. # 7@5;KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 ?8IC >1KG=> B>;L:> H;O?:8, B0:
:0: =>6:8 G0AB> 1K20NB 3@C1K<8. =>340 ?@8E>48BAO 2K@570BL 8 703@C152HCN G0ABL H;O?:8
=04 =>6:>9.


259

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070; 0=B838?5@3;8:5<8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL, >15A?5G820NICN
A=865=85 C@>2=O A0E0@0 :@>28 ?@8 48015B5.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@83>4=K 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O 2 A2565< 2845,
ACH:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. # 7@5;KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 ?8IC >1KG=> B>;L:> H;O?:8, B0:
:0: =>6:8 G0AB> 1K20NB 3@C1K<8.

Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Qul.

5H5=:0 AB5?=0O
!5<59AB2>: 5H5=:>2K5 (Pleurotaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 25H5=:0 :>@>;52A:0O, AB5?=>9 15;K9 3@81.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
-DD5:B82=K5 <5B>4K :C;LB828@>20=8O :>@>;52A:>9 25H5=:8 1K;8 2=54@5=K 2 /?>=88 2
1993 3., 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 3@81 2K@0I820NB 2>
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Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. : Fr.) Qu�l.

5H5=:0 CAB@8G=0O
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284>2 3@81>2, =0?@8<5@, AB@>D0@88 <>@I8=8AB>-:>;LF52>9 (Stropharia rugosoannulata).
<5@8:0=A:0O :><?0=8O �Ecovative Design�
70?0B5=B>20;0 @07@01>B:8 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O 70@>AH53> <8F5;85< >B@01>B0==>3> AC1AB@0B0 2
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(P. pulmonarius) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 A25B;>9 H;O?:>9, 65;B>20B>9 <O:>BLN 8 A?5F8D8G5A:8< 70?0E><.  54:0O 25H5=:0 3>;C18=0O
(P. columbinus) >B;8G05BAO E0@0:B5@=>9 3>;C1>20B>9 >:@0A:>9 H;O?:8.

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263

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2> 2B>@KE 1;N40E), 4;O 70A>;:8, ACH:8 8 B. 4.

Pleurotus pulmonarius Fr. : Qu�l.

5H5=:0 ;53>G=0O
!5<59AB2>: 5H5=:>2K5 (Pleurotaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 25H5=:0 1C:>20O, 25H5=:0 15;>20B0O, 25H5=:0 25A5==OO.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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:C;LB820F88 A@548 ?@>G8E 25H5=>: 2 2@>?5 8
!525@=>9 <5@8:5, >A>15==> 55 ;5B=OO, CAB>9G820O : 2KA>:8< B5<?5@0BC@0< @07=>284=>ABL.
@>872>48B5;8-3@81>2>4K =5?@028;L=> =07K20NB MBC D>@<C �Pleurotus sajor-caju�, E>BO
P. sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer   MB> A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9
284 3@810, :>B>@K9 @0=55 AG8B0;AO 25H5=:>9, 0
A59G0A ?5@5=5A5= 2 @>4 ?8;>;8AB=8: (Lentinus)
8 =07K205BAO Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr.
5H5=:0 ;53>G=0O CA?5H=> 2K@0I8205BAO 2
>2>9 5;0=488 8 B0< ?@>405BAO :0: �25H5=:0 CAB@8G=0O�. @8 MB>< =0AB>OI0O 25H5=:0
CAB@8G=0O (P. ostreatus) 70?@5I5=0 =5 B>;L:> 4;O
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0: 8 4@C385 284K 25H5=>:, 3@81 :C;LB828@C5BAO =0 4@525A=>< AC1AB@0B5 8 2 3;C18==>9 :C;LBC@5 2 2845 <8F5;8O.

!E>4=K5 284K
5H5=:0 CAB@8G=0O (P. ostreatus) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 <OA8ABK<8 8 ?;>B=K<8 ?;>4>2K<8 B5;0<8 8
2A5340 1>;55 B5<=K< F25B>< H;O?:8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 3 12 A<, 255@>284=0O, 2K?C:;0O, B>=:0O, 3;04:0O 8;8 A >?CI5==K< :@05<,
G0AB> ;>?0AB=0O, A25B;0O, 15;0O, A25B;>-156520O,
A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B0O (>A>15==> 65;B55B :@09
H;O?:8 ?@8 ?>4AKE0=88), ?0;520O. ;0AB8=:8
A25B;K5, 15;>20BK5, 157 ?>?5@5G=KE ?5@5<KG5:
(8=>340 A =8<8 2 >1;0AB8 =>6:8), =8AE>4OI85
?> =>6:5, @54:85, >B=>A8B5;L=> B>;ABK5. O:>BL
B>=:0O, C?@C30O, 15;0O, A E0@0:B5@=K< 70?0E>< AK@>AB8, @565   A;04:>20BK<, A 2>7@0AB>< B25@40O,
G0AB> A 70?0E>< <>G528=K. >6:0 :>@>B:0O 8;8
@54CF8@>20==0O, 1 2 � 0,5 1 A<, 1>:>20O (@54:>
M:AF5=B@8G5A:0O 8;8 F5=B@0;L=0O), A?;>H=0O,
15;0O, >1KG=> >18;L=> >?CH5==0O 2 >A=>20=88.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5, A5;8BAO =0 >B<5@H59 4@525A8=5 8 25B2OE ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4 (;8?K, 15@57K, >A8=K, @O18=K, >;LE8),

Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff. : Fr.) Kumm.

;NB59 >;5=89
!5<59AB2>: ;NB552K5 (Pluteaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?;NB59 1C@K9, ?;NB59 B5<=>2>;>:=8ABK9, >;5=89 3@81.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3 25 A< 2 480<5B@5, >:@C3;0O, :>;>:>;LG0B0O, A 2>7@0AB>< @0A?@>AB5@B0O, ?@>4>;L=>-2>;>:=8AB0O, 2 F5=B@5 8=>340 A;01> <5;:>G5HC9G0B0O, >1KG=> A;53:0 1;5ABOI0O 8 ?>;>A0B0O ?>
:@0N, A 1C3>@:>< 2 F5=B@5, C <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE
B5; ?;>B=0O 8 <OA8AB0O, C 7@5;KE   4>2>;L=> B>=-

5H5=:0 @>6:>284=0O A;C68B 8AB>G=8:>< 0=B8>:A840=B>2.
-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070; 0=B838?5@3;8:5<8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL, >15A?5G820NICN
A=865=85 C@>2=O A0E0@0 :@>28 ?@8 48015B5.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
@83>4=K 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O 2 A2565< 2845,
ACH:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O. # 7@5;KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 ?8IC >1KG=> B>;L:> H;O?:8, B0:
:0: =>6:8 G0AB> 1K20NB 3@C1K<8.


265

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K
;87:89 ?> 2=5H=5<C 284C ?;NB59 G5@=>:@09=89 (P. atromarginatus) >B;8G05BAO G5@=>20B>9
H;O?:>9 8 B5<=>-:>@8G=52K<8 >AB@8O<8 ?;0AB8=>:.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

:0O 8 ;><:0O. :@0A:0 >G5=L @07=>>1@07=0   >B
?>GB8 G8AB>-15;>9 4> A5@>9, A5@>->;82:>2>9,
A5@>-:>@8G=52>9, >;82:>2>-:>@8G=52>9 8 4065
H>:>;04=>- 8;8 G5@=>-:>@8G=52>9. ;0AB8=:8
H8@>:85, G0ABK5, 15;K5, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>2OBAO @>7>20BK<8 4> =0AKI5==>-@>7>2KE 8 @>7>2>-:>@8G=520BKE, 2 <5AB0E =0402;820=8O 8 ?>2@5645=8O 8=>340 <54;5==> :@0A=5NB. O:>BL
B>;AB0O, <O3:0O, 15;0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B0O,
=0 A@575 >:@0A:C =5 <5=O5B 8;8 GCBL @>7>255B
8;8 :>@8G=5255B. 0?0E 8 2:CA ?@8OB=K5. >6:0 2KA>:0O, 6 25 � 0,5 3 A<, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O 8;8
=5A:>;L:> @0AH8@5==0O :=87C, ?;>B=0O, 1;865 :
>A=>20=8N >1KG=> 87>3=CB0O 8 A 2@>AH8<8 :>@8G=52K<8 2>;>:=0<8.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5, :@><5
@09=53> !525@0.  0AB5B 2 ;5A0E @07=>3> B8?0,
?0@:0E, A040E =0 ?=OE, 20;56=8:5 8 3=8;>9 4@525A8=5 ;8AB25==KE 8 E2>9=KE ?>@>4, G0AB>, <5AB0<8 >18;L=>. ;>4>=>A8B A <0O 4> =0G0;0 =>O1@O.

Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr.

"@CB>28: G5HC9G0BK9
!5<59AB2>: >;8?>@>2K5 (Polyporaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@CB>28: ?5AB@K9, ?5AB@5F,
2O7>28:, 70OG=8:.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
!@548 48709=5@>2 F5=8BAO B>;AB0O, 65AB:0O 1C<030, :>B>@CN 873>B02;820NB =51>;LH8<8 ?0@B8O<8 87 MB>3> B@CB>28:0 2 8B05 8 2@>?5.

7 MB0=>;>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 ?;>4>2KE B5; 2K45;5=K 0=B8:>03C;O=BK   25I5AB20, ?@5?OBAB2CNI85 A25@BK205<>AB8 :@>28.
>;8A0E0@84K, 2K45;5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9
:C;LBC@K P. cervinus, ?>:070;8 ?@>B82>@0:>2CN
0:B82=>ABL, ?>;=>ABLN 8=3818@CO 2 ;01>@0B>@=KE CA;>28OE @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K
-@;8E0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A =5?;>E8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8. >7<>6=> ?@5420@8B5;L=>5 >B20@820=85
4;O �70:@5?;5=8O� 4>2>;L=> E@C?:8E H;O?>:
7@5;KE 3@81>2 (<>;>4K5   ?;>B=K5). A?>;L7C5BAO >1KG=> A2568< (60@:0, AC?K).


266

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

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:>@8G=520O, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 10@E0B8AB0O, 2 >A=>20=88 G0AB> G5@=0O. >65B @0A?>;030BLAO :0:
2 F5=B@5 H;O?:8, B0: 8 A1>:C (:0: C 25H5=:8).
 0AB5B 2 A25B;KE H8@>:>;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E 8 ?0@:0E, ?@54?>G8B05B 4@525A8=C
4C10, ;8?K, 2O70, :;5=0. >@074> @565 2AB@5G05BAO
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2 <05 8 ?;>4>=>A8B 4> =0G0;0 =>O1@O. AB@5G05BAO
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?8A0=85

!E>4=K5 284K

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GB> =0 =86=59 AB>@>=5 H;O?:8 C =53> =5 ?;0AB8=:8, 0 B@C1>G:8. (;O?:0 480<5B@>< 5 60 A<,
156520O 8;8 :@5<>20O 4> >E@O=>9 8;8 A25B;>-:>@8G=520B>9, A :@C?=K<8, B5<=>-:>@8G=52K<8,
?@860BK<8, :>=F5=B@8G5A:8 @0A?>;>65==K<8
G5HC9:0<8; A=0G0;0 >:@C3;0O, 70B5< ?>G:>284=0O
8;8 255@>>1@07=0O, : >A=>20=8N =5A:>;L:> 2402;5==0O, C?@C3><OA8AB0O. >@K :@C?=K5, C3;>20BK5, A =5@>2=K< 7C1G0BK< :@05<, 1 3 << 2 480<5B@5. "@C1G0BK9 A;>9 4> 1 A< B>;I8=>9, =8AE>48B
?> =>6:5, 15;K9 4> 65;B>20B>3>. O:>BL B>;AB0O
(0,5 4 A<), ?;>B=0O, 15;0O, A ?@8OB=K< 2:CA>< 8
70?0E><, A 2>7@0AB>< 65AB:0O, 3C1G0B>-?@>1:>20O, :@>H0I0OAO.

;87:89 284   B@CB>28: :;C1=5=>A=K9
(P. tuberaster) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 <5;:8<8 8 �@KE;K<8� ?;>4>2K<8 B5;0<8, 1>;55 A25B;K<8, A;53:0
>BAB0NI8<8 >B H;O?:8 E0>B8G5A:8 @0A?>;>65==K<8 G5HC9:0<8 8 2A5340 F5=B@0;L=>9 =>6:>9
157 G5@=>-:>@8G=52>9 7>=K 2 >A=>20=88.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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:>B>@K5 <548:8 AG8B0NB ?5@A?5:B82=K< 4;O
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B5AB8@>20=88 >?CE>;59 8 2 3;8:>18>;>38G5A:8E
8AA;54>20=8OE.
"0:65 2KO2;5=0 8 0=B8>:A840=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
A?>;L7C5BAO 2 >A=>2=>< 2 2845 <0759 4;O ;5G5=8O 2>A?0;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 2 ACAB020E, ?@8
>AB5>E>=4@>70E, 0@B@>70E, 20@8:>7=>< @0AH8@5=88 25=.

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4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59

"@CB>28: :;C1=5=>A=K9.

>;>4K5 <O3:85 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 A>18@0NBAO 4;O
ACH:8 8;8 87<5;LG0NBAO 8 =0AB0820NBAO =0 2>45
8;8 2>4:5 A2568<8 (=0@C1;5==K<8). 0B5< =0AB>9 2<5AB5 A 3@81>< 87<5;LG05BAO 1;5=45@>< 4>
3><>35==>9 :>=A8AB5=F88. 07L E@0=OB 2 E>;>48;L=8:5. >7<>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 55 8 4;O :><?@5AA>2, 0 87 ACH5=KE 3@81>2 45;0BL G09 A 0=0;>38G=K<8 <078 A2>9AB20<8.


267

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2

A2565< 2845 (>A>15==> E>@>H 2 AC?0E 8 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O 3@81=KE A>CA>2), A>;5=K<, <0@8=>20==K<, 4;O ACH:8. !>45@68B 28B0<8=K A, F, 1,
2, B12, D 8 .

Polyporus umbellatus (Pers. : Fr.) Fr.

"@CB>28: 7>=B8G=K9
!5<59AB2>: >;8?>@>2K5 (Polyporaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@CB>28: 25B28ABK9, B@CB>28: @0725B2;5==K9, 3@8D>;0 7>=B8G=0O.

?8A0=85
-B>B @>4AB25==K9 25H5=:5, :0: 8 ?@54K4CI89
B@CB>28:, 3@81 25AL<0 A2>5>1@075=. 3> ?;>4>2>5 B5;> A >1I59 :>@>B:>9 =>6:>9 2 >A=>20=88,
2KH5 A8;L=> @0725B2;5=> (4> 50 A< 2 ?>?5@5G=8:5 8 25A>< 4> 4 :3), 8 :0640O 25B>G:0 70:0=G8205BAO <0;5=L:>9 H;O?:>9 480<5B@>< 1 4 A<.
(;O?:8 B>=:85, :>68AB>-<OA8ABK5, A25B;>->E@O=K5, A25B;>- 8;8 B5<=>-1C@>20BK5, 8=>340 15;K5, ?> :@0O< 2>;=8ABK5, 2 F5=B@5 A =51>;LH8<
C3;C1;5=85<, :@C3;K5, =0 ?;>4>2>< B5;5 8E <>65B
1KBL 1>;55 100. "@C1G0BK9 A;>9 15;K9, B@C1>G:8
>G5=L :>@>B:85, ?>@K C3;>20BK5, 4>2>;L=> :@C?=K5, 1 3 <<. O:>BL 15;0O, A ?@8OB=K< 3@81=K<
8;8 >@5E>2K< 2:CA>< 8 70?0E><. @81 ?>O2;O5BAO C >A=>20=8O AB2>;>2, =0 ?=OE 8 =0 :>@=OE ;8AB25==KE 45@52L52 (>1KG=> 4C10, :;5=0, 15@57K
8;8 ;8?K), @565 ?@>AB> =0 3=8NI59 4@525A8=5
8;8 =0 ?>G25 2>7;5 =55 8;8 =0 <>;>4>9 4@525A=>9
?>@>A;8 (15@570, ;5I8=0, ;8?0).
;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O 4> :>=F0 >:BO1@O, 2AB@5G05BAO 4>2>;L=> @54:>, BO3>B55B : N6=K< @538>=0<  >AA88.

!E>4=K5 284K
5A:>;L:> ?>E>6 =0 AJ54>1=K9 3@81-10@0=
(Grifola frondosa), :>B>@K9 >B;8G05BAO :;8=>284=K<8 8;8 255@>284=K<8 H;O?:0<8 A 1>:>2K<8, 0 =5 F5=B@0;L=K<8 =>6:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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;O 3@810 E0@0:B5@=K A;54CNI85 >A=>2=K5
D0@<0:>;>38G5A:85 A2>9AB20: <>G53>==>5 (48C@5B8G5A:>5); =>@<0;870F8O ?@>=8F05<>AB8 A>AC4>2 ?@8 35<0BC@88; ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>5; 0=B8>:A840=B=>5; 8<<C=>AB8<C;8@CNI55; >:07K205B
1;03>?@8OB=>5 2>7459AB285 ?@8 B>:A8G5A:>< 35?0B8B5; ?@>B82>?A>@80B8G5A:>5; 0=B8@0480F8>==>5; 0=B810:B5@80;L=>5 8 ?@>B82>28@CA=>5
(>AB0=02;8205B @>AB AB0D8;>:>::>2, C@>35=8B0;L=KE E;0<8489, <0;O@89=>3> ?;07<>48O); A?>A>1AB2C5B @>ABC 2>;>A.


268

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

:0E, ?>=>A5, AB@0=3C@88 A =0;8G85< <CB=>9 <>G8,
A> A:>@>B5G=K< G0ABK< 1>;57=5==K< :0?0NI8<
<>G58A?CA:0=85<, 65;BCE5 8 F8@@>75 ?5G5=8.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
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ACH:8 8;8 87<5;LG0NBAO 8 =0AB0820NBAO =0 2>45
8;8 2>4:5 A2568<8 (=0@C1;5==K<8). !>18@0NB
=5 B>;L:> =0475<=CN G0ABL, => 8 ?>475<=K5 A:;5@>F88.

>475<=K5 A:;5@>F88 7>=B8G=>3> B@CB>28:0..

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 ?;>4>2K5
B5;0 8 A:;5@>F88 8A?>;L7CNBAO ?@8 0=C@88, >B5-

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15= 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5, 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2
A2565< 2845, A>;5=K<, <0@8=>20==K<, 4;O ACH:8.

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst.

>6=>56528: ABC45=8ABK9
!5<59AB2>: -:A84852K5 (Exidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 56528: ABC45=8ABK9.

?8A0=85
-B> =5 =0AB>OI89 56528:, :>B>@K9, :0: 8 2A5
?@>G85 56528:8, 4>;65= 1K; 1K >B=>A8BLAO :
B@CB>28:>2K< 3@810<. 6528: ABC45=8ABK9  
@>4AB25==8: 4@>60;>:. > :>=A8AB5=F88 >= ?>E>6 =0 ?;>B=K9 E>;>45F, H8?8:8 53> ?@>7@0G=K5
8 >G5=L <O3:85. ;>4>2K5 B5;0 ;>6=>56528:0
;>6:>284=>9, 255@>284=>9 8;8 O7K:>284=>9
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>B 15;>20BKE 4> A5@>20BKE. O:>BL 65;0B8=8AB0O
8;8 E@OI520B0O, A5@>20B0O, ?>;C?@>7@0G=0O, 157
70?0E0 8 A> A;53:0 A<>;8ABK< 2:CA><. >6:0 70G0B>G=0O, :>@>B:0O, 1>:>20O, 8=>340 >BACBAB2C5B.
 0AB5B 56528: ABC45=8ABK9 =0 3=8;>9 4@525A8=5
(>1KG=> ?=OE) E2>9=KE ?>@>4 (5;L, A>A=0, :54@,
?8EB0) ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5. 0 2:CA
=8G53> >A>15==>3> 87 A51O =5 ?@54AB02;O5B, E>BO,
=5A><=5==>, AJ54>15=.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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403 284>2 3@81>2, B5AB8@>20==KE =0 ;5:B8=K A M@8B@>F8B0<8 G5;>25:0, B>;L:> ;5:B8=K MB>3> 3@810
?>:070;8 0=B8-A A5@>;>38G5A:CN A?5F8D8:C.
7 :C;LBC@0;L=>3> <8F5;8O 2K45;5=K ?>;8A0E0@84K, >AB0=02;820NI85 @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 %.


269

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O =0G8=>: 8 2 A0;0B0E, ?>4E>48B 4;O ACH:8.

Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) Kumm.

A8;>F815 ?>;C;0=F5B>284=0O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
725AB=>, GB> �@0AB8B5;L=KE 1>65AB2� 2 <8@>2KE @5;838OE 8 :C;LB0E =5 B0: C6 8 <=>3>. 081>;55 8725AB=K 8=489A:89 ;>B>A 8 <5:A8:0=A:89 :0:BCA �?59>B;L� (Lophophora williamsii),
<5=55   @07;8G=K5 ?@54AB028B5;8 4C@<0=0, 30;;NF8=>35=A>45@60I85 ;80=K 8 B. ?.  <K B>G=>
7=05<, GB> B>;L:> ?A8;>F815 (Psilocybe spp.) 8
:@0A=K9 <CE><>@ (Amanita muscaria) O2;ONBAO
A2OI5==K<8, >1>65AB2;O5<K<8 C @07=KE =0@>4>2 ?@54AB028B5;O<8 3@81=>3> F0@AB20.
4=0:>, 5A;8 :@0A=K9 <CE><>@ >1;0405B
A2>9AB20<8 =5 B>;L:> ?A8E>45;8G5A:8<8, => 8
O2;O5BAO 3@81>< A;01>O4>28BK<, B> ?A8;>F815   G8ABK9 ?A8E>45;8:, =0AB>OI89 >::C;LB=K9
3@81, =5 =5ACI89, 2 >B;8G85 >B :@0A=>3> <CE><>@0 (?@8 =5?@028;L=>< ?@8<5=5=88 ?>A;54=53>,)
:0:8E-;81> C3@>7 74>@>2LN G5;>25:0.
! <>59 B>G:8 7@5=8O, A>2@5<5==>5 >B=>H5=85 : ?A8;>F818=A>45@60I8< 3@810< A8;L=>
@07=8BAO 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B MB=>A0 8 53> :C;LBC@K.
 AB@0=0E, =57=0:><KE A :C;LB>2K< 8A?>;L7>20=85< ?A8;>F815 (?CABL 4065 MB8 3@81K 8 ?@>87@0AB0NB B0<), =0;8G5AB2CNB 70?@5I0B5;L=K5
B5=45=F88. 0:, =0?@8<5@, 2  >AA88. 0?@5B=K A2OI5==K5 3@81K 8 C =0@>4>2-?>:>@8B5;59,
=5 >4>1@ONI8E <5AB=K5 :C;LBK (=0?@8<5@, 2
!(). =B5@5A=0 B5=45=F8O 2 ?>;C:><<C=8-

AB8G5A:8E A:0=48=02A:8E AB@0=0E, 345 2>>1I5
<>6=> ?>GB8 2A5, 8 C65 2K2545=K >:>==K5 A>@B0
?A8;>F815.
 07C<55BAO, 4;O  >AA88 70?@5I0BL GB>-;81>
8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2@54=>, ?>B><C GB> 70?@5B=K9
?;>4 A;04>:, 8 > 70?@5I5==>< 3@815 C7=0NB 4065
B5, :B> =8:>340 > =5< =5 A;KH0; 8 C?>B@51;5=85<
?A8;>F815 =5 8=B5@5A>20;AO.
>>1I5, &5=B@0;L=0O <5@8:0 8 5:A8:0,
2 G0AB=>AB8, C=8:0;L=K B5<, GB> =0 8E B5@@8B>@88 ?@>87@0AB05B A0<>5 1>;LH>5 G8A;> 284>2
M=B5>35==KE (<5=ONI8E A>7=0=85) @0AB5=89,
8725AB=KE A>2@5<5==>9 =0C:5. =>385 87 MB8E


270

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

@0AB5=89 B@048F8>==> 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 8=459F0<8. -B> =5 B>;L:> :0:BCA �?59>B;L� 8 30;;NF8=>35==K5 3@81K, => 8 A5<5=0 @0AB5=89 �>;>;8C:8� (Turbina corymbos 8 Ipomoea violacea),
8 B0: =07K205<K5 �;8ABLO ?0ABCH:8 0@88�,
>=8 65 �H0;D59 ?@54A:070B5;59� (Salvia
divinorum).  ?>A;54=85 45AOB8;5B8O : MB><C
A?8A:C <>6=> ?@81028BL ?>;CG05<K9 87 A>:0
;80=K Banisteriopsis caapi M=B5>35= �0OEC0A:0�,
@0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 2 B@>?8G5A:8E ;5A0E .6=>9
<5@8:8. >=5G=>, ?@8 B0:>< �@>A:>H=><�
>:@C65=88 8=459FK ?@>AB> >1O70=K 1K;8 8A?KB0BL =0 A515 2>7459AB285 ?A8;>F818=0 8 >1>65AB28BL 53> =>A8B5;O.
>6=> 5I5 <=>3> =0?8A0BL > B><, 345 8 :0:
?>=8<05BAO 2@54=>ABL 8;8 1>65AB25==>ABL ?A8;>F815, => 2 F5;>< OA=>, GB> MB> 8A:;NG8B5;L=>
2>?@>A :C;LBC@=KE B@048F89, 0 2>2A5 =5 7=0=8O
8;8 =57=0=8O A0<>3> ?@54<5B0.  B>9 65 !:0=48=0288, B@048F8>==> 7=0:><>9 A :C;LB>2K<
8A?>;L7>20=85< <CE><>@>2, ;>38G=> ?@54?>;>68BL 4>1@>4CH=>5 2 F5;>< >B=>H5=85 :0: : ?A8;>F815 2 G0AB=>AB8, B0: 8 : =0@:>B8:0< 2 F5;><.
 2  >AA88, 345 0;:>3>;8:0< 8 B010:>:C@8;LI8:0< =>74@8 @20;8 8 ?@8G8=O;8 ?@>G85 C25GLO, 8
?59>B;L =0 ?>4>:>:>==8:5 =5 2K@0AB8HL...

!!! !>3;0A=> ?5@5G=N =0@:>B8G5A:8E A@54AB2, ?;>4>2>5 B5;> ;N1>3>
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8;8 ?A8;>F8=, AG8B05BAO =0@:>B8G5A:8<
A@54AB2>< 8 70?@5I5=> : >1>@>BC =0
B5@@8B>@88  >AA89A:>9 $545@0F88.

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?>3>4C @0480;L=>-HB@8E>20B0O, C<5@5==> A;878AB0O, :>@8G=520O 4> >;82:>2>-A5@>9, 2 ACECN  
:@5<>20O, 156520O, A5==>-65;B0O, 157 HB@8E>2. 
<5AB0E ?>2@5645=8O A8=55B. ;0AB8=:8 A25B;>A5@K5, C 7@5;KE 3@81>2 >;82:>2>-G5@=K5. O:>BL A25B;0O, 157 2K@065==>3> 2:CA0, A ;53:8< 70?0E>< ?;5A5=8. >6:0 3 8 � 0,2 0,3 A<, ?@O<0O, A
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7;0:>2KE B@02.  0AB5B =0 =5=0@CH5==KE (=5:C;LB828@C5<KE) ;C30E, ?>;OE, 2K3>=0E, ?0AB18I0E,
24>;L ;5A=KE 4>@>3, @565 2 ?0@:0E, =0 2KAKE0NI8E 1>;>B0E, G0AB> C 2>4K (@CGLO), 2A5340 A@548
B@02K. ;>4>=>A8B A =0G0;0 8N=O 4> O=20@O (78<>9 2 >BB5?5;8), <0AA>2>5 ?;>4>=>H5=85   A5=BO1@L =>O1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
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=02K:0 4;O 53> C25@5==>3> >B;8G5=8O.

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8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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:>B>@K5 >:07K20NB ?A8E>45;8G5A:>5 459AB285.
#?>B@51;5=85 8E 2K7K205B 30;;NF8=0F88 8 ?A8E>B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85. ><8<> MB>3>, 2 3@815
A>45@60BAO 8E 18>E8<8G5A:85 0=0;>38 15>F8AB8= 8 =>@15>F8AB8=, >4=0:> 8E :>=F5=B@0F8O
=52KA>:0, 0 2>7459AB285 A;01> 87CG5=>.
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?>:070;8, GB> ?A8;>F8= 8 ?A8;>F818= O2;ONBAO
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<83@5=59 (38AB0<8=>2KE 3>;>2=KE 1>;59).
@>D5AA>@  >;0=4 @8DD8BA 87 #=825@A8B5B0 6>=0 %>?:8=A0 (0;B8<>@, !()
AG8B05B, GB> ?A8;>F818= 8A:;NG8B5;L=> MDD5:B825= 4;O A=OB8O B@52>6=KE 8 45?@5AA82-


271

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=KE A>AB>O=89 C @0:>2KE 1>;L=KE =0 ?>74=8E
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>A;54=85 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8 MDD5:B82=>ABL ?@8<5=5=8O ?A8;>F818=0 ?@8 >1A5AA82=>:><?C;LA82=KE @0AAB@>9AB20E (=52@>7 =02O7G82KE
A>AB>O=89, ?@8 :>B>@>< C 1>;L=>3> =5?@>872>;L=> ?>O2;ONBAO =02O7G82K5, <5H0NI85 8;8
?C30NI85 <KA;8 (>1A5AA88), 8 >= ?>AB>O==> 8
157CA?5H=> ?KB05BAO 871028BLAO >B 2K720==>9
<KA;O<8 B@52>38 A ?><>ILN AB>;L 65 =02O7G82KE
8 CB><8B5;L=KE 459AB289 (:><?C;LA89).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =0A5;5=85< =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
0;;NF8=>35= (=5 O4>28B).

Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr.

"@CB>28: :8=>20@=>-:@0A=K9
!5<59AB2>: >@8>;>2K5 (Coriolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: :8=>20@=K9 3@81.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
8:=>?>@CAK 8A?>;L7CNBAO 48709=5@0<8 4;O 873>B>2;5=8O 45:>@0B82=>9 1C<038. ! MB>9 F5;LN
<O:>BL ?;>4>2KE B5; ?@5AAC5BAO 8 2KACH8205BAO. >;CG82H85AO ;8ABK >B;8G0NBAO =5>1KG=>9
AB@C:BC@>9 8 @0AF25B:>9.

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 >4=>;5B=85 (@54:> 42C;5B=85),
A84OG85, ?>;C:@C3;K5, ?;>A:>-2K?C:;K5, 480<5B@>< 4> 10 A< 8 B>;I8=>9 4> 1,5 A<. >25@E=>ABL
A;01>-?>;>AG0B0O, =5@>2=0O, B>=:>-<>@I8=8AB0O; C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 ?CH8AB0O, C AB0@KE  
3;04:0O. :@0A:0 C <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5; O@:0O,
:8=>20@=>-:@0A=0O, :@0A=>->@0=6520O, :8@?8G=>-:@0A=0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 2KF25B05B. >@K >G5=L
<5;:85, >:@C3;K5, C3;>20BK5, 8<5NB 1>;55 O@:89 F25B, G5< ?;>4>2>5 B5;>. >6:0 :>@>B:0O
8;8 >BACBAB2C5B, 1>:>20O, =5?@028;L=>9 D>@<K,
A?;>H=0O, >4=>F25B=0O A> H;O?:>9. O:>BL <O3:0O, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>28BAO 65AB:>9, ?@>1:>2>9,
O@:0O, >4=>F25B=0O A> H;O?:>9.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88 =0
ACE>AB>5, 20;56=8:5, ?=OE, >A;01;5==KE 45@52LOE ;8AB25==KE (G0I5 =0 15@575, >A8=5, @O18=5,
B>?>;5, 28H=5), 3>@074> @565   E2>9=KE ?>@>4,
2AN4C 4>2>;L=> @54:>. K7K205B 15;CN 3=8;L.

;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O 4> >:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
5A:>;L:> ?>E>689 ?8:=>?>@5;;CA 1;5ABOI89
(Pycnoporellus fulgens) >B;8G05BAO B5<, GB> @0AB5B =0 E2>9=KE 45@52LOE 8 8<55B >:@0A:C >B >@0=652>9 4> :8@?8G=>-:@0A=>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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272

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"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 2>AB>G=>9 <548F8=5 ?>@>H>: 3@810 ?@8<5=ONB :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 8 0=B8A5?B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2>, 0 =0AB>9:8 8 :><?@5AAK   :0:
>1I5C:@5?;ONI55 8 ?@8 ;5G5=88 @52<0B87<0.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 2 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
8:=>?>@5;;CA 1;5ABOI89.

5AJ54>15= 87-70 65AB:>9 <O:>B8. ;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

Ramaria botrytis (Pers. : Fr.) Ricken

 >30B8: 3@>745284=K9
!5<59AB2>:  0<0@852K5 (Ramariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: @0<0@8O 3@>745284=0O, @>30B8: 3@>7452>9.

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> <0AA82=>5, 8 15 � 8 15 A<, 15;>20B>5, 70B5< 65;B>20B>-1C@>20B>5 8;8 >E@O=>5,
8=>340 @>7>2>-:@0A=>5. 5B28 B>;ABK5, AC60NBAO
:25@EC, A :0: 1K A@570==K<8 :>=G8:0<8, A=0G0;0
:@0A=>20BK5, : AB0@>AB8 :>60=>-1C@K5. 5B>G:8
15;>20BK5, =0 :>=F0E @>7>20BK5, :@0A=K5, >G5=L
<=>3>G8A;5==K5.  F5;>< ?;>4>2>5 B5;> G0AB>
=0?><8=05B 3>;>2:C F25B=>9 :0?CABK: =86=85
25B28 >1KG=> C4;8=5==K5 8 B>;ABK5, =5<=>3>G8A;5==K5, 25@E=85   1>;55 :>@>B:85 8 3CABK5.
O:>BL 15;0O 8;8 7>;>B8AB>-65;B0O, 2>4O=8AB0O,
A ?@8OB=K<8 D@C:B>2K<8 2:CA>< 8 70?0E><, ?@8
2KAKE0=88 B25@40O 8 ;><:0O. >6:0 >48=>G=0O, F8;8=4@8G5A:0O 8;8 :>=8G5A:0O, <0AA82=0O,
>1KG=> 2-5 � 1,5-6 A<, 15;0O 8;8 65;B>20B0O.
AB@5G05BAO 2 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5, BO3>B55B : N3C.  0AB5B =0 ?>G25 2 ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, >A>15==> 2>7;5 1C:>2, 4C1>2, @565 ?>4
A>A=0<8, =5G0AB>. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N;O ?> >:BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
 >30B8: ?@5:@0A=K9 (R. formosa) >B;8G05BAO
28==>-1C@>9 8;8 G5@=>20B>9 =0 A@575 <O:>BLN

A 3>@L:8< 2:CA>< 8 ;8<>==>-65;BK<8 :>=F0<8
25B>G5:.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
%8<8G5A:89 0=0;87 ?>:070;, GB> ?;>4>2K5 B5;0
R. botrytis >1;040NB 2KA>:>9 ?8I52>9 F5==>ABLN, ?@52KH0NI59 B0:>2CN C ;N1>3> 87 ?@><KH;5==> 2K@0I8205<KE 3@81>2.  ?@>F5=B=><


273

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>B=>H5=88 (ACE>9 25A) 3@>745284=K9 @>30B8:
A>45@68B 39 % 15;:>2, 1,4 % 68@>2, 50,8 % C3;52>4>2 8 8,8 % 7>;L=KE M;5<5=B>2. A=>2=K<8
;8?84=K<8 :><?>=5=B0<8 O2;ONBAO >;58=>20O,
;8=>;5=>20O 8 ?0;L<8B8=>20O 68@=K5 :8A;>BK.
-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; >1;0405B ?@>B82>@0:>2>9 0:B82=>ABLN 8 >AB0=02;8205B @>AB :;5B>:
;8=88 HeLa. @81 A>45@68B =8:>B8=0<8=, O2;ONI89AO 8=3818B>@>< $ (0=38>B5=78=?@52@0I0NI53> D5@<5=B0) 8 =5A:>;L:> @07;8G=KE
AB5@>;>2.
01>@0B>@=K5 B5ABK 2KO28;8 2KA>:CN 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 F5;>3>
@O40 CAB>9G82KE : ;5:0@AB25==K< ?@5?0@0B0<
?0B>35==KE <8:@>>@30=87<>2. -:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; >AB0=02;8205B @>AB 3@0<>B@8F0B5;L=KE 10:B5@89 Enterococcus faecalis 8 Listeria
monocytogenes 8 C18205B 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5
Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus agalactiae 8
S. pyogenes. B45;L=K5 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8
0:B82=>ABL M:AB@0:B0 ?@>B82 Proteus vulgaris.

 2009 3>4C ?>@BC30;LA:85 8AA;54>20B5;8 CAB0=>28;8, GB> R. botrytis ?>:07K205B A0<CN 2KA>:CN 87 8725AB=KE 48:>@0ABCI8E AJ54>1=KE 3@81>2 :>=F5=B@0F8N D5=>;>2KE :8A;>B (356,7 <3
=0 1 :3 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;), =081>;LHCN 4>;N
:>B>@KE A>AB02;O5B ?@>B>:0B5E>20O :8A;>B0, GB>
>15A?5G820NB <>I=59HCN 0=B8>:A840=B=CN
8 ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL 3@810.
>@59A:85 A?5F80;8ABK, @01>B02H85 A <5B0=>;>2K< M:AB@0:B><, CAB0=>28;8 53> 2>AAB0=>28B5;L=K9 (70 AG5B C<5=LH5=8O G8A;0 A2>1>4=KE
@048:0;>2) MDD5:B 4;O ?>2@5645==>9 ?5G5=8.
>;8A0E0@84K <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K @>30B8:0 3@>745284=>3> >1;040NB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN 8 >AB0=02;820NB @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =5?0;LA:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7CNB
?@8 <KH5G=KE 1>;OE.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 2 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>15=, >48= 87 =081>;55 2:CA=KE AJ54>1=KE
3@81>2 A@548 @>30B8:>2. @5420@8B5;L=>5 >B20@820=85 =5 @5:><5=4C5BAO 87-70 2>7<>6=>3> ?>O2;5=8O 3>@L:>20B>3> ?@82:CA0. A?>;L7C5BAO 2
>A=>2=>< 4;O 60@:8.
 ?@><KH;5==KE <0AHB010E A>18@05BAO 8
?@>405BAO =0 @K=:0E /?>=88, 5?0;0 8 >@58. 
B0;88 3@81 3>B>2OB F5;8:>< 2> D@8BN@5.

Rhodocollybia maculata (Alb. et Schw. : Fr.) Sing.

>;;818O ?OB=8AB0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: 45=56:0 ?OB=8AB0O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3,5 10 A< 2 480<5B@5, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 2K?C:;0O A 7025@=CBK< 2=CB@L :@05<, 70B5<
@0A:@K205BAO 4> H8@>:>-2K?C:;>9 8;8 ?>GB8
?;>A:>9, 8=>340 A =51>;LH>9 2>72KH5==>ABLN

2 F5=B@5, 3;04:0O, A;878AB0O 8;8 ACE0O, A=0G0;0
@>7>20B>-:@5<>20O, 70B5< 15;0O, C AB0@KE 3@81>2
?>:@K205BAO 15AD>@<5==K<8 :@0A=>20B>-1C@K<8 8;8 @602>-:>@8G=52K<8 ?@>68;:0<8 8 ?OB=0<8. O:>BL 15;0O, 65AB:0O, A> A;01K< 70?0E><
8 3>@L:8< 2:CA><. ;0AB8=:8 G0ABK5, C7:85, 15-


274

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

;K5, :@5<>2K5 8;8 65;B>20BK5, C AB0@KE 3@81>2
A @602>-1C@K<8 ?OB=0<8. >6:0 5 12 � 1 2 A<,
@>2=0O 8;8 A;01> ?5@5:@CG5==0O, ?>;0O, 3;04:0O
8;8 ?@>4>;L=>-@07;8=>20==0O, 3;C1>:> CE>4OI0O 2 ?>G2C, 15;0O 8;8 :@5<>20O, A 2>7@0AB>< ?>:@K205BAO @602>-:>@8G=52K<8 ?OB=0<8.
AB@5G05BAO >48=>G=> 8;8 3@C??0<8, 8=>340
>1@07C5B �254L<8=K :>;LF0�.  0AB5B 2 E2>9=KE 8
A<5H0==KE ;5A0E =0 2;06=KE ?;>4>@>4=KE :8A;KE ?>G20E 8;8 =0 3=8NI8E >?045 8 4@525A8=5.
;>4>=>A8B ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88 A 8N;O
4> =0G0;0 =>O1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
 O4>2:0 2>=NG0O (Tricholoma inamoenum) =5 ?>:@K205BAO ?OB=0<8 A 2>7@0AB><. 5=56:0 87>3=CB0O (Collybia distorta) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 B5<=>9,
:>@8G=52>9 H;O?:>9.  O4>2:0 15;0O (Tricholoma
album) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 ?;>B=K<8 ?;>4>2K<8
B5;0<8 8 A8;L=K< =5?@8OB=K< 70BE;K< 70?0E><.

Rhodotus palmatus (Bull. : Fr.) Maire

 >4>BCA 4;0=5284=K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 480<5B@>< 3 15 A<, 2K?C:;0O, A 703=CBK<
2=CB@L :@05<, :0: 1K ABC45=8AB0O 8 M;0AB8G=0O,
3;04:0O, C 7@5;KE 3@81>2 ?>:@KB0 E0@0:B5@=>9
@C1G0B>9 25=>7=>9, 1>;55 A25B;>9, A5B>G:>9,
@>7>20O, ;>A>A520O 8;8 >@0=6520O. ;0AB8=:8
B>;ABK5, 4>2>;L=> G0ABK5, ?5@5<560NI85AO :>-

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
7 ?;>4>2KE B5; 2K45;5=K 0=B818>B8:8, >1;040NI85 ?@>B82>3@81:>2>9 0:B82=>ABLN, 2
G0AB=>AB8 ?@>B82 Candida albicans 8 Aspergillus
fumigatus.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!G8B05BAO =5AJ54>1=K< 3@81>< 87-70 A8;L=>3>
3>@L:>3> 2:CA0 8 65AB:>9 <O:>B8.


275

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

!E>4=K5 284K
! CG5B>< >G5=L A?5F8D8G5A:>3> 2=5H=53>
2840   @>7>20O, ;>A>A52>- 8;8 >@0=652>-@>7>20O (C 7@5;KE ?;>4>2KE B5;) H;O?:0 A E0@0:B5@=>9 25=>7=>9 A5B>G:>9, 0 B0:65 D@C:B>2K9
70?0E, MB>B @54:89 2 =0H59 AB@0=5 3@81 B@C4=>
?5@5?CB0BL A :0:8<-B> 4@C38< 284><.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

@>B:8<8 ?;0AB8=>G:0<8, G0ABL :>B>@KE =5 4>E>48B 4> :@052 H;O?:8 8 =>6:8, 1;54=>-;>A>A52>@>7>2K5. O:>BL C?@C30O, A E>@>H> @07;8G8<K<
65;0B8=>7=K< A;>5< ?>4 :>68F59, 2:CA (?> ;8B5@0BC@=K< 40==K<) 3>@L:89 8;8 A;04:>20BK9,
70?0E A;01K9 8;8 A8;L=K9 D@C:B>2K9, =0?><8=0NI89 01@8:>A>2K9 8;8 F8B@CA>2K9. >6:0
1 7 � 0,3 2 A<, F5=B@0;L=0O 8;8 (G0I5) M:AF5=B@8G5A:0O, 65AB:0O, A;01> >?CH5==0O, @>7>20B0O.
;8=0 =>6:8 >1@0B=> ?@>?>@F8>=0;L=0 C@>2=N
>A25I5==>AB8 2 <><5=B @0==8E AB0489 @0728B8O
?;>4>2>3> B5;0.
0A5;O5B C<5@5==CN 8 N6=CN ;5A=CN 8 ;5A>AB5?=CN 7>=C  >AA88 (G0I5 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8 8 @8<>@L5), A5;8BAO =0 20;56=KE AB2>;0E 8
?=OE ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4 (2O7, ;8?0, :;5=, :>=A:89
8 AJ54>1=K9 :0HB0=K).  0AB5B >48=>G=> 8;8 =51>;LH8<8 A@>AB:0<8, A :>=F0 8N=O 4> =0G0;0 >:BO1@O, 2AN4C >G5=L @54:> 8 =5 5653>4=>.

Rozites caperatus (Pers. : Fr.) Karst.

>;?0: :>;LG0BK9
!5<59AB2>: 0CB8==8:>2K5 (Cortinariaceae).
!8=>=8<K: :>;?0G>: :>;LG0BK9,
?@81>;>B=8: 15;K9, @>78B5A BCA:;K9,
:C@>G:0, BC@>:.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
1KG=> 3@81=8:8 83=>@8@CNB MB>B 284, =>, >4=064K @0A?>7=02 8 ?>?@>1>202, 1>;LH5 =5 ?@>?CA:0NB :>;?0: =8:>340: 3@81 ?>-=0AB>OI5<C
2:CA5=. '0AB> @0AB5B 2 B5E 65 <5AB0E, GB> 8 ?>;L-

 2000 3>4C 8A?0=A:85 <8:@>18>;>38 B5AB8@>20;8 204 2840 <0:@><8F5B>2 =0 0=B8<8:@>1=CN
0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?0B>35=0< G5;>25:0.
R. palmatus ?>:070; A?>A>1=>ABL : ?>402;5=8N
Bacillus subtilis, 0 B0:65 DC=38F84=K5 A2>9AB20
?> >B=>H5=8N : Saccharomyces cerevisiae 8
Aspergillus fumigatus.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81K =5 8A?>;L7CNBAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
> 40==K< @07=KE 02B>@>2, ;81> =5AJ54>15=,
;81> AJ54>15= ?>A;5 >B20@820=8O. -B> B>B @54:89 A;CG09, :>340 O ;8G=> 3@81 =5 ?@>1>20;, ?>MB><C >B25BAB25==> =0?8A0BL =5 <>3C& 


276

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

?>G2K. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C ?@58<CI5AB25==> A
E2>9=K<8 45@52LO<8, => B0:65 8 A 1C:><, 4C1><,
15@57>9. 0 A525@5 @0AB5B ?>4 :0@;8:>2K<8 15@570<8.  3>@0E 2AB@5G05BAO =0 2KA>B5 4> 2000
<5B@>2. 5@8>4 ?;>4>=>H5=8O   A 8N;O ?> >:BO1@L, G0AB> 8 >18;L=>, ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8  >AA88.

!E>4=K5 284K

A:89 3@81, A28=CH:0 B>=:0O 8 ;8A8G:8.
 =3;88 :>;?0: =07K20NB �gypsy mushroom�
(FK30=A:89 3@81).
 $8=;O=488 :>;?0: :>;LG0BK9 A>18@05BAO 8
@50;87C5BAO G5@57 B>@3>2K5 A5B8 :0: :><<5@G5A:89 ?@>4C:B.
@81 >1;0405B A?>A>1=>ABLN : 38?5@0::C<C;OF88 BO65;KE <5B0;;>2. >A;5 G5@=>1K;LA:>9
020@88 ?>2KH5==K9 C@>25=L A>45@60=8O BO65;KE <5B0;;>2 2 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E :>;?0:>2 >B<5G05BAO 4065 2 !:0=48=0288.
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O <=>385 <8:>;>38 AG8B0NB, GB> 3@81 A;54C5B �25@=CBL� 2 @>4 ?0CB8==8:
(Cortinarius), 8, A:>@55 2A53>, >=8 ?@02K& 

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 4> 12 A< 2 480<5B@5, >G5=L <OA8AB0O, A=0G0;0 :>;>:>;LG0B0O 8;8 ?>;CH0@>284=0O, A 7025@=CBK< 2=CB@L :@05<, ?>74=55 ?>GB8 @0A?@>AB5@B0O, 3@O7=>20B>-65;B0O A @>7>20BK< >BB5=:><
(C A>2A5< <>;>4KE 3@81>2   ?>GB8 A8@5=520O 8
A;>2=> =02>I5==0O), A 15;K<, B>=:8<, E;>?L5284=K<, ?>74=55 8AG570NI8< =0;5B><, ?> :@0N
?>;>A0B0O. ;0AB8=:8 H8@>:85, A =5@>2=K<8
7C1G0BK<8 :@0O<8, C A0<KE <>;>4KE 3@81>2 15;K5, 70B5< 3@O7=>20B>-65;BK5, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>-1C@K5 (3;8=8AB>3> F25B0 8;8 F25B0 :>@8FK).
O:>BL @KE;0O, <O3:0O, 15;0O, 65;B5NI0O, A ?@8OB=K< 2:CA>< 8 157 >A>1>3> 70?0E0. >6:0 4;8==0O, 4> 12 A< 2KA>B>9, 4> 3 A< 2 480<5B@5, @>2=0O,
?;>B=0O, 65;B>20B0O, A H8@>:8< B>=:8< ?;5=>G=K< :>;LF>< =5?@028;L=>9 D>@<K, =04 :>;LF><
A;01>G5HC9G0B0O, C >A=>20=8O A >AB0B:>< :;C1=O,
>1KG=> 8AG570NI8< 8;8 A;01>70<5B=K<.
@81 ?>A5;O5BAO 2> 2;06=KE A>A=>2KE 8 A<5H0==KE A A>A=>9 ;5A0E, ;N18B >:@08=K 1>;>B,
<H8ABK5 <5AB0, G5@=8G=8:8, 2;06=K5 :8A;K5

=>340 :>;?0: ?CB0NB A 1;54=>9 ?>30=:>9 8 <CE><>@0<8, >B :>B>@KE >= ;53:> >B;8G8< 1C@K<
F25B>< ?;0AB8=>:, >BACBAB285< =0 H;O?:5 15;KE
1>@>402>: 8 >BACBAB285< �<5H>G:0� (2>;L2K) 2
>A=>20=88 =>6:8. ><8<> MB>3>, C AB0@KE M:75<?;O@>2 :>;LG0B>3> :>;?0:0 ?;0AB8=:8 8<5NB
@602>-1C@K9 F25B, 0 C <CE><>@>2 4> AB0@>AB8
>AB0NBAO 15;K<8. B H0<?8=L>=>2 >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 A25B;K<8, =5 G5@=5NI8<8 A 2>7@0AB><
?;0AB8=:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
K45;5==K9 87 M:AB@0:B0 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 3@810 15;>: RC-28 >1;0405B 2K@065==K<8
0=B828@CA=K<8 A2>9AB20<8. = 0:B825= ?@>B82
28@CA>2 G5;>25G5A:>3> 35@?5A0 HSV-1 8 HSV-2,
F8B><530;>28@CA>2, 28@CA0 25B@O=>9 >A?K
(Varicella zoster), @5A?8@0B>@=>3> A8=F8B80;L=>3> 28@CA0 G5;>25:0, 0 B0:65 28@CA>2 3@8??0
B8?0 . 548:8 AG8B0NB, GB> 2 1;8609H55 2@5<O
=0 >A=>25 RC-28 1C45B A>740=> MDD5:B82=>5 ;5:0@AB2> ?@>B82 35@?5A0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
>;?0: =5 CABC?05B ?> 2:CAC H0<?8=L>=0<.  AB@0=0E 0?04=>9 2@>?K >= AG8B05BAO 45;8:0B5A><.
>4E>48B 4;O ;N1KE 284>2 :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 703>B>2>:. >;>4K5 3@81K A 5I5 =5 @0A:@KB>9 H;O?:>9 >1;040NB =08;CGH8<8 2:CA>2K<8
:0G5AB20<8.  0=> B25@45NICN =>6:C ?> <5@5 =04>1=>AB8 >1@570NB. >;?0: :>;LG0BK9 8<55B >A>15==> ?@8OB=K9 2:CA 2 60@5=>< 8 BCH5=>< 2845.


277

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. s.l.

!K@>56:0 A8=5-65;B0O
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: AK@>56:0 A8=5-75;5=0O, AK@>56:0 @07=>F25B=0O.

?8A0=85
B;8G05BAO =525@>OB=K< @07=>>1@0785< >:@0A:8. AB@5G0NBAO 3@81K A> H;O?:0<8 :>@8G=52>-:@0A=>3>, B5<=>-75;5=>3>, D8>;5B>2>3>, A8=53> F25B>2, >:@0A:0 <>65B 1KBL @07<KB>9 8;8
<=>3>F25B=>9. > G0I5 >A=>2=>9 >BB5=>:  
A<5AL D8>;5B>2KE, A8=8E 8;8 A8=520BKE >BB5=:>2. (;O?:0 4> 15 A< 2 480<5B@5. >25@E=>ABL
2> 2;06=CN ?>3>4C ;8?:0O, 1;5ABOI0O, A> A;01>
@C1G0BK< :@05<, :>68F0 A=8<05BAO =0 2/3 @048CA0 H;O?:8. O:>BL 15;0O, A ?@8OB=K< 3@81=K<
2:CA>< 8 70?0E><. ;0AB8=:8 A8=5-65;B>9 AK@>56:8, 2 >B;8G85 >B ?;0AB8=>: 2A5E ?@>G8E AK@>565:, <O3:85, 381:85, A>25@H5==> =5;><:85.
>6:0 15;0O, 8=>340 A;53:0 A8=5NI0O.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 8 ;5A>AB5?=>9 7>=5  >AA88, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A ;8AB25==K<8 (15@570, >A8=0, 4C1), @565 E2>9=K<8
(A>A=0) ?>@>40<8. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N=O 4> :>=F0
>:BO1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
B @07;8G=KE AK@>565: AE>4=>9 >:@0A:8 >B;8G05BAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 381:8<8 =5;><:8<8
?;0AB8=:0<8.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
8B09A:85 8AA;54>20B5;8 >1=0@C68;8 2 E;>@>D>@<=>< 8 <5B0=>;>2>< M:AB@0:B0E 3@810 ACI5AB25==>5 :>;8G5AB2> 18>0:B82=KE :><?>=5=B>2,
2 B>< G8A;5 @07;8G=K5 ?@>872>4=K5 M@3>AB5@>;0,
8=>78=, 045=8=, L-?8@>3;CB0<8=>2CN 8 DC<0@>2CN :8A;>BK, D-0;;8B>;, @07;8G=K5 ?>;8D5=>;K 8 4@.
>;8A0E0@84K A?8@B>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 A2568E
?;>4>2KE B5; MB>9 AK@>56:8 ?@>O2;ONB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN 0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO A0@:><C-180
8 :0@F8=><C -@;8E0 =0 70 8 60 % A>>B25BAB25==>.
@C385 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8 A@54=NN 0=B8>:A840=B=CN 0:B82=>ABL <8F5;80;L=>3> M:AB@0:B0 AK@>56:8 A8=5-65;B>9.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 8 2:CA=K9 3@81, =5 B@51CNI89 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. >4E>4OB 2A5 284K :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 B8?K 703>B>2>:, :@><5 ACH:8.


278

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Russula delica Fr.

>43@C74>: 15;K9
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?>43@C74>: ACE>9.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 7 20 A< 2 480<5B@5, G8AB>-15;0O, 8=>340
A 1C@>20B>-65;BK<8 ?OB=0<8, A=0G0;0 B>=:>2>9;>G=0O, 70B5< 3>;0O, >G5=L G0AB> A ?@8AB02H8<8
:><>G:0<8 75<;8, ACE0O. ;0AB8=:8 4>2>;L=>
B>=:85, 15;K5 8;8 3>;C1>20B>- 8;8 75;5=>20B>15;K5. O:>BL ?;>B=0O, E@C?:0O, 15;0O, F25B =0
A;><5 =5 <5=O5B, =554:0O, 70B> ?;0AB8=:8 15;>3>
?>43@C74:0   >G5=L 54:85. >6:0 B>;AB0O 8 >B=>A8B5;L=> :>@>B:0O, 2 5 � 1 2 A<, 15;0O, A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>28BAO ?>;>9.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88.
!0<K9 @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 87 ?>43@C74:>2 8 >48=
87 A0<KE @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE AJ54>1=KE 3@81>2.
'0AB> 8 >18;L=> 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 15@57>2KE, >A8=>2KE, 5;>2KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E. ;>4>=>AOB 2
8N=5 =>O1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
B A:@8?8FK (Lactarius vellereus) 8 4@C38E 15;>>:@0H5==KE 3@C7459 >B;8G05BAO >BACBAB285<
<;5G=>3> A>:0.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!?8@B>2>9 M:AB@0:B 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; 15;>3> ?>43@C74:0 ?@>O2;O5B ?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN

0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO A0@:><C-180 8 :0@F8=><C
-@;8E0 =0 90 8 100 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

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 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O (A >B20@820=85< 8 157
=53>). >7<>6=0 70A>;:0 ACE8< A?>A>1><.  =5:>B>@KE @538>=0E (=0?@8<5@, 2 >2>;6L5) MB><C 3@81C >B40NB ?@54?>GB5=85 ?5@54 2A5<8 ?@>G8<8, 2:;NG0O 3@C748.


279

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Russula densifolia Gill.

>43@C74>: G0AB>?;0AB8=G0BK9
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: G5@=CH:0 G0AB>?;0AB8=:>20O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 >B 15;>9 4> A5@>20B>-:>@8G=520B>9,
A25B;>-1C@>20B0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 3@O7=>-1C@0O A
>;82:>2>-:>@8G=52K< >BB5=:><, 4> 12 A< 2 480<5B@5, C A0<KE <>;>4KE 3@81>2 1>;55 8;8 <5=55
;8?:0O, C 7@5;KE   ACE0O 8 <0B>20O. @09 H;O?:8 4065 C 7@5;KE 3@81>2 4>;3>5 2@5<O >AB05BAO
A25B;K<. O:>BL =0 A;><5 A=0G0;0 :@0A=55B, 70B5< 1C@55B 8 2 8B>35 G5@=55B. ;0AB8=:8 A25B;K5,
G0ABK5 4> >G5=L G0ABKE, A> <=>65AB2>< :>@>B:8E
?;0AB8=>G5:, =5 4>E>4OI8E 4> =>6:8. :CA 8 70?0E =52K@078B5;L=K5. >6:0 3 6 � 1 2 A<, 15;0O,
A 2>7@0AB>< >4=>F25B=0O A> H;O?:>9.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= =0 N35 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8
;5A=>9 7>=K  >AA88, 2AB@5G05BAO @54:>, 2 ;5A0E
@07=>3> B8?0. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A @07;8G=K<8
;8AB25==K<8 8 H8@>:>;8AB25==K<8 ?>@>40<8.
;>4>=>A8B 2 023CAB5->:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 ?>43@C74>:, =5 ?>E>689 =0 4@C385
284K.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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>4=K9 M:AB@0:B A>45@68B ?>;8A0E0@84K A
0=B828@CA=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.

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 :8B09A:>9 B@048F8>==>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O @0AA;01;5=8O <KHF.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O (A >B20@820=85< 8 157
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280

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Russula foetens Pers. : Fr.

0;C9
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 1KG>:, A>?;828:, :C;0G>:, :C;L18:.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 5 20 A< 2 480<5B@5, :@C3;0O, ?;>B=> >E20BK20NI0O =>6:C, A 2>7@0AB>< ?;>A:>-2402;5==0O, @0A?@>AB5@B0O, A E0@0:B5@=K< ?>;>A0B>-1C3>@G0BK< :@05<. :@0A:0   @07;8G=KE >BB5=:>2
65;B>3> 8 :>@8G=52>3>, 2 F5=B@5 >1KG=> B5<=55.
>25@E=>ABL H;O?:8 ;8?:0O 4> >18;L=> A;878AB>9. >68F0 ;53:> A=8<05BAO. ;0AB8=:8 15;>20BK5 4> 1;54=>-A>;><5==KE 8;8 @602>-65;BKE,
A :0?5;L:0<8 ?@>7@0G=>3> A>:0, A 2>7@0AB><   A
:>@8G=52K<8 ?OB=0<8. O:>BL B>;AB0O, ?;>B=0O,
15;0O, A 2>7@0AB>< 65;B>20B0O, =0 A@575 :>@8G=5255B. :CA (>A>15==> 2 ?;0AB8=:0E) 63CG89, 70?0E
A2>5>1@07=K9, ?@8OB=K9. >6:0 6 12 � 1,5 5 A<,
F8;8=4@8G5A:0O, 2 A5@548=5 G0AB> =5<=>3> CB>;I5==0O, 3@O7=>-15;0O 4> :>@8G=520B>9, ?@8 =0402;820=88   A :>@8G=52K<8 ?OB=0<8, A 2>7@0AB>< @KE;0O 8;8 ?>;0O.
AB@5G05BAO ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A> <=>38<8 ;8AB25==K<8 8
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8N=O 4> =0G0;0 =>O1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=0O AK@>56:0, =5 ?>E>60O =0 4@C385.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5 87CG5=K.

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 :8B09A:>9 B@048F8>==>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O @0AA;01;5=8O <KHF. 0AB>9:8 8 :><?@5AAK ?@8<5=ON =0@C6=> 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;59 8 A=OB8O >=5<5=8O 2 :>=5G=>ABOE, ?@8 ;N<103>.

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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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>B20@820=8O, 70A>;:8 (?>A;5 2K<0G820=8O) 8 <0@8=>20=8O.


281

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Russula nigricans Fr.

>43@C74>: G5@=5NI89
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).

?8A0=85
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15;K5, B>;ABK5, 65;B>20BK5, A 2>7@0AB>< A25B;>A5@>-:>@8G=52K5. O:>BL ?;>B=0O 8 B25@40O, =0
A@575 AB0=>28BAO :8@?8G=>-:@0A=>9, 70B5< G5@=55B. :CA <O:>B8 4>2>;L=> ?@8OB=K9, =563CG89.
>6:0 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> AB0=>28BAO :>@8G=520B>9, 3 7 � 1,5 2,5 A<, A?;>H=0O.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= 2 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, G0AB>, <5AB0<8 >18;L=>. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C
A E2>9=K<8 8 ;8AB25==K<8 ?>@>40<8, @0AB5B 2
;5A0E ;N1>3> B8?0, >B4020O =5:>B>@>5 ?@54?>GB5=85 E2>9=K<. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
B ?>43@C74:0 G5@=>3> (R. adusta) >B;8G05BAO
:@0A=5NI59 =0 A;><5 <O:>BLN.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 2004 3. 87 3@810 1K;> 2K45;5=> ?@>872>4=>5
M;;03>2>9 :8A;>BK (M;;03>20O :8A;>B0   =0BC@0;L=K9 ?>;8D5=>;L=K9 0=B8>:A840=B, A>45@60I89AO 2> <=>38E >2>I0E, >@5E0E 8 D@C:B0E),
?>;CG82H89 =0720=85 =83@8:0F8=. > MB>3>
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0=B8>:A840=B=0O 8 ?@>B82>@0:>20O 0:B82=>AB8

?>43@C7:0 G5@=5NI53> <>3CB 1KBL >1CA;>2;5=K
8<5==> =0;8G85< =83@8:0F8=0.
>;8A0E0@84K A?8@B>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>43@C74:0 G5@=5NI53> ?@>O2;ONB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN 0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0
75 % (4>78@>2:0 300 <3/:3).

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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 60@:8, ?@83>B>2;5=8O AC?>2,
70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O.


282

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Russula pseudo-olivascens K�rcher

!K@>56:0 A5;54>G=0O >;82:>20O
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).

?8A0=85
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A;878AB0O, ?>B>< ACE0O, A @51@8ABK< :@05<, >;82:>20O, 75;5=>20B0O. >68F0 ;53:> >B45;O5BAO >B
H;O?:8. O:>BL 15;0O, 1C@5NI0O A 2>7@0AB><.
%0@0:B5@5= 70?0E A5;54:8, :>B>@K9 >A>15==>
GC2AB2C5BAO 2 >A=>20=88 =>6:8 C AB0@5NI8E
3@81>2. ;0AB8=:8 ?@8@>AH85, G0ABK5, 15;>20BK5, 70B5< :@5<>2K5, ?@8 402;5=88 1C@5NB.
>6:0 F5=B@0;L=0O, 2KA>B>9 4> 10 A<, B>;I8=>9
1,5 3 A<, 15;0O 8;8 3@O7=>20B>-@>7>20B>-65;B0O,
1C@5NI0O, 3;04:0O.
 0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2 ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E, 4>2>;L=>
G0AB> 8 ?>2A5<5AB=>. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 023CAB5.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=0O AK@>56:0, =0456=> >B;8G0NI0OAO
>B ?@>G8E AE>4=> >:@0H5==KE 284>2 ?> A5;54>G=><C 70?0EC.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
!?8@B>2>9 M:AB@0:B 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;
?@>O2;O5B ?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN 0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO A0@:><C-180 8 :0@F8=><C -@;8E0 =0 90 %.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
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8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 60@:8, ?@83>B>2;5=8O AC?>2,
70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O.


283

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Russula vesca Fr.

!K@>56:0 ?8I520O
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: AK@>56:0 AJ54>1=0O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 5 10 A< 2 480<5B@5, <OA8AB0O, >1KG=>
B>=:>-A5BG0B>-<>@I8=8AB0O, =5@>2=>9 >:@0A:8,
@>7>20B0O, 15;>-@>7>20O, 1>@4>2>-:@0A=0O, :@0A=>20B0O, 2 A5@548=5 >E@8AB0O, 1C@>20B0O, G0AB> A
15;K<8 2KF25B0NI8<8 ?OB=0<8, A 3;04:8< 8;8
A;01>@C1G0BK< :@05<. >68F0 >1KG=> =5 4>E>48B 4> :@0O H;O?:8 =0 1 2 <<. ;0AB8=:8 15;K5
8;8 65;B>20B>-15;K5, G0ABK5, 1>;LH59 G0ABLN
>48=0:>2>9 4;8=K, C =>6:8 <=>385 @0725B2;5=K.
O:>BL 15;0O, A ?@8OB=K< >@5E>2K< 2:CA>< 8 70?0E><. >6:0 3 5 � 1 3 A<, @>2=0O, : >A=>20=8N
=5A:>;L:> B>=LH5, A;53:0 <>@I8=8AB0O, 15;0O.
@81 @0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A @07;8G=K<8 ;8AB25==K<8 8 E2>9=K<8 ?>@>40<8, 4>2>;L=> G0AB>. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
!E>4=> >:@0H5==K5 M:75<?;O@K AK@>56:8 A5;54>G=>9 (R. xerampelina) >B;8G0NBAO 70<5B=K<
A5;54>G=K< 70?0E><.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
5 87CG5=K.

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 @>AA89A:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7C5BAO
:0: <>G53>==>5 A@54AB2>.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE C?>B@51;ONBAO A25685
>B20@5==K5 8;8 >160@5==K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 60@:8, ?@83>B>2;5=8O AC?>2,
70A>;:8 8 <0@8=>20=8O.


284

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Russula virescens (Schaef.) Fr.

!K@>56:0 75;5=>20B0O
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: AK@>56:0 G5HC9G0B0O.

?8A0=85
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75;5=0O, <OA8AB0O, A 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 H5@>E>20B>9, 1>@>402G0B>9, A 2>7@0AB>< @0AB@5A:820NI59AO, B>;AB>9, ACE>9, ?;>B=> ?@8@>AH59 :>68F59. ;0AB8=:8 15;K5 8;8 A;53:0 65;B>20BK5.
O:>BL >G5=L ?;>B=0O 8 E@C?:0O, A ?@8OB=K<
2:CA>< 8 70?0E><, =0 A;><5 <54;5==> ?@8>1@5B05B @602K9 >BB5=>:. >6:0 1>@>74G0B0O, 15;0O, A
2>7@0AB>< GCBL :>@8G=520B0O, 3 8 � 1 2 A<.
@81 @0A?@>AB@0=5= ?> A@54=59 (@54:>) 8
N6=>9 G0AB8 ;5A=>9 7>=K  >AA88, ?>2AN4C =5G0AB> 8 =5>18;L=>. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A 4C1>< 8
15@57>9, =0A5;O5B ;5A0 A 8E CG0AB85<. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 >:BO1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
B ?@>G8E AK@>565: A 75;5=>9 >:@0A:>9 >B;8G05BAO @0AB@5A:02H59AO, ?OB=8AB>9 H;O?:>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
8B09A:85 18>E8<8:8 CAB0=>28;8, GB> M:AB@0:B
R. virescens >:07K205B 1;03>B2>@=K9 MDD5:B =0
@53C;OF8N ;8?84>2 :@>28. >A;5 30-4=52=>3>
:C@A0 >B<5G5=> A=865=85 >1I53> E>;5AB5@8=0, B@83;8F5@84>2 8 >1I53> E>;5AB5@8=0 ;8?>?@>B58=>2 =87:>9 ?;>B=>AB8. ><8<> MB>3>,
?>:070=> C<5=LH5=85 C@>2=O AK2>@>B>G=KE 8
?5G5=>G=KE <0;>=480;L45384>2 (18><0@:5@K
4;O 87<5@5=8O C@>2=O >:A840B82=>3> AB@5AA0), 8
C25;8G5=85 A>45@60=8O D5@<5=B0 AC?5@>:A8448A<CB07K.
>;8A0E0@84K A?8@B>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K ?@>O2;ONB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN
0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO A0@:><C-180 8 :0@F8=><C
-@;8E0 =0 90 %.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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284K :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 B8?K 703>B>2>:,
:@><5 ACH:8.


285

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

Russula xerampelina (Schaef.) Fr.

!K@>56:0 1C@5NI0O
!5<59AB2>: !K@>56:>2K5 (Russulaceae).
!8=>=8<K: AK@>56:0 A5;54>G=0O, AK@>56:0 0@><0B=0O.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 3@810 :>@8G=520O, 65;B>20B>- 8;8 >E@O=>-:>@8G=520O, G0AB> 4> :@0A=>20B>- 8;8 :>@8G=520B>->E@O=>9, 8;8 B5<=>-:@0A=>9 A ?>GB8
G5@=K< F5=B@><, ?C@?C@=>-:>@8G=52>9, 8=>340 A
D8>;5B>2K< :@05<, 5 15 A< 2 480<5B@5, A8;L=> 2K?C:;0O, A 7025@=CBK< 2=CB@L :@05<. AB@5G0NBAO 8
4@C385 F25B>2K5 20@80F88, =0?@8<5@ >;82:>2K5
8;8 1>@4>2K5. ;0AB8=:8 :@5<>2K5 4> >E@O=>-:>@8G=520BKE, >B=>A8B5;L=> <O3:85, C =>6:8 A8;L=>
@0725B2;5==K5, ?@8 =0402;820=88 1C@5NB. O:>BL
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:@01>2K< 2:CA>< 8 70?0E>< 2 H;O?:5 8 70<5B=K<
A5;54>G=K< 70?0E>< 2 >A=>20=88 =>6:8. >6:0
4 8 � 1,5 3 A<, 15;0O, 8=>340 A @602K<8 ?OB=0<8,
C =5:>B>@KE @07=>284=>AB59 <>65B 1KBL G0AB8G=>
8;8 F5;8:>< @>7>20B0O 8;8 :@0A=0O.
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 >AA88. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A A>A=>9, 3>@074>
@565   A 5;LN.  0AB5B 2 E2>9=KE 8 A<5H0==KE
;5A0E A 8N;O ?> >:BO1@L.

!E>4=K5 284K
5A<>B@O =0 2KA>:CN 20@8015;L=>ABL, E0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =0456=> >B;8G0NI89AO :><?;5:A><
A2>8E ?@87=0:>2 >B ?@>G8E =53>@L:8E AK@>565:.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
AA;54>20=85 15;:>2>3> A>AB020 ?;>4>2KE B5;
?>:070;>, GB> AK@>56:0 1C@5NI0O E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 2KA>:>F5==K< 15;:>2K< 8 0<8=>:8A;>B=K< A>AB02>< (2:;NG0O =570<5=8<K5 0<8=>:8A;>BK) A :>MDD8F85=B>< 18>;>38G5A:>9
F5==>AB8 BV (biological value) = 83 % (: ?@8<5@C,
C <OA0 BV = 85 %).
>;8A0E0@84K A?8@B>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K ?@>O2;ONB ?@>B82>>?CE>;52CN
0:B82=>ABL, ?>402;OO A0@:><C-180 8 :0@F8=><C
-@;8E0 =0 70 8 80 % A>>B25BAB25==>.
-:AB@0:B 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070;
?@>B82>?0@078B=CN 0:B82=>ABL, 8=3818@CO @>AB

Plasmodium falciparum, ?8@8<5B0<8=-CAB>9G82KE <0;O@89=KE ?0@078B>2.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 ?@8<5=O5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
 ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;OE =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
G5=L 2:CA=0O AK@>56:0. >4E>4OB 2A5 284K :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 B8?K 703>B>2>:, :@><5 ACH:8.


286

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Sarcodon imbricatus (L. : Fr.) P. Karst.

6528: ?5AB@K9
!5<59AB2>: 0=:5@>2K5 (Bankeraceae).
!8=>=8<K: 56528: G5@5?8BG0BK9, 56528: G5HC9G0BK9, :>;G0:, :C@>G:0, OAB@51.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
 >@25388 AB0@K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 56528:0 ?5AB@>3> 8A?>;L7CNBAO 4;O ?>;CG5=8O 3>;C1>20B>-75;5=>3> ?83<5=B0, :>B>@K9 ?@8<5=O5BAO 4;O
?>:@0A:8 >25GL59 H5@AB8.

?8A0=85
(;O?:0 4> 25 A< 2 480<5B@5, ?;>A:>-2K?C:;0O, 70B5< 2 A5@548=5 2>3=CB0O, B5<=>-1C@0O, A B>;ABK<8
:@C?=K<8 ?@8?>4=OBK<8 G5@=>(:>@8G=52>)-1C@K<8 G5HC9:0<8, @0A?>;>65==K<8 :>=F5=B@8G5A:8. # <>;>4KE 3@81>2 ?>25@E=>ABL H;O?:8
10@E0B8AB0O. O:>BL A=0G0;0 15;>20B0O, 70B5<
A5@>20B>-1C@0O, C <>;>4KE 3@81>2 ?;>B=0O 8
A>G=0O, C 7@5;KE   ACE0O 8 B25@40O. <55B A?5F8D8G5A:89 ?@O=K9 70?0E 8 3>@L:>20BK9 2:CA.
86=OO ?>25@E=>ABL H;O?:8 A A5@>20B>-15;K<8, 1C@5NI8<8 A 2>7@0AB>< 83>;LG0BK<8 H8?8:0<8 4> 1 A< 4;8=K. >6:0 4 8 � 1 1,5 A<, B>;AB0O 8 :@5?:0O, =5@02=><5@=>-F8;8=4@8G5A:0O,
>1KG=> @0AH8@5==0O :=87C, 1;54=>-A5@>20B0O,
8=>340 A D8>;5B>2K< >BB5=:><, C 7@5;KE 3@81>2
AB0=>28BAO ?>;>9.
@81 =0A5;O5B ACE85 (?@58<CI5AB25==> E2>9=K5) ;5A0, ;N18B ?5AG0=K5 ?>G2K. 1@07C5B <8:>@87C A E2>9=K<8 45@52LO<8. AB@5G05BAO >48=>G=> 8 3@C??0<8 87 =5A:>;L:8E M:75<?;O@>2; 8=>340
>1@07C5B �254L<8=K :>;LF0�.  0A?@>AB@0=5= ?>

2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, <5AB0<8 4>2>;L=> G0AB>. ;>4>=>A8B 2 8N;5 =>O1@5.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
;O 3@810 ;01>@0B>@=K<8 <5B>40<8 CAB0=>2;5=>
8<<C=>AB8<C;8@CNI55 459AB285 8 2;8O=85 =0
A=865=85 C@>2=O E>;5AB5@8=0.
F5B>=>2K9 M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>;=>ABLN >AB0=02;8205B @>AB :;5B>: ;59:5<88 G5;>25:0 (HL-60). A=>2=K< 459AB2CNI8< :><?>=5=B>< O2;O5BAO M@3>AB5@>;-?5@>:A84, 2 G8AB><
2845 >AB0=02;820NI89 @0728B85 :;5B>: @0:0 65;C4:0 8 045=>:0@F8=><K.
>:070=> 0=B810:B5@80;L=>5 459AB285 <8F5;80;L=>3> M:AB@0:B0 56528:0 =0 Escherichia coli,
Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium,
Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis 8 Bacillus
subtilis.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.


287

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!J54>1=K9 3@81 A =52KA>:8<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8, A>18@0BL ;CGH5 B>;L:> <>;>4K5, 1>;55

<O3:85 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 (AB0@K5 AB0=>2OBAO 65AB:8<8 8 ?@8>1@5B0NB 3>@L:89 2:CA). A?>;L7C5BAO
2 >A=>2=>< 4;O 60@:8, =5 B@51C5B ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >B20@820=8O. >6=> A>;8BL 8 <0@8=>20BL,
=51>;LH>9 3>@L:>20BK9 ?@82:CA CE>48B ?>A;5
5 10 <8=CB >B20@820=8O.  =5:>B>@KE AB@0=0E
2@>?K ?>@>H>: 87 ACH5=KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 8A?>;L7C5BAO :0: 0@><0B878@CNI0O ?@8?@020.

Sarcoscypha austriaca (Beck) Boud.

!0@:>AF8D0 02AB@89A:0O
!5<59AB2>: !0@:>AF8D>2K5 (Sarcoscyphaceae).

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
 N6=KE @09>=0E  >AA88 @0AB5B 4@C3>9 284 A0@:>AF8DK   :8=>20@=>-:@0A=0O, 8;8 0;0O (S. coccinea), 345 55 <>6=> =09B8 4065 78<>9. B;8G0NBAO MB8 420 2840 B>;L:> <8:@>A:>?8G5A:8<8
?@87=0:0<8. > ?>A;54=53> 2@5<5=8 AG8B0;>AL,
GB> 2 C<5@5==>9 7>=5  >AA88 @0AB5B A0@:>AF8D0 0;0O, >4=0:> B5?5@L CAB0=>2;5=>, GB> MB> =5
B0:. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O :C;8=0@=KE 8 ;5:0@AB25==KE
A2>9AB2 >10 2840 845=B8G=K, ?>MB><C 745AL <K
>?8H5< B>;L:> A0@:>AF8DC 02AB@89A:CN.
 =3;88 :>@78=:8 A :><?>78F8O<8 87 <E0,
;8ABL52 8 ?;>4>2KE B5; A0@:>AF8DK ?@>40NBAO
:0: 8=B5@L5@=K5 C:@0H5=8O.

?8A0=85
@81 4> 6 A< 2 480<5B@5, 0,5 2 A< 2KA>B>9, A=0G0;0 G0H5284=K9, 70B5< 1;N4F5284=K9, 2=CB@8
:@0A=K9, <0B>2K9, A=0@C68 15;>20BK9 8 <CG=8ABK9. 725AB=K B0:65 >@0=6520O 8 G8AB>-15;0O
D>@<K. >6:0 4> 5 A< 2KA>B>9, 1 5 A< 2 480<5B@5, 15;>20B0O, ?;>B=0O. O:>BL 15;>20B0O, 2>4O=8AB0O, 157 >A>1>3> 2:CA0 8 70?0E0.
AB@5G05BAO 2 >A=>2=>< 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8
 $, 2 C<5@5==>9 8 (@565) ;5A>AB5?=>9 7>=0E.
 0AB5B 2 ;8AB25==KE 8 A<5H0==KE ;5A0E 8 ?0@:0E, =0 ?>3@C65==KE 2 ?>G2C 25B>G:0E, =0 75<;OE,
1>30BKE 3C<CA><, =0 <E5, 3=8NI59 4@525A8=5,
?@5;KE ;8ABLOE 8;8 3=8NI8E :>@=OE, 3@C??0<8,
8=>340 4>2>;L=> 1>;LH8<8. @54?>G8B05B 4@525A8=C ;8?K, :;5=0, 82K, 4C10, 15@57K. ;>4>=>A8B A =0G0;0 0?@5;O 4> :>=F0 <0O (8=>340 4> =0-

G0;0 8N=O), 2 B5?;CN >A5=L 8 78<C <>65B 2K40BL
5I5 >4=C 2>;=C, ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 :>B>@>9 >AB0NBAO
78<>20BL 4> 25A=K.

!E>4=K5 284K
!0@:>AF8D0 :8=>20@=>-:@0A=0O (A<. 2KH5).

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 ?;>4>2KE B5;0E >1=0@C65=K ;5:B8=K, 8A?>;L7CNI85AO ?@8 >?@545;5=88 3@C??K :@>28, 18>E8<8G5A:8E 8 <548F8=A:8E 8AA;54>20=8OE.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
  >AA88 8 AB@0=0E 2@>?K ?>@>H>: 87 ACH5=>9
A0@:>AF8DK 8A?>;L7>20;8 :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 A@54AB2>.


288

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

=>2>@>645==KE ?;>E> 706820; ?>A;5 >B@570=8O
?C?>28=K.  A;CG05 <54;5==> 706820NI8E @0=
8E ?@8AK?0;8 ?K;5284=> @0AB>;G5==K< ?>@>H:>< ACH5=KE ?;>4>2KE B5; A0@:>AF8DK 8 ?@8:@K20;8 10=406>< 87 B>=:> 2K45;0==>9 >;5=L59
:>68.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB A25685 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 4;O 2KACH820=8O A ?>A;54CNI8< 873>B>2;5=85< ?>@>H:0.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
!CH5=K9 ?>@>H>: A0@:>AF8DK 8A?>;L7>20;AO ?;5<5=0<8 8@>:57>2 (!525@=0O <5@8:0)
:0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 8 ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 A@54AB2>, 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L :>340 ?C?>:

@81 AJ54>15=, 8A?>;L7C5BAO A2568< 4;O 60@:8 8
A0;0B>2 (>B20@5==K<8 8;8 65 AK@K<8   4;O :@0H5=8O), ?;>4>2K5 B5;0, D0@H8@>20==K5 AK@>< A
G5A=>:><, 70?5:0NB 2 4CE>2:5, B0:65 3@81 A>;OB
8 <0@8=CNB, 0 87 ACH5=KE A0@:>AF8D 20@OB AC?.

Sarcosoma globosum (Schmidel : Fr.) Casp.

!0@:>A><0 H0@>284=0O
!5<59AB2>: !0@:>A><>2K5 (Sarcosomataceae).

?8A0=85
;>4>2>5 B5;> A=0G0;0 ?>GB8 H0@>284=>5, ?>3@C65==>5 2 <>E, ?>74=55 @0A:@K20NI55AO, 1>G>=:>284=>5 8;8 ?>GB8 H0@>284=>5, >1KG=>
6 12 A< 2KA>B>9 8 3 8 A< 2 480<5B@5 (=> <>65B
1KBL 8 7=0G8B5;L=> :@C?=55), <O3:>5. >25@E=>ABL 1>:>2KE AB>@>= B5<=>-1C@0O 8;8 :>@8G=520O, C <>;>4KE ?;>4>2KE B5; 3;04:0O, C 7@5;KE   10@E0B8AB0O, ?@8 2KAKE0=88 AB0=>28BAO
<>@I8=8AB>9, A:;04G0B>9. !25@EC 8<55BAO 3;O=F52K9, 1;5ABOI89 G5@=K9 48A:, =0 :>B>@>< >1@07CNBAO AC<:8 A> A?>@0<8, A=0G0;0 2>3=CBK9,
70B5< ?;>A:89. B >A=>20=8O 3@810 >BE>4OB
@87><>@DK   :>@=5284=K5 BO68 4;8=>9 4> =5A:>;L:8E A0=B8<5B@>2. ;>4>2>5 B5;> 70?>;=5=>
?@>7@0G=>9 ABC45=8AB>9 684:>ABLN A> A?>@0<8
(4> 30 % >1I53> 25A0), 157 70?0E0, ?> 2:CAC =0?><8=0NI59 ?>4:@0E<0;5==CN 2>4C. 0AA0 3@810
20 250 3 2<5AB5 A 684:>ABLN, => <>65B 4>AB830BL
8 =5A:>;L:8E A>B5= 3@0<<>2. 84:>ABL A A>7@52H8<8 A?>@0<8 2KB5:05B G5@57 >B25@AB8O 8;8 B@5I8=K @07<O3G0NI53>AO A 2>7@0AB>< ?;>4>2>3>

B5;0 8;8, 2 A>;=5G=CN ?>3>4C, :>340 ?5@53@5BK9
3@81 ;>?05BAO, @071@K738205BAO.
!0@:>A><0 H0@>284=0O @0AB5B =0 <E0E, ?>4AB8;:5 87 E2>8 8 >?040, 2 AB0@KE B5<=>E2>9=KE
A>A=O:0E =0 >?CH:0E ;5A0, ?> :@0N AB0@KE ;5A=KE
4>@>3, B@>?8=>:, =0 70@0AB0NI8E 2K@C1:0E. @81K =5 2A5340 E>@>H> 70<5B=K, B0: :0: G0AB> >=8
?>;=>ABLN A:@KBK 2> <E5 8;8 2 ?>4AB8;:5 8 =0-


289

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

;>4>2>5 B5;> A0@:>A><K 2 @07@575
@C6C 2KABC?05B B>;L:> 25@E=OO G0ABL ?;>4>2>3>
B5;0. 1KG=> =01;N40NBAO =51>;LH85 3@C??K
87 5 10 ?;>4>2KE B5;, => 8725AB=K A;CG08, :>340
?>?C;OF88 =0AG8BK20NB 4> 300 M:75<?;O@>2.
 0AB5B ?> 2A59 C<5@5==>9 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88, 2 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8 @54>:, 2 !818@8 8 N6=>9 B0935 4>2>;L=> @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 3@81.
;>4>=>A8B A :>=F0 0?@5;O 4> =0G0;0 8N=O.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 3@81, =5 8<5NI89 42>9=8:>2.
%>BO, 5A;8 =5 >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=85 =0 2=CB@5==55 A>45@68<>5 (25@=55, =0 53> >BACBAB285),
=025@=>5 A0@:>A><C <>6=> ?5@5?CB0BL A AC<G0BK< 3@81>< C@=C;>9 1>:0;>284=>9 (Urnula
craterium), >B40;5==> =0?><8=0NI8< ?CABCN
S. globosum.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
AA;54>20=85 E8<8G5A:>3> A>AB020 8 0:B82=KE 25I5AB2 684:>AB8 8 B:0=59 ?;>4>2>3> B5;0
A0@:>A><K ?>:070;>, GB> 2 =59 A>45@68BAO 18
68@=KE :8A;>B, A@548 :>B>@KE ?@5>1;040NB
?0;L<8B8=>20O, AB50@8=>20O, 35?B045:0=>20O 8
87>35?B045:0=>20O.  B:0=OE ?;>4>2KE B5; >1=0@C65=K 0<8=>:8A;>BK   3;8F8=, F8AB58=, 20;8=, 38AB848=, ;878=.  A>AB025 15;:>2 2KO2;5=
38AB>=>?>4>1=K9 15;>:, A>45@60I89 70 % 0<8=>:8A;>BK 0@38=8=0, 0 B0:65 15;>:   ?83<5=B
:>@8G=52>3> F25B0, 0=0;>38G=K9 :>@8G=52><C
?83<5=BC 87 G038. 725AB=K5 ;5G51=K5 A2>9AB20
A0@:>A><K 8 2KO2;5==K9 E8<8G5A:89 A>AB02
?>4G5@:820NB ?5@A?5:B82=>ABL 40==>3> 3@810
4;O 87CG5=8O 55 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 2 :0G5AB25 8AB>G=8:0 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE 25I5AB2.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
> <=>38E @09>=0E  >AA88 8725AB=> 8A?>;L7>20=85 A0@:>A><K 2 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 ?>4 =0720=85< �75<;O=>5 <0A;>�.  :0G5AB25 ;5:0@AB25==>3> A@54AB20 8A?>;L7CNB 684:>ABL, :>B>@0O
A>45@68BAO 2=CB@8 ?;>4>2>3> B5;0 3@810. !256CN 684:>ABL 87 3@810 ?@8=8<0NB =0B>I0: 2 :0G5AB25 18>AB8<C;OB>@0 8 AB8<C;OB>@0 C<AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, >1I5C:@5?;ONI53> A@54AB20,
4;O ><>;06820NI53> MDD5:B0 8 :0: CA?>:>8B5;L=>5, ?@8 30AB@8B0E 8 65;C4>G=KE 1>;57=OE,
0 B0:65 =0=>AOB =0 :>6C 3>;>2K 4;O C;CGH5=8O
?8B0=8O :>@=59 2>;>A 8 CA8;5=8O 8E @>AB0. 0A:8 87 A2568E AB5=>: ?;>4>2KE B5; 8A?>;L7C-

#@=C;0 1>:0;>284=0O.


290

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

?;>B=> 70:C?>@820BLAO). !;87L 2> D;0:>=G8:5
8 O2;O5BAO ;5:0@AB2><, :>B>@>5 A;54C5B E@0=8BL
2 E>;>48;L=8:5. 5@54 :064K< C?>B@51;5=85<
=03@520BL 5AB5AB25==K< >1@07>< 4> :><=0B=>9
B5<?5@0BC@K. ! ;5:0@AB2>< 1>;L=><C 45;0NB
2=CB@8<KH5G=K5 C:>;K 2 O3>48FC. 5@2CN =545;N A 8=B5@20;>< 2 3 4=O 22>4OB 70 1 @07 ?> 1 A<3
A@54AB20, 2B>@CN =545;N :064K5 3 4=O 22>4OB ?>
2 A<3, B@5BLN   3 A<3, 0 =0 G5B25@BCN 8 ?>A;54CNI85 =545;8 45;0NB 8=J5:F8N 1 @07 2 7 4=59 ?>
1 C:>;C A 3 A<3 A>:0 A0@:>A><K. 5AL ;5G51=K9
:C@A 4;8BAO 3 <5AOF0. @8 ;5G5=88 =5>1E>48<>
G5B:> A>1;N40BL 8=B5@20;K <564C 22545=85<
C:>;>2 8 @5:><5=4C5<K5 4>78@>2:8.

NB 2 :0G5AB25 :>A<5B>;>38G5A:>3> A@54AB20 4;O
><>;06820=8O :>68. =CB@5==NN 684:>ABL 8
2>4>G=CN =0AB>9:C AB5=>: ?;>4>2KE B5; ?@8<5=ONB =0@C6=> 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;57=59 ACAB02>2,
?>;80@B@8B0 8 @52<0B87<0. ;O MB>3> 684:>ABL
8;8 =0AB>9:0 2B8@0NBAO 2 ?>25@E=>ABL :>68 2
<5AB0E, 345 1>;OB ACAB02K. =CB@8<KH5G=K5 8=J5:F88 A>:>< A0@:>A><K ?@8<5=ONBAO 2 1>@L15 A
>=:>701>;520=8O<8.

 5F5?B 4;O 8=J5:F89
?@8 >=:>701>;520=8OE:
7 8 A2565A>1@0==KE 3@81>2 ?>3@C78BL =0 =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 2 <548F8=A:89 A?8@B, 70B5<
@07;>68BL =0 AB5@8;L=> >1@01>B0==>9 ?>AC45. '5@57 30 40 <8=CB AB5@8;L=K< =>6>< A=OBL
25@E=NN G0ABL 3@810, 2K:0G0BL 87 =53> H?@8F5<
A;87L 8 2K?CAB8BL 55 2 70@0=55 ?>43>B>2;5==K9
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Schizophyllum commune (Fr.) Fr.

)5;5;8AB=8: >1K:=>25==K9
!5<59AB2>: )5;5;8AB=8:>2K5 (Schizophyllaceae).

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?@>B82>28@CA=>5 459AB285. -:AB@0:B 3@810 ?>402;O5B Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
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Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull. : Pers.) Pers. ss. Greville

>6=>4>64528: 1>@>402G0BK9
!5<59AB2>: >6=>4>64528:>2K5 (Sclerodermataceae).

?8A0=85
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A?>@. O:>BL A?5@20 15;0O, ?;>B=0O, ?@8 A>7@520=88 AB0=>28BAO B5<=>-?C@?C@=>-:>@8G=52>9

1
Rosenthal J., Katz R., Dubois D.B., Morrisey A., Machicao A. (1992). �Chronic maxillary sinusitis associated with the mushroom
Schizophyllum commune in a patient with AIDS�. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14: 46 8.
2
Rihs J.D., Padhye A.A., Good C.B. (1996). �Brain abscess caused by Schizophyllum commune: an emerging basidiomycete
pathogen�. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 1628 32.
3
Sigler L., de la Maza L.M., Tan G., Egger K.N., Sherburne R.K. (1995). �Diagnostic difficulties caused by a nonclamped Schizophyllum
commune isolate in a case of fungus ball of the lung�. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1979 83.


293

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Sparassis crispa (Wulf. : Fr.) Fr.

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1>;55 2KA>:>9 ?@>B82>3@81:>2>9 0:B82=>ABLN,
2 B>< G8A;5 ?@>B82 Cladosporium cucumerinum,
CAB>9G82>3> : A?0@0AA>;C.
S. crispa >:070;AO >4=8< 87 =5<=>38E 284>2
3@81>2, ?>402;ONI8E 28@CA '.
8E;>@<5B0=>2K9 M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; (8AA;54>20=8O 2002 3>40) ?>:070; ?@>B82><8:@>1=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Bacillus subtilis
8 Escherichia coli. >2B>@=K5 8AA;54>20=8O 2007
3>40 2KO28;8 =>2K5 18>0:B82=K5 0=B810:B5@80;L=K5 :><?>=5=BK, =0945==K5 ?@5645 C :C;LB828@C5<>3> 2 788 ;5:0@AB25==>3> B@CB>28:0
Antrodia camphorata. K45;5==K5 25I5AB20 ?>402;ONB Staphylococcus aureus 8 ?@8 MB>< >AB0=02;820NB @>AB <5;0=><K (@0: :>68).
@81 H8@>:> :C;LB828@C5BAO 2 AB@0=0E 788 4;O
?>;CG5=8O ;5:0@AB25==KE ?@5?0@0B>2 8 >2.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
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8=AC;LB>2 8 >?CE>;52KE 701>;520=89.

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>1@01>B:8, <>6=> ACH8BL, =5 3>48BAO 4;O 70A>;:8,
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295


296

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Stereum hirsutum (Willd. : Fr.) Gray

!B5@5C< 65AB:>2>;>A8ABK9
!5<59AB2>: !B5@5C<>2K5 (Stereaceae).

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!E>4=K5 284K
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B8 3>;>9 ?>25@E=>ABLN H;O?:8. !E>4=K5 ?>
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$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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297

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pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis 8 @07;8G=K< 2840< Micrococcus.
>;CG5==K5 87 A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; M?84>:A8AB5@>;K 1, 2, 3, 4 8 5 B>:A8G=K 4;O Mycobacterium
tuberculosis 8 <0;O@89=>3> ?;07<>48O, ?@>O2;ONB F8B>B>:A8G=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : @0:>2K<
:;5B:0< @07;8G=KE ;8=89.
01>@0B>@=K5 8A?KB0=8O ?>:070;8 0:B82=>ABL ?>;8A0E0@84>2 ?@>B82 A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0.

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Strobilurus stephanocystis (Hora) Sing.

!B@>18;C@CA H?030B>=>389
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

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298

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88

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!J54>15=, => =5 8<55B ?8I52>3> 7=0G5=8O 87-70
>G5=L <5;:8E @07<5@>2 ?;>4>2KE B5;.

Strobilurus tenacellus (Pers. : Fr.) Sing.

!B@>18;C@CA G5@5=:>2K9
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).

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?>;0O, <0B>20O, 225@EC 15;>20B0O, A25B;0O, =865
65;B0O 8;8 65;B>->E@O=0O A >@0=652K< >BB5=:><, ?>4 C@>2=5< ?>G2K 4;8==0O 8 >18;L=> >?CH5==0O, BO=CI0OAO : A>A=>2>9 H8H:5.
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A;>5< 2 B5?;CN >A5=L.

!E>4=K5 284K
!B@>18;C@CA AJ54>1=K9 (S. esculentus) =0456=> >B;8G8< B5<, GB> @0AB5B 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0
5;>2KE H8H:0E. !B@>18;C@CA H?030B>=>389
(S. stephanocystis) >G5=L ?>E>6 =0 !. G5@5=:>2K9
8 B>65 @0AB5B =0 A>A=>2KE H8H:0E. A;8 <O:>BL
!. G5@5=:>2>3> 3>@G8B, B> ?@>1;5< A >B;8G5=85< >B =53>@L:>3> !. H?030B>=>3>3> =5 2>7=8:05B. > 8=>340 >=0 =5 3>@L:0O, 8 B>340 >B;8G8BL
3@81:8 157 <8:@>A:>?0 B@C4=>.  F5;>< H;O?:0

C S. stephanocystis B5<=55, :@0A=55, :>@8G=5255,
=>6:0 4;8==55&  %>BO =C6=> 7=0BL, GB> >:@0A:0
2A5E AB@>18;C@CA>2 A8;L=> 7028A8B >B ?>G2K, >A25I5=8O, B8?0 ;5A0 8 G0AB> 20@L8@C5B >B ?>GB8
G8AB> 15;>9 4> :>@8G=52>9.

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5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B G0AB8G=> 8=3818@C5B
B0:85 ?0B>35=K G5;>25:0, :0: Bacillus subtilis,
Candida albicans 8 Aspergillus fumigatus. @81
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299

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=> =5 8<55B ?8I52>3> 7=0G5=8O 87-70 >G5=L <5;:8E @07<5@>2 ?;>4>2KE B5;.

Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt. : Fr.) Qu�l.

!B@>D0@8O A8=5-75;5=0O
!5<59AB2>: !B@>D0@852K5 (Strophariaceae).

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300

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>4=K9 8 MB0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:BK S. aeruginosa
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8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
B82>@0:>2K< MDD5:B><, ?>;=>ABLN ?>402;OO 2
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Suillus bovinus (L. : Fr.) Roussel

>7;O:
!5<59AB2>: >:@CE>2K5 (Gomphidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <0A;5=>: :>789.

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!E>4=K5 284K
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(Chalciporus piperatus), >B :>B>@>3> ;53:> >B-

;8G8< ?> >BACBAB28N >AB@>3> ?5@5G=>3> 2:CA0.
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:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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<0@8=CNB 8 ACH0B.

Suillus cavipes (Opatowski) Smith et Thiers

 5H5B=8: ?>;>=>6:>2K9
!5<59AB2>: >:@CE>2K5 (Gomphidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 1>;5B8=CA ?>;>=>6:>2K9.

?8A0=85
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:>=CA>284=0O, 70B5< ?>4CH:>284=0O 8;8 @0A?@>AB5@B0O A :>=CA>284=K< 1C3>@:><, B>;AB><OA8AB0O, 480<5B@>< 4 15 A<, A E0@0:B5@=K<8
G5HC9:0<8. O:>BL 65;B>20B0O (=0 87;><5 F25B
=5 87<5=O5BAO), 2 =>6:5 :>@8G=520B0O, A> A;01K<
3@81=K< 70?0E>< 8 2:CA><. "@C1>G:8 H8@>:85,
1;54=>-65;BK5, 75;5=>20B>-65;BK5, :@C?=>?>@8ABK5 (?>@K =5@>2=K5, C3;>20BK5), B@C1G0BK9
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?>A04:0E, ?0@:0E 8 25B@>70I8B=KE ;5A>?>;>A0E A
CG0AB85< ;8AB25==8FK.

!E>4=K5 284K
;87:89 ?> >1;8:C AJ54>1=K9, => =5 AB>;L 2:CA=K9 @5H5B=8: 0780BA:89 (S. asiaticus) B>65 >1@07C5B <8:>@87C A ;8AB25==8F59 8 G0AB> @0AB5B
2 B5E 65 <5AB0E, GB> 8 @5H5B=8: ?>;>=>6:>2K9.


302

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8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

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 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7>20;AO 4;O @0AA;01;5=8O <KHF 8 A=OB8O <KH5G=KE A?07<>2.

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53> A>;OB 8 <0@8=CNB.

Suillus granulatus (L. : Fr.) Roussel

0A;5=>: 75@=8ABK9
!5<59AB2>: >:@CE>2K5 (Gomphidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <0A;5=>: ;5B=89, <0A;5=>: @0==89.

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65;B5NI0O, A;878AB0O, 2 ACECN ?>3>4C   1;5ABOI0O. O:>BL ?;>B=0O, B>;AB0O, 65;B>20B>15;0O, <O3:0O, A ?@8OB=K< 2:CA><, ?>GB8 157 70?0E0. "@C1G0BK9 A;>9 A@02=8B5;L=> B>=:89, C
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303

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

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AC8;;C<84 (2008 3>4) >1;0405B 2KA>:>9 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 0:B82=>ABLN. => ?>402;O5B
@>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0, B0:65
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8 3LL. @C3>9 :><?>=5=B   AC8;;8=   ?>:070;
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@0:>2K< :;5B:0< ;8=89  (=07>D0@8=30;L=0O

:0@F8=><0 G5;>25:0) 8 NSCLC-N6 (1@>=E>;53>G=0O :0@F8=><0 G5;>25:0).

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

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8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
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Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch : Fr.) Sing.

0A;5=>: ;8AB25==8G=K9
!5<59AB2>: >:@CE>2K5 (Gomphidiaceae).

?8A0=85
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$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
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(S. clintonianus) >B;8G05BAO 2 >A=>2=>< B>;L:>
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304

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8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O @0AA;01;5=8O <KHF.  @>AA89A:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5

!J54>1=K9 3@81 A >B;8G=K<8 2:CA>2K<8 :0G5AB20<8. >4E>4OB 2A5 284K :C;8=0@=>9 >1@01>B:8 8 B8?K 703>B>2>:.

Suillus luteus (L. : Fr.) Roussel

0A;5=>: 65;BK9
!5<59AB2>: >:@CE>2K5 (Gomphidiaceae).
!8=>=8<K: <0A;5=>: =0AB>OI89, <0A;5=>: >1K:=>25==K9, <0A;5=>: ?>74=89,
<0A;5=>: >A5==89.

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8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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65;C4:0, ;5G0B O<:8 8 4@C385 45D5:BK :>68 ;8F0
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305

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$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
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(2008 3>4) >1;0405B 2KA>:>9 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9
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8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0, @>AB 8 @0ABO65=85 :;5B>:
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:;5B>: ;8=89 L1210 8 3LL.

Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr.

"@CB>28: 3>@10BK9
!5<59AB2>: >@8>;>2K5 (Coriolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@0<5B5A 3>@10BK9.

?8A0=85
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:@C?=K5, 3 12 � 5 20 A<, 1 4 A< 2KA>B>9. (;O?:8 ?;>A:85, 8=>340 =5@>2=K5, A 10@E0B8AB>9,
>3>;ONI59AO A 2>7@0AB>< ?>25@E=>ABLN, G0AB>

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@565 65;B>20B0O.
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!E>4=K5 284K
>;>4K5 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 =51>;LH>3> @07<5@0 ?>E>68 =0 B@CB>28: 65AB:>2>;>A8ABK9 (T. hirsuta),
>B :>B>@>3> >B;8G0NBAO C4;8=5==K<8 ?>@0<8
8 5420 70<5B=K< >?CH5=85< =0 H;O?:0E (4;O
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?>@K 8 1>;55 2K@065==>5 >?CH5=85 H;O?>:).

"@CB>28: 3>@10BK9 >1;0405B ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>9, ?@>B82>>?CE>;52>9 8 ?@>B82>28@CA=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.
01>@0B>@=K5 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8, GB>
?>;8A0E0@84K T. gibbosa A?>A>1=K 70I8I0BL
:@>25=>A=K5 A>AC4K. =8 =59B@0;87CNB 87<5=5=8O 2 AB5=:0E A>AC4>2, A=860NB >1I89 C@>25=L
15;:0 2 2K?>B5 2 ?;52@0;L=>9 ?>;>AB8, ?>2KH0NB :>;8G5AB2> =59B@>D8;>2 8 M>78=>D8;>2.
>;8A0E0@84K, 2K45;5==K5 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K, 8=3818@CNB @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0. 5B@>;59=>-MD8@=K9 8
MB8;-0F5B0B=K9 M:AB@0:BK T. gibbosa ?>:070;8
F8B>B>:A8G=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : G5;>25G5A:8<
:;5B>G=K< ;8=8O< @0:0 3>@;0 (HeLa) 35?0B><K
(SMMC-7721). K68<:0 87 <8F5;8O ?>;=>ABLN
>AB0=02;8205B @>AB :C;LBC@K G5;>25G5A:>9 E@>=8G5A:>9 <85;>35==>9 ;59:5<88 (K562).
5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8 :C;LBC@0;L=>3> <8F5;8O ?>:070; A@54=NN 8=3818@CNICN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : 28@CAC !0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 B@048F8>==>9 8 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
  >AA88 4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59 =5 A>18@05BAO.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilt

"@CB>28: 65AB:>2>;>A8ABK9
!5<59AB2>: >@8>;>2K5 (Coriolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@0<5B5A 65AB:>2>;>A8ABK9, 3C1:0 65AB:>2>;>A8AB0O.

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 B>=:85, >4=>;5B=85, A84OG85,
@07<5@0<8 4 12 A<, @0ABCB >1KG=> 1>;LH8<8
3@C??0<8. >25@E=>ABL H;O?:8 7>=0;L=0O, 3@C-

1>2>;>A8AB0O, ?>GB8 2>;>A8AB>-I5B8=8AB0O,
65;B>20B0O, A5@>20B0O, A 2>7@0AB><   1C@>20B0O,
G0AB> 2 >A=>20=88 75;5=>20B0O >B @072820NI8EAO =0 =59 2>4>@>A;59. O:>BL B>=:0O, :>68AB0O,
15;>20B0O, A 3>@L:>20BK< 2:CA><. >;>4K5 M:-


307

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger 8 Mucor indicus, 0
B0:65 2KA>:CN 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL
?> >B=>H5=8N : Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus
aureus 8 Streptococcus mutans.
 ;01>@0B>@=KE CA;>28OE <8F5;80;L=K9 M:AB@0:B ?>402;O5B @>AB :;5B>G=KE ;8=89 A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 8A?>;L7>20;AO ?@8 ;53>G=KE 701>;520=8OE, 4;O A=OB8O 60@0 8 8A?0@8=K,
CA:>@5=8O @535=5@0F88 <KH5G=>9 B:0=8.

75<?;O@K <>3CB 8<5BL ;53:89 0=8A>2K9 70?0E.
"@C1>G:8 :>@>B:85, 4> 6 << 2 4;8=C. >25@E=>ABL
B@C1>G5: 15;>20B0O, 65;B>20B0O, A5@>20B0O 8;8
1C@>20B0O. >@K >:@C3;K5, B>;AB>AB5==K5.
AB@5G05BAO =0 ACE>AB>5, ?=OE 8 20;56=8:5, >1@01>B0==>9 4@525A8=5 ;8AB25==KE (@54:>   E2>9=KE) 45@52L52, G0AB> 8 ?>2A5<5AB=>.
K7K205B 15;CN 3=8;L, ?@8 MB>< 4@525A8=0 @0A?0405BAO =0 E0@0:B5@=K5 ?;0AB8=:8. ;>4>=>A8B
:@C3;>3>48G=>, 2 AC@>2KE CA;>28OE 2 78<=85 <5AOFK >AB0=02;8205BAO 2 @0728B88 8 2>7>1=>2;O5B
@>AB 25A=>9.
@81 :C;LB828@C5BAO 2 @O45 AB@0= 4;O ?>;CG5=8O <8F5;8O 8 :C;LBC@0;L=>9 684:>AB8, 87 :>B>@>9 70B5< 873>B02;820NB ;5:0@AB25==K5 ?@5?0@0BK.

!E>4=K5 284K
"@0<5B5A ?CH8ABK9 (T. pubescens) >B;8G05BAO 1>;55 <O3:8<, ?>GB8 2>9;>G=K< >?CH5=85<, ?>@K
53> A 2>7@0AB>< AB0=>2OBAO 8728;8ABK<8. 5=78B5A 15@57>2K9 (Lenzites betulina) >B;8G05BAO ?;0AB8=G0BK< 8;8 ;018@8=B>284=K< A?>@>=>A=K<
A;>5<. &5@@5=0 >4=>F25B=0O (Cerrena unicolor)
8<55B =0 A@575 B:0=L A B5<=>9 ;8=859 8 A?>@>=>A=K9 A;>9 A ?>@0<8 =5?@028;L=>9 D>@<K.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 3@810E >1=0@C65=K 25I5AB20, 8<5NI85 0=B818>B8G5A:85 A2>9AB20 8 >1;040NI85 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52K< 459AB285<.
>4=K9 8 <5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:BK ?;>4>2KE
B5; ?>:070;8 2KA>:CN ?@>B82>3@81:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Penicillium sp., Aspergillus

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB A25685 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 4;O ?>A;54CNI59 ACH:8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.


308

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd

"@CB>28: @07=>F25B=K9
!5<59AB2>: >@8>;>2K5 (Coriolaceae).
!8=>=8<K: B@0<5B5A @07=>F25B=K9, B@0<5B5A ?5AB@K9, :>@8>;CA <=>3>F25B=K9,
:>@8>;CA @07=>F25B=K9.

?8A0=85
;>4>2K5 B5;0 <=>3>;5B=85, H8@8=>9 5 8 A<,
B>=:85, 65AB:85, 255@>284=K5 8;8 @>75B:>>1@07=K5, A84OG85, @0A?@>AB5@B>->B>3=CBK5,
G5@5?8BG0B>-@0A?>;>65==K5. '0AB> A@0AB0NBAO
>A=>20=8O<8. @09 H;O?:8 2>;=8AB> 87>3=CB,
G0AB> >= A25B;K9. >25@E=>ABL 10@E0B8AB0O,
H5;:>28AB0O, A A5@K<8, 3>;C1>20B>-1C@>20BK<8, 3@O7=>-65;BK<8, :>@8G=52K<8, >E@8ABK<8,
G5@=K<8 8 4@C3>3> F25B0 7>=0<8. O:>BL B>=:0O, :>68AB0O, A25B;0O, 15;0O 8;8 :>@8G=520B0O,
A ?@8OB=K< 3@81=K< 70?0E><. "@C1G0BK9 A;>9
B>=:89. "@C1>G:8 15;K5, 65;B>20BK5, A 2>7@0AB>< 1C@>20BK5, 8=>340 A :@0A=>20BK< >BB5=:><.
>@K <5;:85, >:@C3;K5 8;8 >:@C3;>-C3;>20BK5.
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:@><5 @09=53> !525@0. AB@5G05BAO =0 ?=OE,
20;565, ACE>AB>5 ;8AB25==KE (15@570, 4C1) 8
E2>9=KE (5;L) ?>@>4, =0 45@52O==KE 701>@0E,
4@>2O=8:0E, ?>;5==8F0E. K7K205B 15;CN A5@4F528==CN 3=8;L. ;>4>=>A8B A 8N=O 4> =>O1@O.

!E>4=K5 284K
%0@0:B5@=K9 B@CB>28:, >B;8G0NI89AO >B ?@>G8E A2>59 O@:>9 7>=0;L=>9 >:@0A:>9.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
 F5;>< 3@81 1;03>B2>@=> 2;8O5B =0 8<<C==CN
A8AB5<C. K45;O5BAO A@548 3@81>2 :0: ?@>4CF5=B
@07;8G=KE 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE 25I5AB2 8
0=B818>B8:>2, 2>7459AB2CNI8E 4065 =0 28@CAK,
2 B>< G8A;5   =0 28@CA !0. 7 @07;8G=KE
HB0<<>2 B@0<5B5A0 @07=>F25B=>3> 2 /?>=88 ?>;CG0NB ?@5?0@0B �@5AB8=� (Krestin), 2 4@C38E
AB@0=0E   53> 0=0;>38 (2 8B05   PSP 8 IPPV, 2
.6=>9 >@5   Copolang), >1;040NI85 ?@>B82>>?CE>;52K< 459AB285< ?@8 ;5G5=88 @07;8G=KE
D>@< @0:0.
@5AB8= (2 =0CG=>9 ;8B5@0BC@5   PSK,
Polysaccharide-K), 459AB2CNI8< =0G0;>< :>B>@>3> A;C60B 8<<C=><>4C;8@CNI85 ?@>B58=-

A>45@60I85 ?>;8A0E0@84K, M:AB@038@C5<K5 87
<8F5;80;L=>9 <0AAK T. versicolor 8 4@C385 ?@5?0@0BK ?>;8A0E0@84=>9 ?@8@>4K 87 B@0<5B5A0
@07=>F25B=>3> H8@>:> 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 >=:>;>388 ?@8 ;5G5=88 @0:0 65;C4:0, ?8I52>40, ?@O<>9 :8H:8, O8G=8:>2, <0B:8 8 H59:8 <0B:8, ?@>AB0BK, <>G52>3> ?C7K@O, >AB@>9 ;59:5<88, G0I5
2A53> 2 A>G5B0=88 A E8<8>- 8;8 @048>B5@0?859,
0 B0:65 A >1KG=>9 8 :@8>E8@C@3859 2 ?>A;5>?5@0F8>==K9 ?5@8>4 8 2 :0G5AB25 A@54AB20 ?>445@6820NI59 B5@0?88. @5?0@0BK @53C;8@CNB
@01>BC 8<<C==>9 A8AB5<K, CA8;820NB :;5B>G-


309

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?@83>4=K 4;O 4;8B5;L=>3> ?@8<5=5=8O.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0

=K9 8<<C=8B5B, 2>AAB0=02;820NB ?>=865==K9
C @0:>2KE 1>;L=KE 8<<C==K9 >B25B, >1;040NB
0=B828@CA=K< 8 0=B810:B5@80;L=K< 459AB285<,
?>2KH0NB MDD5:B82=>ABL ?@>B82>@0:>2KE ;5:0@AB2, A?>A>1AB2CNB 4578=B>:A8:0F88 >@30=87<0, >1;040NB 0=B8<5B0AB0B8G5A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN,
A=860NB 35<0B>;>38G5A:CN AC?@5AA8N, 2K7K205<CN ?@>B82>>?CE>;52K<8 ;5:0@AB20<8.
-DD5:B82=>ABL ?@5?0@0B>2 :;8=8G5A:8 ?>4B25@645=0 B0:65 ?@8 701>;520=8OE ?5G5=8 @07;8G=>9 MB8>;>388. -:AB@0:BK B@CB>28:0 @07=>F25B=>3> >1;040NB 38?>;8?845<8G5A:>9,
0=B80B5@>35==>9 0:B82=>ABLN, @53C;8@CNB >1-

 @>AA89A:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 3@81 ?@8<5=O5BAO 4;O ;5G5=8O 2>A?0;5=8O 25@E=8E 4KE0B5;L=KE ?CB59, <>G52>3> 8 ?8I520@8B5;L=>3> B@0:B0,
E@>=8G5A:>3> 35?0B8B0 B, 0 B0:65 7;>:0G5AB25==KE >?CE>;59 65;C4:0 8 ?5G5=8.  5F5?B 873>B>2;5=8O ?@5?0@0B0 87 ?;>4>2KE B5; B@CB>28:0 @07=>F25B=>3> 2 4><0H=8E CA;>28OE A;54CNI89:
!CB>G=0O 4>70 ?@8<5@=> 3 5 3@0<<>2 ACE>3>
?>@>H:0. -BC 4>7C ;CGH5 @0745;8BL =0 B@8 G0AB8:
>4=C G0ABL 70;8BL 0,5 AB0:0=0 :8?OB:0, =0AB0820BL
2 G0A0, <>6=> 8 1>;LH5, 8 2K?8BL =0B>I0: 70 ?>;G0A0 4> 54K. 8BL 3 @070 2 45=L. @8=8<05BAO :C@A0<8 ?> 20 4=59 A ?5@5@K2>< =0 10 4=59, 3>40<8.

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@0NB A25685 ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 4;O ?>A;54CNI59 ACH:8.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
;O :C;8=0@=KE F5;59 =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO.

Tremella fuciformis Berk.

@>60;:0 DC:CA>284=0O
!5<59AB2>: @>60;:>2K5 (Tremellaceae).
!8=>=8<K: 4@>60;:0 15;0O, A5@51@O=>5 CE>, A5@51@O=K9 3@81.

C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:85
8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
@>60;:0 DC:CA>284=0O   ?0@078B =0 =5A:>;L:8E 2840E AC<G0BKE 3@81>2, @0=55 >B=>A8<KE
: @>4C Hypoxylon 8 1;87:8E : =5<C @>4>2. >A:>;L:C Hypoxylon @0ABCB =0 3=8;>9 4@525A8=5 8
>B?02H8E 25B:0E ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4, B> 2 ?>8A:0E
E>7O8=0 =0 MB>< 65 AC1AB@0B5 @0AB5B 8 4@>60;:0.
@>60;:0 DC:CA>284=0O :C;LB828@C5BAO 2 8B05 A XIX AB>;5B8O. 5@2>=0G0;L=> <5B>4 2K@0I820=8O 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB> >1@01>B0==K5 @07=K<8 A?>A>10<8 45@52O==K5 H5ABK CAB0=02;820;8AL
@O4>< A <5AB0<8 ?@>87@0AB0=8O 3@810 2 =045645,


310

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!E>4=K5 284K
>65B 1KBL ?5@5?CB0=0 A 4@>60;:>9 >@0=652>9
2 A;CG05 ?>;=>3> 2KF25B0=8O ?>A;54=59.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

GB> 4@>60;:0 8E :>;>=878@C5B. =B5=A82=>ABL
2K@0I820=8O 7=0G8B5;L=> C25;8G8;0AL, :>340
H5ABK AB0;8 70@060BL A?>@0<8 8;8 3@81=8F59.
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O ?@8<5=O5BAO B0: =07K205<K9
�42>9=>9 <5B>4� :C;LB820F88, :>340 =0 AC1AB@0B
(>1KG=> MB> >?8;:8 ;8AB25==KE ?>@>4) 2KA068205BAO 3@81-E>7O8=, 8=>:C;8@>20==K9 (70@065==K9) <8F5;85< 4@>60;:8. 081>;55 C@>609=K<
4;O 4@>60;:8 E>7O8=>< A;C68B Annulohypoxylon
archeri. !59G0A 2 8B05 2K@0I8205BAO >:>;>
250 000 B>== 4@>60;:8 2 3>4, 2 /?>=88 8 >@55
<0AHB01K ?@>872>4AB20 1>;55 A:@><=K5.
 :8B09A:>9 :CE=5 T. fuciformis B@048F8>==>
8A?>;L7>20;0AL :0: >A=>20 4;O A;04:8E 1;N4. 5A<>B@O =0 1572:CA=>ABL, 65;0B8=8AB0O AB@C:BC@0
?>72>;O;0 �=0?8BK20BL� 3@81 ;N1K<8 A;04:8<8
684:>ABO<8. >765, ?> <5@5 C25;8G5=8O 8=B5=A82=>AB8 ?@>872>4AB20, ACH5=K5 4@>60;:8 AB0;8
:><?>=5=B>< AC?>2, =0?8B:>2 8 <>@>65=>3>. 
=0AB>OI55 2@5<O >=8 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7CNBAO :0:
70:CA:0 4;O 0;:>3>;L=KE =0?8B:>2 8;8 2 A>AB025
:8A;>-A;04:8E A0;0B>2.
7 4@>60;:8 DC:CA>284=>9 873>B02;820NBAO <=>3>G8A;5==K5 ;5:0@AB25==K5 ?@5?0@0BK,
K 8 ?8I52K5 4>102:8.

?8A0=85
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O:>BL <OA8AB0O, =56=0O, C?@C3>-ABC45=8AB0O,
15;0O, ?>;C?@>7@0G=0O, 157 70?0E0 8;8 A> A;01K<
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4=8<8 87 >A=>2=KE 0:B82=KE :><?>=5=B>2 MB>3> 3@810 O2;ONBAO ?>;8A0E0@84K. =8, ?>4>1=>
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A2>9AB20<8. @8 C?>B@51;5=88 ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>;8A0E0@84K >:07K20NB 30AB@>?@>B5:B82=>5 459AB285 (70 AG5B >1@07>20=8O <C:>84=>9 ?;5=:8 =0
A;878AB>9 >1>;>G:5 65;C4:0); ?><8<> MB>3>, ?>;8A0E0@84K 4@>60;:8 O2;ONBAO E>@>H59 A@54>9
4;O @>AB0 ?@>18>B8G5A:8E <8:@>>@30=87<>2.
!>3;0A=> ?>;CG5==K< 40==K<, =0:>?;5=85 18><0AAK ?>;57=KE 18D84>10:B5@89 =0 A@545 A ?>;8A0E0@840<8 4@>60;:8 ?@>8AE>48B 7=0G8B5;L=>
1KAB@55, G5< =0:>?;5=85 2 A;CG05 8A?>;L7>20=8O
AB0=40@B=>9 A@54K. 0E>4OAL 2 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>< B@0:B5, ?>;8A0E0@84K A?>A>1=K A2O7K20BL ;8?84K, ?@54>B2@0I0O 8E 2A0AK20=85, GB>
2 A>G5B0=88 A ;53:8< A;018B5;L=K< 459AB285< 2
:>=5G=>< AG5B5 ?@82>48B : A=865=8N 871KB>G=>9 <0AAK B5;0, A2O70==>9 A >68@5=85<.
T. fuciformis 8A?>;L7C5BAO :0: :>A<5B8G5A:89
?@>4C:B 65=I8=0<8 8B0O 8 /?>=88. @5<K =0
>A=>25 3@810 A?>A>1AB2CNB A>E@0=5=8N :>6=>9
2;038 8 ?@54>B2@0I0NB 2>7@0AB=CN 453@040F8N
:>6=KE :@>25=>A=KE <8:@>:0?8;;O@>2, 0 B0:65
A3;06820NB H5@>E>20B>AB8 8 <8:@><>@I8=K,
?@84020O :>65 ;8F0 <0B>2CN 3;04:>ABL.
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"0:65 4;O 3@810 ?>:070=> @048>70I8B=>5
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 :8B09A:>9, O?>=A:>9 8 :>@59A:>9 <548F8=5
3@81 2 2845 A8@>?>2 8A?>;L7C5BAO :0: ?@>B82>-


311

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8 0=B848015B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2>, ?@>B82 ;53>G=KE
701>;520=89, 4;O C;CGH5=8O @01>BK A5@4F0, ?5G5=8, ?>G5:, <>730, 65;C4:0.

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�3@515H:8� 8 B. ?.

Tremella mesenterica Retz. : Fr.

@>60;:0 >@0=6520O
!5<59AB2>: @>60;:>2K5 (Tremellaceae).
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313

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Tricholoma equestre (L.) Kumm.

5;5=CH:0
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: @O4>2:0 75;5=0O, 75;5=:0.

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8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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=0 @K=:0E =0@02=5 A> A<>@G:0<8 8 B@ND5;O<8.
725AB=>, GB> A@54=525:>2K5 D@0=FC7A:85 @KF0@8 70?@5I0;8 :@5ABLO=0< A1>@ 75;5=CH5: 2
?@8=04;5602H8E 8< ;5A0E, >AB02;OO MB8 3@81K
4;O A51O. @5ABLO=0< 65 4>72>;O;8AL ?@>G85 ?;0AB8=G0BK5 284K, 0 87 B@C1G0BKE   B>;L:> :>7;O:8
(Suillus bovinus).

?8A0=85
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?>4 :>68F59 H;O?:8 65;B>20B0O, 1572:CA=0O, A
70?0E>< A25659 <C:8 8;8 >3C@F0. ;0AB8=:8 75;5=>20B>-65;BK5, H8@>:85, G0ABK5. >6:0 :>@>B:0O, 3 5 � 1 2 A<, ?>GB8 2AO A:@KB0 2 75<;5, ?;>B=0O, 75;5=>20B>-65;B0O, A <5;:8<8 G5HC9:0<8.
@81 @0AB5B ?> 2A59 ;5A=>9 7>=5  >AA88 2
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=0 ACE8E ?5AG0=KE ?>G20E, >G5=L @54:> 1K205B
G5@282K<. 5@8>4 ?;>4>=>H5=8O   023CAB 
=>O1@L.

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B 1;54=>9 ?>30=:8 ;53:> >B;8G05BAO ?> ?;>B=>9 <OA8AB>9 :>=A8AB5=F88 8 >BACBAB28N :>;LF0 =0 =>6:5 8 2>;L2K. >E>6 =0 =5AJ54>1=CN
@O4>2:C A5@=>-65;BCN, :>B>@0O >B;8G05BAO >1I8< A5@=>-65;BK< F25B>< 8 <O:>BLN A =5?@8OB=K< 453BO@=K< 70?0E>< 8 3>@L:8< 2:CA><.
! 75;5=CH:>9 >1KG=> A>18@0NBAO 5I5 420
>G5=L ?>E>68E AJ54>1=KE 2840   @O4>2:0 7>;>B8AB0O (T. aurantium) 8 @O4>2:0 75;5=>-65;B0O
(T. viridilutescens).

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
KBO6:0 87 ?;>4>2KE B5; 75;5=CH:8 ?>402;O5B @0728B85 ?0B>35==KE 10:B5@89. "0:, =0?@8<5@, E;>@>D>@<=K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE
B5; ?>:07K205B 2KA>:CN 0=B810:B5@80;L=CN
0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Bacillus subtilis 8
A@54=NN   : Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus 8 S. epidermidis. 8E;>@<5B0=>2K9, 0F5B>=>2K9 8 MB0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:BK ?>:07K20NB
A@54=NN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : S. aureus,
S. epidermidis 8 B. subtilis, 0 MB8;0F5B0B=K9 M:AB@0:B 5I5 8 4>?>;=8B5;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


314

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5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5;
75;5=CH:8 A>45@68B (22E,24R)-M@3>AB0-7,22485=-3�,5�,6�-B@8>;, AB5@>;, AB8<C;8@CNI89
D5@<5=B 0;:0;8=-D>AD0B07C (ALP) 2 :>AB=KE
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C:070==K9 AB5@>; 70I8I05B >AB5>1;0ABK >B 0?>?B>70 (:;5B>G=>9 A<5@B8).

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<8>?0B88 8 E0@0:B5@87CNI89cO @07@CH5=85<
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:>@8G=52><C >:@0H820=8N <>G8. @8 MB><, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@>2>48<K5 8AA;54>20=8O, ?@54?>;0305<K9 2 75;5=CH:0E O4 B0: 8 =5 2KO2;5=.

Tricholoma matsutake (L.) Kumm.

0FCB0:M
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
!8=>=8<K: @O4>2:0 <0FCB0:M, A>A=>2K9 3@81.

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8 4@C385 8=B5@5A=K5 A2545=8O
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:>@59A:>9 8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 :CE=OE 70 A?5F8D8G5A:89 A>A=>2K9 0@><0B 8 87KA:0==K9 2:CA. /?>=FK
>A>15==> F5=OB MB>B 3@81. 5A<>B@O =0 ;53:>ABL
8 >18;85 ?;>4>=>H5=8O, 3@81K 4>2>;L=> B@C4=>
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?>?C;OF8O 3@810 @57:> A>:@0B8;0AL 70 ?>A;54=85
50 ;5B 87-70 A>A=>2>9 =5<0B>4K Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus, GB> ?>2KA8;> AB>8<>ABL O?>=A:8E 3@81>2 4> =5<KA;8<KE 2KA>B. 653>4=K9 A1>@ <0FCB0:M 2 /?>=88 =5 ?@52KH05B 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O
1000 B>== 2 3>4, >B45;L=K9 3@81 <>65B AB>8BL 4>
100 4>;;0@>2, 0 F5=0 4>E>48BL 4> 2000 4>;;0@>2 70

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?@>4068 =0 M:A?>@B 2 /?>=8N.


315

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8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20

 1999 3>4C H254A:85 CG5=K5 5@38CA 8 0=5;; A ?><>ILN 0=0;870  >1=0@C6820NB,
GB> H254A:0O Tricholoma nauseosum 8 O?>=A:0O
Tricholoma matsutake   MB> >48= 8 B>B 65 284.
-B> >B:@KB85 ?@825;> : C25;8G5=8N M:A?>@B0
MB8E 3@81>2 87 !:0=48=0288 2 /?>=8N (1;03>40@O AE>65<C 0@><0BC 8 2:CAC).

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>BB5=:><, =5@02=>9 4;8=K. O:>BL 15;0O, B>;AB0O, ?;>B=0O, 2:CA <O3:89, A> A;01K< 3>@L:>20BK< �A>A=>2K<� ?>A;52:CA85<. >6:0 :@5?:0O,
1C;02>284=> @0AH8@5==0O : >A=>20=8N 8;8, =0>1>@>B, AC65==0O, 9 20 � 2 3 A<, 3@O7=>-15;0O,
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316

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Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Qu�l.

 O4>2:0 A5@0O
!5<59AB2>:  O4>2:>2K5 (Tricholomataceae).
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317

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Cryptococcus neoformans.

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Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.) Sing.

 O4>2:0 65;B>-:@0A=0O
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318

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Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst.

5;G=K9 3@81
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319

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?>402;5=85< 10:B5@88 Propionibacterium acnes.

Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda

>;>2=O :C:C@C7K
!5<59AB2>: >;>2=52K5 (Ustilaginaceae).
!8=>=8<K: ?C7K@G0B0O 3>;>2=O.

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8 AB51;O ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 3>;>2=52K5 =0@>ABK 8
>G5=L @07@0AB0NBAO.  D075 5 8 ;8ABL52 =01;N405BAO ?>@065=85 ;8AB>2KE 2;030;8I 8 AB51;59.
0B5< 701>;520=85 ?@>O2;O5BAO =0 <5B5;:0E, 0 2
=0G0;5 F25B5=8O 8 ?>O2;5=8O @K;5F   =0 ?>G0B:0E 8 ?07CH=KE ?>G:0E, =0E>4OI8EAO ?>4 2;030;8I0<8 ;8ABL52 =865 ?>G0B:>2.
@54>=>A=>ABL ?C7K@G0B>9 3>;>2=8 25;8:0. =0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8G8=>9 3815;8 <>;>4KE
@0AB5=89, 15A?;>48O ?>G0B:>2 8 7=0G8B5;L=>3>,
4> 60%, =54>1>@0 C@>60O.  0728B85 ?C7K@G0B>9
3>;>2=8 7028A8B >B 2;06=>AB8 ?>G2K. @8 C<5@5==>9 2;06=>AB8 (>:>;> 60%) ?>@065==>ABL
@0AB5=89 2A5340 <5=LH5, G5< ?@8 =87:>9 (40%)

@>4060 ?>G0B:>2, ?>@065==KE 3>;>2=59,
=0 @K=:5 2 5:A8:5.
8;8 2KA>:>9 (80%).  57:85 :>;510=8O 2;06=>AB8
CA8;820NB ?>@065=85 @0AB5=89.
>;LH8=AB2> A?5F80;8AB>2 AG8B0NB, GB> <>;>4K5 =0@>ABK, 2 :>B>@KE 5I5 =5 >1@07>20;8AL
A?>@K, =5 O4>28BK, 0 AB0@K5 8 G5@=K5, A C65 A>7@52H8<8 A?>@0<8, B0: 65 B>:A8G=K, :0: 8 A?>@K=LO (A<. AB@ 95-98).
 0A?@>AB@0=5=0 ?> 2A5<C 75<=><C H0@C.

!E>4=K5 284K
84>2 A> AE>4=K<8 ?@87=0:0<8 =5B.

$0@<0:>;>38G5A:85
8 <548F8=A:85 A2>9AB20
>;>2=O :C:C@C7K A>45@68B 18>0:B82=K5 0;:0;>84K CAB8;038= 8 CAB8;038=>2CN :8A;>BC, A8;L=K5
AB8<C;OB>@K =0?>4>185 0:B82=KE :><?>=5=B>2
A?>@K=L8. @5?0@0BK 3>;>2=8 ?@54?8AK20NBAO
?@8 <=>38E 65=A:8E 701>;520=8OE   @0ABO=CB><


321

A=>2=K5 284K 3@81>2

8 >128A;>< 682>B5, @0AA;01;5==>9 ?@><56=>AB8, 2O;>9 <0B:5, 2>A?0;5=88 O8G=8:>2, 0<5=>@55, 48A<5=>@55, =5@53C;O@=KE <5=AB@C0F8OE 8
4@C38E @0AAB@>9AB20E ?@8 <5AOG=KE, <5B@>@@0388
(<0B>G=KE :@>2>B5G5=89 @07;8G=>9 ?@8@>4K),
4;O 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O B>=CA0 <0B:8 ?>A;5 @>4>2.
;O 2K45;5==>9 87 3@810 CAB8;038=>2>9 :8A;>BK ?>:070=> ?@>B82>3@81:>2>5 459AB285, 2
G0AB=>AB8 ?>402;5=85 <>;>G=8FK (Candida
albicans). >4=K9 M:AB@0:B 7@5;KE A?>@ >1;0405B
?@>B82>@0:>2>9 0:B82=>ABLN, ?>402;OO A0@:><C-180 8 :0@F8=><C -@;8E0.

"@048F8>==0O 8 =0@>4=0O <548F8=0
=459FK N3>-70?040 !525@=>9 <5@8:8 (?;5<O 7C=8 8 4@.) 8A?>;L7>20;8 7@5;CN 3>;>2=N :0:
A8;L=K9 B>=8: 4;O ?>2KH5=8O B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8. !>45@60I89AO 2 A>7@52H5< 3@815 0;:0;>84
CAB8;038= >:07K20; 459AB285, 0=0;>38G=>5 0;:0;>840< A?>@K=L8.
 :8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 3>;>2=O 8A?>;L7>20;0AL 4;O ;5G5=8O 1>;57=59 65;C4:0 8 ?5G5=8, O72K
65;C4:0, 0 B0:65 :0: A;018B5;L=>5.
 @>AA89A:>9 =0@>4=>9 <548F8=5 A?8@B>2CN
=0AB>9:C A?>@ ?C7K@G0B>9 3>;>2=8 :C:C@C7K ?>
=5A:>;L:> :0?5;L ?@8<5=ONB :0: :@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 A@54AB2> ?@8 A8;L=KE @>4>2KE :@>2>B5G5=8OE 8 >18;L=KE <5=AB@C0F8OE, 0 B0:65
(=0@C6=>) 4;O C;CGH5=8O :0G5AB20 2>;>A 8 :>68.
725AB=> 8A?>;L7>20=85 ?@>B82 ?A>@8070 2 A>G5B0=88 A A>:>< G8AB>B5;0 (Chelidonium majus).
@8<5=5=85 A?>@ 87-70 A8;L=>9 8E O4>28B>AB8 B@51C5B :@09=59 >AB>@>6=>AB8, =0?@8<5@,
<>65B 2K720BL 2K:84KH ?@8 15@5<5==>AB8.

;N4> huitlacoche 2 <5:A8:0=A:>< @5AB>@0=5.

@5;0O 3>;>2=O A G5@=>9 A?>@>2>9 <0AA>9.

@81 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 3><5>?0B88 (=0AB>9:0 ?>@>H:0 =0 90 � A?8@B5).

@028;0 A1>@0 8 703>B>2:8
4;O ;5:0@AB25==KE F5;59
!>18@05BAO 2 023CAB5 A5=BO1@5 2> 2@5<O A1>@0
C@>60O :C:C@C7K, 8A?>;L7CNBAO 7@5;K5 G5@=>:>@8G=52K5 ?>@>H:>284=K5 A?>@K.
 4><0H=8E CA;>28OE 4;O ?>;CG5=8O =0AB>9:8
: >4=>9 G0AB8 7@5;>3> 3@810 4>102;ONB 10 G0AB59
2>4:8, =0AB0820NB 2 B5<=>< <5AB5 7 4=59. >;CG5==K9 M:AB@0:B ?LNB ?@8 =0@CH5=88 7@5=8O,
1>;8 2 3;070E, 3>;>2>:@C65=88, <>73>2KE =0@CH5=8OE.

8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85,
:C;8=0@=K5 @5:><5=40F88
8I52>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 8725AB=> 87 5:A8:8
8 N6=KE HB0B>2 !(. 1KG=> =0 :C:C@C7=>9
;5?5H:5 @07<5I0NB ;C:, G5A=>:, >AB@K9 ?5@5F,
�?C7K@8� 3>;>2=8, :@525B:8, AK@>:>?G5=CN
:>;10AC 8 A>CA, ?>A;5 G53> 70?5:0NB. @C3>9 A?>A>1 ?@83>B>2;5=8O   4>102;OBL A256CN 3>;>2=N
2 ><;5B. !G8B05BAO, GB> ?;>4>2K5 B5;0 ?> 2:CAC
8 :>=A8AB5=F88 (2 A>G5B0=88 A O9F0<8) =0?><8=0NB B@ND5;8.  5:A8:5 �?C7K@8� 3>;>2=8
G0AB> 54OB A2568<8, >=8 ?@>40NBAO =0 C;8F0E =0
;>B:0E 8 2 >2>I=KE <03078=0E.
 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O :C;LBC@0 ?8I52>3> C?>B@51;5=8O 3>;>2=8 2>7=8:;0 8 2 (259F0@88, 0
<=>385 52@>?59A:85 @5AB>@0=K ?@54;030NB M:7>B8G5A:>5 <5:A8:0=A:>5 1;N4> �huitlacoche�.


@>G85 284K 3@81>2
 40==>< @0745;5 O ?@8254C @O4 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2 2 2845 A?;>H=>3> A?8A:0 A :@0B:>9 8E
E0@0:B5@8AB8:>9. !N40 ?>?0;8 3@81K ;81> =54>AB0B>G=> 8AA;54>20==K5 (1 2 A>2@5<5==KE M:A?5@8<5=B0), ;81> B5, 18>E8<8G5A:85 8 ?@>G85 A2545=8O ?> :>B>@K< 4>AB0B>G=> AB0@K5 (8AA;54>20=8O
?@>2>48;8AL 30 8 1>;55 ;5B =0704 8 =5 ?@>25@O;8AL A>2@5<5==K<8 <5B>40<8).

Agrocybe paludosa (J.E. Lange) K�hn. et Romagn.
(>;52:0 1>;>B=0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 8 100 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Boletus queletii Schulzer
(C1>28: 5;5)
" 

=B8<0;O@89=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 1999 3>40).

>4=K9 M:AB@0:B 3@810 8=3818@C5B @>AB ?8@8<5B0<8=-CAB>9G82>3> <0;O@89=>3> ?0@078B0 Plasmodium falciparum.


323

@>G85 284K 3@81>2

Bulgaria inquinans (Pers.) Fr. (C;30@8O ?0G:0NI0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1993 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 =0 60 %.
"  ;8O=85 =0 @5>;>38G5A:85 ?>:070B5;8 :@>28 (8AA;54>20=8O
1966 3>40).
!?8@B>2K9 M:AB@0:B A=8605B 03@530F8N M@8B@>F8B>2, 0 2>4=K9
C<5=LH05B 8E 45D>@<8@C5<>ABL.

Catathelasma imperiale (Fr.) Singer.
(0B0B5;07<0 F0@A:0O)
" 

8>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK (8AA;54>20=8O 2003 3>40).

7 MB8;0F5B0B=>3> M:AB@0:B0 2K45;5=K 2>A5<L AB5@>;>2 M@3>AB0=>2>3> B8?0.
"  @>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).
-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 %.

Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. : Fr.
( >30B8: 25@<8H5;5284=K9)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 8 80 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Clavaria purpurea O.F.M�ll. : Fr.
( >30B8: ?C@?C@=K9)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 8 70 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Clavariadelphus truncatus (Qu�l.) Donk
( >30B8: CA5G5==K9)
" 

=B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 2006 3>40).

>4=K9 8 >@30=8G5A:89 M:AB@0:BK A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070;8 H8@>:89 A?5:B@ 0=B810:B5@80;L=>3> 2>7459AB28O. >402;O5BAO @>AB Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella
typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus 8 Bacillus subtilis.
"  @>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1998 3>40).
$0@=578;-?@>B58= B@0=AD5@070 (FPT)   D5@<5=B, :0B0;878@CNI89 ?5@5=>A 87>?@5=>84=>3> D0@=578;0 : @07;8G=K< :;5B>G=K<
15;:0<; 8=3818@>20=85 MB>3> ?@>F5AA0 ACI5AB25==> A=8605B @>AB
8 @0728B85 @0:>2KE :;5B>:. AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8, GB> ?@8ACBAB2CNI55 2 @>30B8:5 CA5G5==>< 18>0:B82=>5 25I5AB2> B5@?5=>84=>9
?@8@>4K :;020@8520O :8A;>B0 A?>A>1=0 8=3818@>20BL MB>B D5@<5=B.


324

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Clitocybe fragrans (With.) P. Kumm.
(>2>@CH:0 1;03>CE0NI0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 %.

Clitocybe odora (Bull.) P. Kumm.
(>2>@CH:0 0=8A>20O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 70 8 60 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Collybia peronata (Bolton) P. Kumm.
(>;;818O >1CB0O)
" 

8>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK (8AA;54>20=8O 1997 3>40).

7 M:AB@0:B0 ?;>4>2KE B5; 2K45;5=K 420 3-8=4>;8=>==KE 48<5@0,
?5@>=0B8=K  8 . 7 <5B0=>;>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 ?>;CG5= A5A:28B5@?5= 45>:A8:>;;81>;84>;.
"  =B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 1951 3>40).
>:070=0 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 Staphylococcus aureus.
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 60 %.

Cortinarius collinitus (Pers.) Fr.
(0CB8==8: ?0G:0NI89)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 8 90 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Cortinarius flexipes (Pers.) Fr.
(0CB8==8: A>3=CB>=>6:>2K9)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 8 70 % A>>B25BAB25==>.


325

@>G85 284K 3@81>2

Gyroporus castaneus (Pers.) Fr. (8@>?>@ :0HB0=>2K9)
" 

8>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK.

-:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070; =0;8G85 ;5:B8=>2, 2K7K20NI8E
A?5F8D8G5A:CN 35<033;NB8=0F8N B- 8 O-3@C?? G5;>25G5A:>9 :@>28.
"  @>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).
-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 8 70 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Hydnellum suaveolens (Scop.) P. Karst.
(84=5;;C< ?0ECG89)
" 

=B8>:A840=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 2006 3>40).

7 <5B0=>;>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 1K;8 2K45;5=K 420 B5@?5=8;>2KE 45@@820B820, ?>;CG82H8E =0720=85 384=5;;8=K A 8 B, B0:65 :0: 8 A0@:>4>=8= �. 5I5AB20 >1;040NB 2KA>:>9 0=B8>:A840=B=>9 0:B82=>ABLN, M:2820;5=B=>9 �-B>:>D5@>;C.

Irpex lacteus (Fr.) Fr. (@?5:A <>;>G=>-15;K9)
" 

@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 2005 3>40).

=J5:F88 2>4=>3> M:AB@0:B0 ?;>4>2KE B5;, A45;0==K5 <KH0<, ?>:070;8 ?@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL.
"  5G5=85 1>;57=59 ?>G5: (8AA;54>20=8O 2005 3>40).
K;8 ?>;CG5=K ?>78B82=K5 @57C;LB0BK ?@8 ?@8<5=5=88 ?>;8A0E0@84=>9 D@0:F88 =0 1>;L=KE 3;><5@C;>=5D@8B><.

Lentinellus cochleatus (Pers.) P. Karst.
(5=B8=5;;CA CE>284=K9)
" 

8>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK (8AA;54>20=8O 1996 3>40).

"@8 A5A:28B5@?5=>840 ;0:B0@0=>2>3> 8 A5:>;0:B0@0=>2>3> B8?0
45>:A8;0:B0@>@CD8= , 1;5==8=  8 1;5==8= C, 0 B0:65 ?@>872>4=>5 ?@>B>8;;N40=0 ;5=B8=5;;>= 1K;8 2K45;5=K 87 <8F5;80;L=>9
:C;LBC@K. ;O ;0:B0@0=>2 E0@0:B5@=> 8=3818@>20=85 ;59:>B@85=>2>3> 18>A8=B570 A ?>402;5=85< ;59:5<88 ;8=88 RBL-1.
"  =B810:B5@80;L=0O 8 DC=38F84=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 2002 3>40).
8E;>@<5B0=>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; 3@810 ?>:070;
0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 10:B5@89 Bacillus subtilis 8 Escherichia coli 8
?@>B82>3@81:>2CN 0:B82=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : Candida albicans
8 Cladosporium cucumerinum. 5B0=>;>2K9 M:AB@0:B 0:B825=
?@>B82 Bacillus subtilis 8 Escherichia coli.


326

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Lepiota aspera (Pers.) Qu�l. (5?8>B0 H5@>E>20B0O)
" 

=B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 2002 3>40).

8E;>@<5B0=>2K9 M:AB@0:B A2568E ?;>4>2KE B5; ?>:070; 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 Escherichia coli 8 Bacillus subtilis.
"  @>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).
-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 70 %.

Leucopaxillus gentianeus (Qu�l.) Kotl.
(5;>A28=CE0 3>@5G02:>20O)
" 

8>0:B82=K5 :><?>=5=BK (8AA;54>20=8O 2006 3>40).

7 ?;>4>2KE B5; 8 :C;LBC@0;L=>3> <8F5;8O 1K;8 2K45;5=K 18>0:B82=K5 B@8B5@?5=K   :C:C@18B0=K, 2 B. G. :C:C@18B0F8=K  8 D
8 ;59:>?0:A8;;>=K A 8 B.
"  =B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 1995 1996 3>4>2).
8F5;89 8 :C;LBC@0;L=0O 684:>ABL 3@810 ?>:070;8 0:B82=>ABL ?>
>B=>H5=8N : Bacillus cereus.
"  @>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 2004 3>40).
01>@0B>@=K5 8AA;54>20=8O :C:C@18B0=>2KE B@8B5@?5=>2 :C;LBC@0;L=>3> <8F5;8O 3@810 ?>:070;8 8=3818@CNI89 MDD5:B 8E A<5A8 =0 @>AB @0:>2KE :;5B>: G5;>25:0 ;8=89 A549, CAKI-1, HepG2
8 MCF-7. 59AB285 =0 2A5 8AA;54>20==K5 ;8=88 >:07K205B B>;L:>
>48= 87 B@8B5@?5=>2   :C:C@18B0F8= B.

Mycena rorida (Scop.) Qu�l. (8F5=0 @>A8AB0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 100 8 90 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Panus conchatus (Bull. : Fr.) Fr.
(0=CA CE>284=K9)
" 

=B810:B5@80;L=K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1999 3>40).

" 

@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5 459AB285 (8AA;54>20=8O 1968 3>40).

" 

!=865=85 C@>2=O E>;5AB5@8=0 (8AA;54>20=8O 2004 3>40)

#AB0=>2;5=>, GB> M:AB@0:BK 8 ?@5?0@0BK 87 <8F5;80;L=>9 18><0AAK P. conchatus <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 2 A>AB025 485B8G5A:>3>
:C@A0 (2% >B ?8I52>3> @0F8>=0) 4;O A=865=8O C@>2=O >1I53>
E>;5AB5@8=0 8 B@83;8F5@84>2 2 :@>28, ?>2KH5=8O C@>2=O ;8?84>2 2KA>:>9 ?;>B=>AB8 2 :@>28, A=865=8O C@>2=O >1I53> E>;5AB5@8=0 8 0:B820F88 <5B01>;87<0 E>;5AB5@8=0 2 ?5G5=8 ?@8 38?5@;8?845<88.


327

@>G85 284K 3@81>2

Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr. ("@CB>28: 78<=89)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 =0
80 %.

Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire.
(A0B8@5;;0 0=4>;;O)
" 

=B8<8:@>1=K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1999 3>40).

P. candolleana ?>:070;0 0:B82=>ABL ?@>B82 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=KE
10:B5@89 Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus 8
Salmonella typhimurium 8 ?@>B82 3@81:0 Candida albicans.
"  @>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).
-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 70 8 80 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Russula aurea Pers. (!K@>56:0 7>;>B8AB0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 70 8 60 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Russula paludosa Britzelm. (!K@>56:0 1>;>B=0O)
" 

=B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL (8AA;54>20=8O 1951 3>40).

>402;O5B @0728B85 Staphylococcus aureus.

Russula sanguinea (Bull.) Fr.
(!K@>56:0 :@>202>-:@0A=0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 8 70 % A>>B25BAB25==>.


328

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Russula sardonia Fr. (!K@>56:0 A0@4>=8:A>20O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 80 8 70 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Tremella foliacea Pers. (@>60;:0 ;8B>20B0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 60 %.

Tricholoma sulphureum (Bull.) P. Kumm.
( O4>2:0 A5@=>-65;B0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 8 80 % A>>B25BAB25==>.

Tricholoma ustale (Fr.) P. Kumm.
( O4>2:0 >?0;5==0O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8
:0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 %.

Volvariella gloiocephala (DC.) Boekhout et Enderle
(>;L20@85;;0 A;878AB>3>;>20O)
" 

@>B82>@0:>2K9 MDD5:B (8AA;54>20=8O 1973 3>40).

-:AB@0:B ?;>4>2KE B5; 8=3818@C5B @>AB A0@:><K-180 8 :0@F8=><K -@;8E0 =0 90 8 80 % A>>B25BAB25==>.


329

@>G85 284K 3@81>2

***
><8<> ?@82545==KE 2KH5 284>2, 4;O ?>;=>BK
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3@81K, ?@82545==K5 :0: ;5:0@AB25==K5 2 8740=88 �5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K 2 B@048F8>==>9
:8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 8 A>2@5<5==KE 18>B5E=>;>38OE�.  G0AB8, A>AB02;5==>9 :8B09A:8<8
02B>@0<8, O >1=0@C68;, GB> ;5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K Phallus indusiatus (25A5;:0 A5B:>=>A=0O) 8
Gloeostereum incarnatum (3;5>AB5@5C< :@0A=>20BK9) C?><8=0NBAO, :0: 2AB@5G0NI85AO 2  >AA88. A;8 2 A;CG05 ?>A;54=53> 3@810 MB> <>6=>
4>?CAB8BL (A:>@55 2A53>, O ?@>AB> =5 A<>3 =09B8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E A2545=89), B> 25@>OB=>ABL
?@>87@0AB0=8O =0 =0H59 B5@@8B>@88 25A5;:8
A5B:>=>A=>9 >G5=L 8 >G5=L <0;0.
@C3CN 3@C??C 3@81>2 A>AB02;ONB 284K, C?><O=CBK5 C65 @>AA89A:8<8 A>02B>@0<8 MB>3>
8740=8O. 0: ;5:0@AB25==K5 >=8 ?5@5G8A;ONB
Bjerkandera fumosa (1L5@:0=45@0 4K<G0B0O),
Ramaria aurea (@0<0@8O 7>;>B8AB0O), Ramaria
stricta (@0<0@8O ?@O<0O), Verpa bohemica (A<>@G:>20O H0?>G:0 1>35<A:0O) 8 Discina ancilis (48AF8=0 I8B>284=0O). =5 =5 C40;>AL >1=0@C68BL
A:>;L-;81> 4>AB>25@=KE A2545=89, ?>4B25@640NI8E >D8F80;L=>5, B@048F8>==>5 8;8 =0@>4=>5 ;5:0@AB25==>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 MB8E 3@81>2.
B45;L=K9 2>?@>A ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9
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;5:0@AB25==KE A2>9AB2, :C;LB828@C5<K9 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 4;O <548F8=A:8E F5;59 2 8B05

>25@8O, 2K@0I5==0O =0 3CA5=8F0E BCB>2>3>
H5;:>?@O40.

>25@8O =0 6C:5.

8 2> L5B=0<5 =0 3CA5=8F0E 8 :C:>;:0E BCB>2>3>
H5;:>?@O40 Bombyx mori. >25@8O, 8;8, :0: 55
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8 B. 4.), 0 B0:65 =0 ?0C:0E 8 :;5I0E. =0 H8@>:>
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0 >A=>25 <8F5;80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 1>25@88
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:;5I59, 0 B0:65 :0: @5??5;5=B. C4CG8 2K@0I5==K< =0 8A:CAAB25==> 70@065==KE 8< 1>;LH8E 8
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330

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332

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?@>F56820NB G5@57 A8B> 8 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O 70;82:8 8 20@:8 ?5;L<5=59 2 3>@H>G:0E.
5;L<5=8 87 A25659 :0?CABK A ACH5=K<8
3@810<8. 5;:> =0@C1;5==CN :0?CABC ?>BCH8BL
A <0A;><, 4>1028BL <5;:> =0@C1;5==K5 8 >B20@5==K5 ACH5=K5 3@81K, ;C:, A>;L, ?5@5F. 5@5<5H0BL 8 ?@83>B>28BL ?5;L<5=8. 500 3 :0?CABK,
50 3 ACE8E 3@81>2. "5AB> 4;O ?5;L<5=59 3>B>2OB
>1KG=K< A?>A>1><, B> 5ABL =0 4 AB0:0=0 <C:8 15@CB 1 AB0:0= 2>4K, 2 O9F0, A>;L 8 70<5H820NB 4>
=C6=>9 3CAB>BK. >A;5 MB>3> B5ABC 40NB ?>AB>OBL 20 30 <8=. 8 @0A:0BK20NB A>G5=L B>;I8=>9
0,5 A<.
5;L<5=8 87 A2568E 15;KE 3@81>2. @81K
:@C?=> =0@C18BL, >B20@8BL 5 10 <8=, 87<5;LG8BL
2 <OA>@C1:5. >1028BL 2 ?>;CG5==K9 D0@H >B20@5==K9 @8A 8;8 :0@B>D5;L=>5 ?N@5. A5 ?5@5<5H0BL, ?>A>;8BL 8 3>B>28BL ?5;L<5=8. >4020BL A>
AB0:0=>< E>;>4=>3> <>;>:0. 500 3 A2568E 15;KE
3@81>2, 1 AB0:0= >B20@5==>3> @8A0, A>;L, 4 5 AB.
;>65: :0@B>D5;L=>3> ?N@5.


@81K 8 485B>;>38O (>1I85 @5:><5=40F88, ?>;57=K5 3@81=K5 1;N40 8 703>B>2:8)

5;L<5=8 87 ACH5=KE 15;KE 3@81>2. !CH5=K5 3@81K 2K<>G8BL 2 B5G5=85 1,5 2 G, <5;:> =0@C18BL 8 >160@8BL. !<5H0BL A >160@5==K< ;C:><
8 ?@83>B>28BL D0@H. !45;0BL A>G=8 87 ?@5A=>3>
B5AB0, ?@83>B>28BL ?5;L<5=8, A20@8BL 8E 2 ?>4A>;5==>9 2>45, >B:8=CBL =0 A8B>, >160@8BL =0 A:>2>@>4:5. @8 ?>40G5 70;8BL A<5B0=>9. 100 3 ACE8E
3@81>2, 1,5 AB0:0=0 <C:8, 3 4 ;C:>28FK 8 1 O9F>
4;O B5AB0.
5;L<5=8 A A>;5=K<8 15;K<8 3@810<8. @81K ?@>?CAB8BL G5@57 <OA>@C1:C 8;8 ?>@C18BL
2<5AB5 A 1>;LH8< :>;8G5AB2>< ;C:0.  0725AB8
D0@H 684:>9 A<5B0=>9, A:@5?8BL O9F><. A;8
3@81K >G5=L A>;5=K5, 8E A;54C5B A=0G0;0 E>@>H>
?@><KBL 2 E>;>4=>9 2>45. 500 3 A>;5=KE 3@81>2,
200 3 A<5B0=K, 1 2 O9F0.
5;L<5=8 A> A2568<8 15;K<8 3@810<8 2 ><;5B5. ;O D0@H0 15@CB A25685 3@81K, >B20@820NB 4> ?>;C3>B>2=>AB8, @C1OB, ?5@5<5H820NB A
60@5=K< ;C:><, 70?@02;ONB ?5@F5<, A<5B0=>9,
A>;OB ?> 2:CAC. 5;L<5=8 C:;04K20NB =0 3>@OGCN
A:>2>@>4:C, A<070==CN <0A;><, 70;820NB <>;>G=>-O8G=>9 A<5ALN, 70?5:0NB 2 4CE>2>< H:0DC 8
?>40NB =0 A:>2>@>4:5 2 3>@OG5< 2845. 600 3 D0@H0, ?>;AB0:0=0 A<5B0=K, 1 O9F>, B@5BL AB0:0=0
<>;>:0 4;O B5AB0.
5;L<5=8 A> AB0@>@CAA:>9 =0G8=:>9. B20@8BL :0@B>D5;L 2 :>6C@5, >G8AB8BL 53> 8 ?@>?CAB8BL G5@57 <OA>@C1:C. B20@8BL ACH5=K5 15;K5 3@81K 4> 3>B>2=>AB8, >160@8BL A @5?G0BK<
;C:><. >A;5 MB>3> ?@>?CAB8BL 8E G5@57 <OA>@C1:C 8;8 ?>@C18BL =>6><. %>@>H> 2K<5A8BL
D0@H, ?>A>;8BL, ?>?5@G8BL, 4>1028BL =5<=>3>
@07<O3G5==>3> A;82>G=>3> <0A;0 8 75;5=L C:@>?0.  ?5;L<5=O< A B0:>9 =0G8=:>9 ?>40BL <0A;>, B><0B=K9 A>CA 8;8 A<5B0=C. 600 3 :0@B>D5;O,
25 3 ACE8E 3@81>2, 150 3 <0A;0, 3 4 ;C:>28FK, A>;L,
?5@5F.

"CH5=K5 3@81K
N;L5= 87 A2568E 3@81>2. @81K ?@5420@8B5;L=> >B20@8BL 4> ?>;C3>B>2=>AB8, 70B5< =0H8=:>20BL ?>;>A:0<8 2 2845 ;0?H8, >160@8BL
2 A;82>G=>< <0A;5 4> ;53:>3> ?>4@C<O=820=8O.
5@5;>68BL 2 :0AB@N;N, 70;8BL A<5B0==K< A>CA><, ?@83>B>2;5==K< =0 3@81=>< >B20@5, 8 20@8BL 4> 703CAB5=8O, ?5@8>48G5A:8 ?><5H820O 8
4>102;OO A>;L 8 ?5@5F. @83>B>2;5==CN B0:8<
>1@07>< <0AAC ?5@5;>68BL 2 3;C1>:CN A:>2>@>4:C, A<070==CN <0A;><, @07@>2=OBL ?>25@E=>ABL,

?>AK?0BL B5@BK< AK@>< 8 70?5:0BL 2 60@>G=><
H:0DC 4> ?>4@C<O=820=8O.
!25685 3@81K, BCH5==K5 2 A;82:0E. !25685
3@81K >G8AB8BL, ?@><KBL, >H?0@8BL, <5;:> =0@570BL, ?>A>;8BL 8 A;53:0 >160@8BL. !;>68BL 8E 2
3>@H>: 8;8 :0AB@N;N 8 70;8BL :8?OG5=K<8 A;82:0<8. 5;5=L ?5B@CH:8 8 C:@>?0 A2O70BL, 2;>682
2 A5@548=C ?CG:0 :>@8FC, ?5@5F, ;02@>2K9 ;8AB,
?>;>68BL 2 3@81K, ?>A>;8BL 8, =0:@K2 :@KH:>9,
?>AB028BL 2 C<5@5==> 3>@OGCN 4CE>2:C =0 1 G.
>340 3@81K 1C4CB 3>B>2K, 75;5=L 2K=CBL, 0 3@81K
?>40BL 2 B>9 65 ?>AC45, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 BCH8;8AL.
(0<?8=L>=K BCH5=K5. >;>4K5 H0<?8=L>=K >G8AB8BL, ?@><KBL (A 1>;LH8E AB0@KE H;O?>:
A=OBL :>68FC). (;O?:8 8 F5;K5 74>@>2K5 =>6:8
B>=:> =0@570BL. G8AB8BL ;C:, =0@570BL <5;:8<8
:C18:0<8, ?>460@8BL =0 <0A;5, 4>1028BL H0<?8=L>=K, 2 3 ;>6:8 2>4K, BCH8BL ?>4 :@KH:>9. 
3>B>2K< 3@810< 4>1028BL A>;L 8 ?5@5F, 5A;8 =C6=>, 684:>ABL 2K?0@8BL. !>548=8BL A> A<5B0=>9,
70?@028BL 65;B:0<8.
>4>A8=>28:8 8;8 ?>415@57>28:8 BCH5=K5
A 75;5=LN. @81K BI0B5;L=> >G8AB8BL 8 ?@><KBL. 0@570BL B>=:8<8 ;><B8:0<8, ;C: >G8AB8BL, =0@C18BL <5;:8<8 :C18:0<8, ?@81028BL
68@, 3 ;>6:8 2>4K 8 2A5 2<5AB5 BCH8BL ?>4 :@KH:>9. >B>2K5 3@81K 70?@028BL <C:>9, ?@81028BL
A>;L, ?5@5F, 2A:8?OB8BL, ?@81028BL A;82>G=>5
<0A;> (20 3) 8 =0@570==CN 75;5=L, ?5@5<5H0BL,
2K;>68BL 2 A0;0B=8:.

345


59AB285 3@81>2
=0 701>;520=8O 8 1>;57=5==K5
A>AB>O=8O G5;>25:0
;:>3>;L=0O 7028A8<>ABL
Clitocybe clavipes, Coprinus atramentarius, Coprinus
micaceus.

;;5@38O
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Auricularia auricula-judae, Cryptoporus
volvatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Tremella fuciformis,
Tremella mesenterica.

<=578O
Hypholoma lateritium.

=B80=>:A8G5A:>5 459AB285
Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea,
Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens.

=B810:B5@80;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Agaricus xanthodermus, Agrocybe dura,
Albatrellus confluens, Amanita caesarea, Ascocoryne
sarcoides, Boletus luridus, Boletus subtomentosus,
Calocybe gambosa, Calvatia excipuliformis, Calvatia
utriformis, Cantharellus cibarius, Clavariadelphus

truncatus, Clitocybe clavipes, Clitocybe diatreta,
Clitocybe geotropa, Clitocybe nebularis, Collybia
peronata, Coprinus comatus, Coprinus micaceus,
Cordyceps militaris, Cortinarius armillatus, Cortinarius
sanguineus, Cortinarius traganus, Cryptoporus
volvatus, Cyathus striatus, Daedaleopsis confragosa,
Daldinia concentrica, Fistulina hepatica, Flammulina
velutipes, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola,
Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum,
Geastrum fimbriatum, Geastrum fornicatum,
Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Gomphidius glutinosus,
Grifola frondosa, Gyroporus cyanescens, Hericium
erinaceus, Heterobasidion annosum, Hydnum
repandum, Hygrophorus agathosmus, Hygrophorus
eburneus, Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus, Hypholoma
fasciculare, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Laccaria
laccata, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus,
Lactarius piperatus, Lactarius repraesentaneus,
Lactarius rufus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Langermannia
gigantea, Laricifomes officinalis, Lentinellus
cochleatus, Lentinula edodes, Lenzites betulina,
Lepista nuda, Leucopaxillus gentianeus, Leucopaxillus
giganteus, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lycoperdon
perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Marasmiellus
ramealis, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius oreades,
Marasmius scorodonius, Morchella conica, Panus
conchatus, Phellinus pini, Pholiota aurivella, Pholiota
gummosa, Pholiota lubrica, Pholiota squarrosa,
Pleurotus eryngii, Polyporus umbellatus, Psathyrella


59AB285 3@81>2 =0 701>;520=8O 8 1>;57=5==K5 A>AB>O=8O G5;>25:0

candolleana, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Ramaria
botrytis, Rhodotus palmatus, Russula densifolia,
Russula paludosa, Schizophyllum commune, Sparassis
crispa, Stereum hirsutum, Strobilurus stephanocystis,
Strobilurus tenacellus, Suillus bovinus, Suillus cavipes,
Suillus granulatus, Suillus luteus, Trametes hirsute,
Trametes versicolor, Tricholoma equestre, Tricholoma
portentosum, Tylopilus felleus.

=B828@CA=0O 0:B82=>ABL
Agaricus bisporus, Boletus subtomentosus,
Cantharellus cibarius, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma
lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Hypholoma fasciculare,
Inonotus obliquus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula
edodes, Lenzites betulina, Marasmius oreades,
Marasmius scorodonius, Morchella esculenta,
Phallus impudicus, Piptoporus betulinus, Pleurotus
citrinopileatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus
umbellatus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Rozites
caperatus Russula densifolia, Schizophyllum
commune, Suillus luteus, Trametes gibbosa, Trametes
versicolor, Tricholoma matsutake, Xylaria hypoxylon,
Xylaria polymorpha.

=B835@>=B>;>38G5A:>5
(?@>B82 AB0@5=8O)
Auricularia auricula-judae, Cordyceps militaris,
Cryptoporus volvatus, Flammulina velutipes,
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Hericium
erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, Lentinula edodes,
Marasmius androsaceus, Phallus impudicus, Tremella
fuciformis.

=B84>B
Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa, Phellinus igniarius.

=B8<CB035==K9 MDD5:B
Auricularia auricula-judae, Craterellus cornucopioides,
Cyathus stercoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus.

=B8>:A840=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL
Albatrellus confluens, Albatrellus ovinus, Astraeus
hygrometricus, Boletus badius, Calvatia excipuliformis,
Calvatia utriformis, Coprinus comatus, Coprinus
disseminatus, Coprinus domesticus, Cordyceps
militaris, Cyathus stercoreus, Daedalea quercina,
Daedaleopsis confragosa, Elaphomyces granulatus,
Fistulina hepatica, Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma
lucidum, Geastrum saccatum, Geastrum triplex,
Hydnellum suaveolens, Inonotus obliquus, Lactarius
deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus, Lactarius piperatus,
Lenzites betulina, Lepista personata, Leucopaxillus
giganteus, Morchella conica, Morchella esculenta,
Panellus serotinus, Phallus impudicus, Phellinus
igniarius, Piptoporus betulinus, Pleurotus cornucopiae,
Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus
pulmonarius, Polyporus squamosus, Polyporus

umbellatus, Ramaria botrytis, Russula cyanoxantha,
Russula virescens, Tricholoma portentosum,
Tricholomopsis rutilans, Volvariella bombycina.

=B8?0@078B=0O 0:B82=>ABL
(?@>AB59H85)
Cyathus striatus.

=B8B>:A8G5A:>5 459AB285
Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus
obliquus, Langermannia gigantea, Laricifomes
officinalis, Leccinum scabrum, Pleurotus eryngii,
Pleurotus ostreatus.

AB<0
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Cordyceps
militaris, Cryptoporus volvatus, Fomes fomentarius,
Ganoderma lucidum, Langermannia gigantea,
Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Tremella mesenterica.

D@>48780:
Elaphomyces granulatus, Phallus impudicus.

5A?;>485
Phallus impudicus.

5AA>==8F0
Claviceps purpurea, Tricholoma matsutake.

>;57=L ;LF359<5@0,
AB0@G5A:>5 A;01>C<85
Cortinarius infractus, Flammulina velutipes,
Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium coralloides, Hericium
erinaceus.

>;57=L >B:8=0
Daedalea quercina.

>;57=L 0H8=0-5:0
Suillus luteus.

>;57=L 0@:8=A>=0
Ganoderma lucidum.

>;5CB>;ONI55 (>1571>;820NI55)
Albatrellus ovinus, Amanita muscaria, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Auricularia auriculajudae, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum,
Gyromitra esculenta, Inonotus obliquus, Langermannia
gigantean, Marasmius androsaceus, Phallus
impudicus.

347


348

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

>@>402:8
Lactarius piperatus.

>;>AK (CA8;5=85 @>AB0, 1;5A: 8 B. ?.)
Polyporus umbellatus, Sarcosoma globosum, Ustilago
maydis.

@0AB0=85 =>3B59
Fomes fomentarius.

O6CI55 A@54AB2>
Panellus stypticus.

5;L<8=BK (M=B5@>18>7, B5=8>7,
B@8E>F5D0;57, 0A:0@84>7, >?8AB>@E>7,
:;>=>@E>7, H8AB>A><>7, ;O<1;8>7,
=5<0B>4K)
Cantharellus cibarius, Fistulina hepatica, Hericium
coralloides, Piptoporus betulinus.

5<>@@>9
Coprinus comatus, Phallus impudicus.

8?5@B>=8O
Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus silvaticus, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Boletus badius,
Claviceps purpurea, Daedaleopsis confragosa,
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Langermannia
gigantean, Lentinula edodes, Phallus impudicus,
Pleurotus ostreatus, Sparassis crispa, Tremella
mesenterica, Tricholoma matsutake, Xerula radicata.

=>9=K5 @0=K, =0@K2K, 3=>9=K9
:>=JN=:B828B, O72K, ?@>;56=8
Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus campestris, Amanita
muscaria, Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis,
Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus, Coprinus
atramentarius, Lactarius piperatus, Lactarius resimus,
Langermannia gigantea, Laricifomes officinalis, Phallus
impudicus, Tremella mesenterica.

>;>2=K5 1>;8, <83@5=8
Agaricus campestris, Claviceps purpurea, Ganoderma
lucidum, Marasmius androsaceus, Suillus grevillei,
Suillus luteus.

5@<0B8BK
Amanita muscaria, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus
cibarius, Chroogomphus rutilus, Coprinus
atramentarius, Coprinus atramentarius.

8015B
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Agaricus silvaticus, Armillaria borealis,
Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae,
Armillaria tabescens, Auricularia auricula-judae,
Calocybe gambosa, Claviceps purpurea, Coprinus
comatus, Cordyceps militaris, Crucibulum laeve,
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Inonotus
obliquus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Langermannia
gigantea, Laricifomes officinalis, Lentinula edodes,
Lepista nuda, Lyophyllum decastes, Panellus
serotinus, Phallus impudicus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus,
Pleurotus cornucopiae, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus
pulmonarius, Sparassis crispa, Tremella fuciformis,
Tremella mesenterica, Tricholoma matsutake.

8DB5@8O
Amanita phalloides.

0@>?>=860NI55
Ganoderma applanatum, Langermannia gigantea.

5;57K (M=4>:@8==K5 701>;520=8O,
>?CE0=85 8 4@.)
Amanita muscaria, Grifola frondosa, Gyromitra
esculenta, Inonotus obliquus, Kuehneromyces
mutabilis, Langermannia gigantea, Laricifomes
officinalis, Marasmius oreades, Phallus impudicus,
Polyporus squamosus.

5;G53>==>5
Tylopilus felleus.

01>;520=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (A:;5@>7,
E>@5O, M?8;5?A8O, A?07<K A>AC4>2)
Amanita muscaria, Claviceps purpurea, Cryptoporus
volvatus, Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum,
Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus, Ustilago maydis.

01>;520=8O 4KE0B5;L=>9 A8AB5<K
(2>A?0;5=8O, 1@>=E8BK,  ,
3@8?? 8 B. ?.)
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Auricularia auricula-judae, Calvatia
utriformis, Cantharellus cibarius, Coprinus
atramentarius, Cordyceps militaris, Cryptoporus
volvatus, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma
applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa,
Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, Langermannia
gigantea, Laricifomes officinalis, Lenzites betulina,
Lycoperdon perlatum, Morchella conica, Morchella
esculenta, Trametes versicolor, Tremella fuciformis,
Tremella mesenterica.


59AB285 3@81>2 =0 701>;520=8O 8 1>;57=5==K5 A>AB>O=8O G5;>25:0

01>;520=8O 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3>
B@0:B0
Amanita muscaria, Amanita phalloides, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Boletus aereus,
Boletus edulis, Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus,
Cyathus stercoreus, Flammulina velutipes, Fomes
fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Grifola frondosa,
Hericium erinaceus, Hypholoma lateritium, Inonotus
obliquus, Lactarius resimus, Langermannia gigantea,
Laricifomes officinalis, Morchella conica, Morchella
esculenta, Phallus impudicus, Polyporus umbellatus,
Sarcosoma globosum, Trametes versicolor, Tremella
fuciformis, Ustilago maydis.

01>;520=8O ACAB02>2 (@52<0B87<,
0@B@8B, ?>;80@B@8B 8 B. ?.)
Amanita muscaria, Armillaria borealis, Armillaria
gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria
tabescens, Cryptoporus volvatus, Fomes fomentarius,
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Gyromitra
esculenta, Hypholoma lateritium, Lactarius volemus,
Morchella conica, Morchella esculenta, Phallus
impudicus, Polyporus squamosus, Pycnoporus
cinnabarinus, Sarcosoma globosum.

@5=85
Amanita muscaria, Amanita phalloides, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Cantharellus cibarius,
Ganoderma lucidum, Hypholoma lateritium, Morchella
conica, Morchella esculenta, Phallus impudicus,
Ustilago maydis.

<<C=>45?@5AA0=B=0O 0:B82=>ABL
Lenzites betulina, Meripilus giganteus.

<<C=>AB8<C;OF8O, 8<<C=><>4C;OF8O
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Agaricus silvaticus, Armillaria borealis,
Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae,
Armillaria tabescens, Astraeus hygrometricus,
Auricularia auricula-judae, Cantharellus cibarius,
Cordyceps militaris, Cryptoporus volvatus, Flammulina
velutipes, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola,
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Hericium
erinaceus, Hypholoma lateritium, Inonotus
obliquus, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus,
Langermannia gigantean, Lentinula edodes,
Lyophyllum decastes, Morchella esculenta, Panellus
serotinus, Peziza vesiculosa, Phallus impudicus,
Phellinus igniarius, Piptoporus betulinus, Pleurotus
eryngii, Polyporus umbellatus, Sarcodon imbricatus,
Schizophyllum commune, Sparassis crispa, Trametes
pubescens, Trametes versicolor, Tremella fuciformis,
Tremella mesenterica, Tylopilus felleus.

<?>B5=F8O, >A;01;5=85 ?>;>2>3>
2;5G5=8O
Amanita muscaria, Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis,
Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus, Cordyceps
militaris, Hericium erinaceus, Lentinula edodes,
Phallus impudicus.

0<=8 (?>G:8, 65;G=K9 ?C7K@L 8 4@.)
Auricularia auricula-judae, Lactarius piperatus,
Langermannia gigantea.

;8<0:A
Claviceps purpurea.

>A<5B8G5A:>5 A@54AB2> (CE>4 70 :>659,
C3@8, <>@I8=K, ><>;06820NI55 8 B. ?.)
Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea,
Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Boletus
edulis, Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus,
Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, Marasmius
oreades, Sarcosoma globosum, Tremella fuciformis,
Ustilago maydis.

@>25=>A=0O A8AB5<0, A>AC4K,
:@>25B2>@5=85
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Amanita
muscaria, Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria
mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens,
Auricularia auricula-judae, Boletus aereus, Boletus
edulis, Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus,
Cantharellus cibarius, Cordyceps militaris, Cryptoporus
volvatus, Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus, Leccinum
versipelle, Marasmius androsaceus, Pleurotus eryngii,
Polyporus squamosus, Polyporus umbellatus, Sparassis
crispa, Trametes gibbosa, Trametes pubescens.

@>2>>AB0=02;820NI55 (@0=K)
Astraeus hygrometricus, Auricularia auriculajudae, Calvatia excipuliformis, Calvatia utriformis,
Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Geastrum
fimbriatum, Geastrum triplex, Lycoperdon echinatum,
Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme,
Panellus stypticus, Phellinus igniarius, Pycnoporus
cinnabarinus, Sarcoscypha austriaca, Sarcoscypha
coccinea, Scleroderma verrucosum, Ustilago maydis.

0:B0F8O (CA8;5=85)
Xylaria polymorpha.

8<D0B8G5A:0O A8AB5<0
Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis, Boletus pinophilus,
Boletus reticulatus, Langermannia gigantea,
Schizophyllum commune.

349


350

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

0;O@8O
Boletus queletii, Laetiporus sulphureus, Polyporus
umbellatus, Russula xerampelina, Stereum hirsutum.

0AB>?0B8O
Inonotus obliquus.

0B>G=K5 :@>2>B5G5=8O, :8H5G=K5
:@>2>B5G5=8O
Claviceps purpurea, Ustilago maydis.

>G53>==>5 (48C@5B8:)
Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus
igniarius, Polyporus umbellatus, Russula vesca, Xylaria
polymorpha.

KH5G=K5 1>;8, AC4>@>38, 1>;8 2
ACE>68;8OE, >=5<5=85 :>=5G=>AB59,
;N<103>
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Amanita muscaria, Armillaria borealis,
Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae,
Armillaria tabescens, Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis,
Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus, Daldinia
concentrica, Ganoderma lucidum, Lactarius piperatus,
Lactarius vellereus, Lenzites betulina, Marasmius
oreades, Panus conchatus, Paxillus atrotomentosus,
Paxillus involutus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ramaria
botrytis, Russula densifolia, Russula foetens, Suillus
cavipes, Suillus grevillei.

5@2=0O A8AB5<0
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Amanita
muscaria, Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria
mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens,
Claviceps purpurea, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma
lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus,
Laricifomes officinalis, Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon
perlatum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Stropharia aeruginosa.

>@<0;870F8O 3>@<>=0;L=>3> D>=0
Grifola frondosa.

>@<0;870F8O >1<5=0 25I5AB2,
>1I5C:@5?;ONI55
Amanita citrina, Amanita muscaria, Amanita
pantherina, Calocybe gambosa, Flammulina
velutipes, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum,
Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceus, Hygrophorus
olivaceoalbus, Inonotus obliquus, Lactarius deliciosus,
Lactarius vellereus, Laricifomes officinalis, Lentinula
edodes, Marasmius androsaceus, Morchella conica,
Morchella esculenta, Piptoporus betulinus, Pleurotus
eryngii, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Sarcosoma

globosum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes
pubescens, Tremella fuciformis, Tremella mesenterica.

>@<0;870F8O ?8I520@5=8O
Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus
bitorquis, Agaricus campestris, Amanita citrina, Amanita
muscaria, Auricularia auricula-judae, Boletus aereus,
Boletus edulis, Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus,
Coprinus atramentarius, Coprinus comatus, Flammulina
velutipes, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum,
Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, Laricifomes
officinalis, Macrolepiota procera, Phellinus igniarius.

1<>@>65=8O
Amanita muscaria, Astraeus hygrometricus, Boletus
aereus, Boletus edulis, Boletus pinophilus, Boletus
reticulatus, Lycoperdon pyriforme.

68@5=85, F5;;N;8B
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Auricularia
auricula-judae, Boletus badius, Cordyceps militaris,
Cryptoporus volvatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola
frondosa, Hericium erinaceus, Laricifomes officinalis,
Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Tremella
fuciformis.

6>38
Agaricus campestris, Amanita muscaria, Astraeus
hygrometricus, Astraeus hygrometricus, Coprinus
atramentarius, Lycoperdon perlatum.

AB5>?>@>7
Tricholoma equestre.

B;>65=85 A>;59
Amanita muscaria.

0@04>=B>7
Hypholoma lateritium.

0@0;8G
Amanita muscaria, Phallus impudicus.

5@5;><K
Marasmius androsaceus.

5G5=L
Amanita rubescens, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Astraeus hygrometricus,
Auricularia auricula-judae, Cantharellus cibarius,
Cordyceps militaris, Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma
lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus,
Laricifomes officinalis, Lentinula edodes, Panus
conchatus, Phallus impudicus, Phellinus igniarius,


351

59AB285 3@81>2 =0 701>;520=8O 8 1>;57=5==K5 A>AB>O=8O G5;>25:0

Ramaria botrytis, Trametes pubescens, Trametes
versicolor, Tremella mesenterica, Ustilago maydis.

=52<>=8O
Cordyceps militaris, Fistulina hepatica, Fomes
fomentarius, Geastrum fornicatum, Lactarius
deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus, Laricifomes
officinalis, Stereum hirsutum.

>403@0, ?>403@8G5A:89 0@B@8B
Fistulina hepatica, Phallus impudicus, Phellinus pini,
Pholiota squarrosa, Suillus luteus.

>;>20O A8AB5<0 (701>;520=8O)
Amanita muscaria, Claviceps purpurea, Cordyceps
militaris, Inonotus obliquus, Phallus impudicus,
Schizophyllum commune.

>G5G=K5 1>;57=8
Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Irpex
lacteus, Lactarius piperatus, Langermannia gigantea,
Leccinum scabrum, Phallus impudicus, Tremella
fuciformis.

@>B82>2>A?0;8B5;L=>5
(2 B. G. 01AF5AAK, DC@C=:C;57K)
Albatrellus confluens, Albatrellus ovinus, Amanita
muscaria, Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica,
Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria
tabescens, Astraeus hygrometricus, Auricularia
auricula-judae, Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis, Boletus
pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus, Calvatia excipuliformis,
Calvatia utriformis, Cantharellus cibarius, Collybia
dryophila, Coprinus atramentarius, Cordyceps militaris,
Cryptoporus volvatus, Daedalea quercina, Flammulina
velutipes, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma applanatum,
Geastrum saccatum, Geastrum triplex, Gyromitra
esculenta, Inonotus obliquus, Irpex lacteus, Laccaria
laccata, Lactarius vellereus, Lactarius volemus,
Langermannia gigantea, Lycoperdon echinatum,
1

Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme,
Marasmius androsaceus, Morchella conica, Morchella
esculenta, Panus conchatus, Phallus impudicus,
Piptoporus betulinus, Ramaria botrytis, Sarcoscypha
austriaca, Sarcoscypha coccinea, Schizophyllum
commune, Scleroderma verrucosum, Strobilurus
stephanocystis, Trametes gibbosa, Tremella fuciformis,
Tremella mesenterica, Tricholomopsis rutilans.

@>B82>3@81:>20O 0:B82=>ABL
Agrocybe dura, Albatrellus ovinus, Calvatia utriformis,
Clitocybe clavipes, Clitocybe diatreta, Clitocybe
nebularis, Coprinus atramentarius, Coprinus comatus,
Cyathus striatus, Daedaleopsis confragosa, Geastrum
fornicatum, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Grifola frondosa,
Hericium erinaceus, Hygrophorus agathosmus,
Hygrophorus eburneus, Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus,
Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus,
Langermannia gigantea, Lentinellus cochleatus,
Lentinula edodes, Lenzites betulina, Lepista nuda,
Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme,
Marasmiellus ramealis, Marasmius alliaceus,
Oudemansiella mucida, Pholiota aurivella, Psathyrella
candolleana, Rhodocollybia maculata, Rhodotus
palmatus, Schizophyllum commune, Sparassis crispa,
Stereum hirsutum, Strobilurus tenacellus, Trametes
hirsuta, Trametes versicolor, Tricholoma portentosum,
Ustilago maydis, Xerula radicata, Xylaria polymorpha.

A8E8G5A:85 701>;520=8O, >B:;>=5=8O,
=52@>7K
Claviceps purpurea, Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium
erinaceus, Psilocybe semilanceata.

A>@807
Amanita muscaria, Inonotus obliquus, Phallus
impudicus, Polyporus umbellatus, Ustilago maydis.

 0:1
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Agaricus silvaticus, Agaricus

 B5:AB5 8A?>;L7CNBAO A;54CNI85 A>:@0I5=8O 4;O @07;8G=KE :;5B>G=KE ;8=89 @0:0:
3LL
:0@F8=><0 ;53:8E LN8A0
L1210
A549
@0: ;53:8E
MCF7
B16
<5;0=><0
MDCK
B95-8
B-;8<D>1;0AB>84K (>157LO=K)
MG63
Bcap-37
@0: 3@C48
NSCLC-N6
BGC-823
@0: 65;C4:0
P388
CAKI-1
:0@F8=><0 ?>G5:
Raji
CNE1
=07>D0@5=380;L=0O :0@F8=><0
S180
FL
;8<D><0
SK-LU-1
HeLa
@0: H59:8 <0B:8
SK-MEL-1
HepG2
35?0B><0 (@0: ?5G5=8)
SMMC-7721
HL-60
;59:5<8O
SW480
K526
<85;>;59:>7
T3151
K562
;59:5<8O
T4
Kato III
@0: 65;C4:0
U2OS
KB
M?845@<0;L=0O
=07>D0@8=30;L=0O
:0@F8=><0 (@0: :>68)

;59:5<8O (<KH8)
@0: 3@C48
@0: ?>G5: (A>10:8)
>AB5>A0@:><0
1@>=E>;53>G=0O :0@F8=><0
;59:5<8O (<KH8)
;8<D><0 5@:8BB0
A0@:><0-180 (<KH8)
@0: ;53:8E
<5;0=><0
35?0B><0 (@0: ?5G5=8)
@0: B>;AB>3> :8H5G=8:0
;59:5<8O
;59:5<8O
>AB5>A0@:><0


352

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

xanthodermus, Agrocybe paludosa, Albatrellus
confluens, Albatrellus ovinus, Amanita caesarea,
Amanita muscaria, Amanita rubescens, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Arrhenia epichysium,
Astraeus hygrometricus, Auricularia auriculajudae, Boletus aereus, Boletus badius, Boletus
edulis, Boletus pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus,
Calocera viscosa, Calocybe gambosa, Calvatia
excipuliformis, Calvatia utriformis, Cantharellus
cibarius, Catathelasma imperiale, Clavaria fragilis,
Clavaria purpurea, Clavariadelphus truncatus,
Clitocybe clavipes, Clitocybe diatreta, Clitocybe
fragrans, Clitocybe geotropa, Clitocybe nebularis,
Clitocybe odora, Collybia peronata, Coltricia perennis,
Coprinus atramentarius, Coprinus comatus, Coprinus
disseminatus, Coprinus micaceus, Cordyceps militaris,
Cortinarius collinitus, Cortinarius flexipes, Craterellus
cornucopioides, Crepidotus mollis, Cryptoporus
volvatus, Cyathus striatus, Daedaleopsis confragosa,
Daldinia concentrica, Exidia glandulosa, Fistulina
hepatica, Flammulina velutipes, Fomes fomentarius,
Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma applanatum,
Ganoderma lucidum, Geastrum saccatum,
Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Grifola frondosa, Gyroporus
castaneus, Hericium erinaceus, Heterobasidion
annosum, Hydnum repandum, Hygrocybe conica,
Hypholoma fasciculare, Hypholoma lateritium,
Inonotus obliquus, Kuehneromyces mutabilis,
Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus, Lactarius
piperatus, Lactarius vellereus, Lactarius volemus,
Laetiporus sulphureus, Langermannia gigantea,
Laricifomes officinalis, Lentinula edodes, Lentinellus
cochleatus, Lenzites betulina, Lepiota aspera, Lepista
nuda, Leucopaxillus gentianeus, Leucopaxillus
giganteus, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Lyophyllum
decastes, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius oreades,
Meripilus giganteus, Morchella esculenta, Mycena
rorida, Omphalotus olearius, Panellus serotinus,
Paxillus atrotomentosus, Peziza vesiculosa, Phallus
impudicus, Phellinus igniarius, Pholiota lubrica,
Piptoporus betulinus, Pisolithus tinctorius, Pleurotus
citrinopileatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus,
Pluteus cervinus, Polyporus brumalis, Psathyrella
candolleana, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, Ramaria
botrytis, Russula aurea, Russula cyanoxantha,
Russula delica, Russula nigricans, Russula pseudoolivascens, Russula sanguinea, Russula sanguinea,
Russula sardonia, Russula virescens, Russula
xerampelina, Sarcodon imbricatus, Schizophyllum
commune, Scleroderma verrucosum, Sparassis crispa,
Stereum hirsutum, Strobilurus tenacellus, Stropharia
aeruginosa, Suillus granulatus, Suillus grevillei, Suillus
luteus, Trametes gibbosa, Trametes hirsuta, Trametes
pubescens, Trametes versicolor, Tremella foliacea,
Tremella fuciformis, Tremella mesenterica, Tricholoma
matsutake, Tricholoma portentosum, Tricholomopsis
rutilans, Tricholoma sulphureum, Tricholoma ustale,
Tylopilus felleus, Ustilago maydis, Volvariella
bombycina, Volvariella gloiocephala, Xerula radicata,
Xylaria hypoxylon, Xylaria polymorpha.

 0=K, CH81K, @0=>70682;ONI55
Amanita muscaria, Geastrum triplex, Langermannia
gigantea, Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon
pyriforme, Piptoporus betulinus, Scleroderma
verrucosum.

 2>B=>5 A@54AB2>
Hypholoma fasciculare, Hypholoma lateritium, Pholiota
alnicola.

!5@45G=0O 1>;L
Agaricus campestris, Amanita muscaria, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Suillus luteus.

!5@45G=>-A>AC48ABK5 701>;520=8O
Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea,
Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Auricularia
auricula-judae, Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis, Boletus
pinophilus, Boletus reticulatus, Cordyceps militaris,
Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola
frondosa, Hypholoma fasciculare, Inonotus obliquus,
Langermannia gigantean, Pleurotus ostreatus,
Sparassis crispa, Tremella fuciformis.

!8=4@>< E@>=8G5A:>9 CAB0;>AB8
Schizophyllum commune.

!;018B5;L=>5
Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Hypholoma
fasciculare, Pholiota alnicola, Ustilago maydis.

!;CE (CEC4H5=85)
Ganoderma lucidum.

!=>B2>@=>5
Laricifomes officinalis.

!B@5AA (040?B>35==>5 459AB285)
Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola
frondosa, Phallus impudicus, Psilocybe semilanceata,
Trametes pubescens, Tremella fuciformis.

"8D, ?0@0B8D
Agaricus arvensis, Clitocybe geotropa, Fistulina
hepatica, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus,
Lactarius rufus, Leucopaxillus giganteus, Marasmiellus
ramealis, Phallus impudicus, Trametes hirsuta.

">=878@CNI55
Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria
mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens,
Auricularia auricula-judae, Cordyceps militaris,


59AB285 3@81>2 =0 701>;520=8O 8 1>;57=5==K5 A>AB>O=8O G5;>25:0

Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma
applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus obliquus,
Lentinula edodes, Morchella conica, Morchella
esculenta, Pleurotus eryngii, Schizophyllum commune,
Trametes pubescens, Tremella fuciformis, Ustilago
maydis.

"@><1>7
Auricularia auricula-judae, Clitopilus prunulus,
Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Laetiporus
sulphureus, Lentinula edodes, Marasmius oreades,
Megacollybia platyphylla, Phallus impudicus, Pluteus
cervinus, Tricholoma equestre.

"@C4=K5 @>4K, =5?>;=K9 01>@B,
0B>=8O <0B:8, AB8<C;OF8O <0B>G=KE
A>:@0I5=89
Claviceps purpurea.

"C15@:C;57 :>68 (2>;G0=:0,
:>;;8:20B82=K9, 1>@>402G0BK9, 075=0
8 4@. D>@<K)
Amanita muscaria.

"C15@:C;57 ;53:8E
Agaricus arvensis, Albatrellus confluens, Calocybe
gambosa, Cantharellus cibarius, Clitocybe candicans,
Clitocybe diatreta, Clitocybe geotropa, Clitocybe
nebularis, Cordyceps militaris, Cortinarius sanguineus,
Ganoderma applanatum, Gloeophyllum sepiarium,
Grifola frondosa, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius
deterrimus, Langermannia gigantea, Laricifomes
officinalis, Leucopaxillus giganteus, Marasmiellus
ramealis, Phallus impudicus, Stereum hirsutum.

#A?>:>8B5;L=>5
Boletus badius, Cordyceps militaris, Fomes
fomentarius, Laricifomes officinalis, Tremella
mesenterica, Tricholoma matsutake.

%>;5@0
Amanita phalloides, Marasmiellus ramealis, Pleurotus
eryngii.

%>;5AB5@8= (A=865=85 C@>2=O)
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Agaricus silvaticus, Armillaria borealis,
Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae,
Armillaria tabescens, Auricularia auricula-judae,
Coprinus comatus, Cordyceps militaris, Fomes
fomentarius, Grifola frondosa, Hydnum repandum,
Leccinum versipelle, Lyophyllum decastes, Panus
conchatus, Phallus impudicus, Pholiota lubrica,
Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Russula
virescens, Sarcodon imbricatus, Trametes pubescens.

-:75<0
Amanita muscaria, Inocybe rimosa, Inonotus obliquus,
Phallus impudicus.

-:;0<?A8O
Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea,
Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens.

-?8;5?A8O
Claviceps purpurea, Clitocybe candicans, Ganoderma
lucidum.

353


5@5G5=L ?0B>35==KE 035=B>2
(?0@078BK, 3@81:8, 10:B5@88,
28@CAK) 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8<
284>2 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2
Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus
('5;>25G5A:0O 0A:0@840)

Aspergillus flavus J.H.F. Link
(A?5@38;; 65;BK9)

0@078B8G5A:89 :@C3;K9 G5@2L, 2K7K20NI89
0A:0@84>7. 825B 2 ?@>A25B5 B>=:>9 :8H:8 G5;>25:0. ;8=0 27@>A;>3> 35;L<8=B0 A>AB02;O5B
25 30 A<. 8G8=:8 8 O9F0 0A:0@84 ?>?040NB 2
>@30=87< A =5<KBK<8 >2>I0<8, D@C:B0<8, O9F0
@072820NBAO 2 :8H5G=8:5, ?>A;5 ;8G8=:8   2
?5G5=8, 70B5< >=8 ?>?040NB 2 ;8<D0B8G5A:85 8
:@>25=>A=K5 A>AC4K, ?>A;5 G53> A B>:>< :@>28
?>?040NB 2 ?5G5=L, ?@02K9 65;C4>G5: A5@4F0,
;53:85. BBC40 2 1@>=E8, B@0E5N, 3;>B:C, ?>;>ABL
@B0. >A;5 ?>2B>@=>3> 703;0BK20=8O 2 >@30=87<5
@0ABCB 27@>A;K5 0A:0@84K. -B>B F8:; 4;8BAO >:>;> B@5E <5AOF52.

KAH89 ?;5A=52K9 3@81, 2>71C48B5;L 0A?5@38;;570, >1;0405B 2K@065==K<8 0;;5@35==K<8 A2>9AB20<8. 01>;520=85 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO ?>@065=85<
@07;8G=KE >@30=>2, G0I5 1@>=E>;53>G=>9 A8AB5<K, ?@>B5:0NI55 E@>=8G5A:8 A 0;;5@38G5A:8<8
8 B>:A8G5A:8<8 ?@>O2;5=8O<8. A. flavus ?@>@0AB05B =0 :>@<0E, 2K7K205B C 682>B=KE, ?>540NI8E
MB8 ?@>4C:BK, ?>@065=85 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3>
B@0:B0, =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ?5G5=8, 0 B0:65 @8=8BK
8 :>=JN=:B828BK. @8 ?@>@0AB0=88 =0 @8A5 8;8
0@0E8A5 2K45;O5B 0D;0B>:A8=K, :>B>@K5 >1;040NB
:0=F5@>35==K<8 A2>9AB20<8 8 2K7K20NB C ?>4>?KB=KE 682>B=KE @0: ?5G5=8. A?5@38;;57 @0728205BAO ?@8 24KE0=88 A?>@ 3@81:0, ?@8 C?>B@51;5=88 70@065==KE 3@81:0<8 ?@>4C:B>2 ?8B0=8O 8
:>=B0:B=>< 8=D8F8@>20=88 G5@57 ?>2@5645==CN

Cantharellus cibarius.

1

">;L:> ?> @57C;LB0B0< ;01>@0B>@=KE 8AA;54>20=89.


5@5G5=L ?0B>35==KE 035=B>2 (?0@078BK, 3@81:8, 10:B5@88, 28@CAK) 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8< 284>2 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2

:>6C 8 A;878ABK5 >1>;>G:8.  0728B8N 701>;520=8O A?>A>1AB2CNB A=865=85 A>?@>B82;O5<>AB8
>@30=87<0, A2O70==>5 A =54>AB0B>G=K< ?8B0=85<,
BC15@:C;57 8 4@C385 E@>=8G5A:85 701>;520=8O,
?@8<5=5=85 8<<C=>45?@5AA0=B>2, F8B>AB0B8:>2, ;CG52>9 B5@0?88, 4;8B5;L=>5 ?@51K20=85 2
70?K;5==>< 8 AK@>< ?><5I5=88 A ?;>E>9 25=B8;OF859. 5@54:> 0A?5@38;;57 @0728205BAO :0:
?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>5 701>;520=85 C @01>B0NI8E =0
?@54?@8OB8OE, 345 ?@8<5=ONB 0A?5@38;;K (?@>872>4AB2> ;8<>==>9 :8A;>BK, MB8;>2>3> A?8@B0 8
?820, >@30=8G5A:8E :8A;>B), 0 B0:65 C ;8F, A>?@8:0A0NI8EAO A >1A5<5=5==K< 0A?5@38;;0<8 AK@L5< (@01>B=8:8 E;>?:>>G8AB8B5;L=KE 702>4>2,
B:0F:8E D01@8:, 75@=>E@0=8;8I).
Trametes hirsuta.

Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius
('5@=0O 3=8;L)
KAH89 ?;5A=52K9 3@81, 2>71C48B5;L 0A?5@38;;570, >1;0405B 2K@065==K<8 0;;5@35==K<8
A2>9AB20<8. !>45@68B 0;:0;>84 DC<83>:;028=,
:>B>@K9 A?>A>15= 2K7K20BL 8=B>:A8:0F8N (35<>;8B8G5A:>5 8 0=B835==>5 459AB285). AB@5G05BAO G0I5 =0 ?;>40E 3@0=0B0, <>@:>28, B><0B>2
A <5E0=8G5A:8<8 ?>2@5645=8O<8 8 B@5I8=0<8.
'0ABK9 ?0@078B 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0. A>1CN
D>@<C 2708<>459AB28O 3@810 8 >@30=87<0 ?@54AB02;O5B 1@>=E80;L=0O 0AB<0 (0;;5@38G5A:89
1@>=E>;53>G=K9 0A?5@38;;57).
Lycoperdon perlatum, Rhodocollybia maculata,
Rhodotus palmatus, Strobilurus tenacellus, Trametes
hirsuta, Xerula radicata.

Aspergillus niger van Tieghem
(A?5@38;; G5@=K9)
KAH89 ?;5A=52K9 3@81, ?@8 >1I59 >A;01;5==>AB8 >@30=87<0 2K7K205B 701>;520=8O G5;>25:0
8 682>B=KE (0A?5@38;;57K, >B><8:>7K).
Coprinus comatus, Cyathus striatus, Hericium
erinaceus, Trametes hirsuta, Xerula radicata, Xylaria
polymorpha.

Bacillus cereus Frankland et Frankland
@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O, A?>@>>1@07CNI0O ?>G25==0O 10:B5@8O. K7K205B ?8I52K5 B>:A8:>8=D5:F88 C G5;>25:0 (2:;NG0O @2>B=K9 8 480@59=K9
A8=4@><), ?@>4CF8@C5B M=B5@>B>:A8=K.
Agaricus campestris, Agaricus xanthodermus,
Agrocybe dura, Armillaria borealis, Armillaria gallica,

Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria
tabescens, Ascocoryne sarcoides, Boletus luridus,
Boletus subtomentosus, Calvatia excipuliformis,
Clitocybe clavipes, Clitocybe geotropa, Coprinus
comatus, Cordyceps militaris, Cortinarius sanguineus,
Cortinarius traganus, Cyathus striatus, Flammulina
velutipes, Fomitopsis pinicola, Gloeophyllum
sepiarium, Gomphidius glutinosus, Heterobasidion
annosum, Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus, Lactarius
deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus, Leucopaxillus
gentianeus, Marasmius oreades, Psathyrella
candolleana, Russula densifolia, Suillus cavipes,
Tricholoma portentosum.

Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn
(!5==0O ?0;>G:0)
@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O A?>@>>1@07CNI0O 0M@>1=0O ?>G25==0O 10:B5@8O. !>3;0A=> @>AA89A:8<
!0=8, CA;>2=> ?0B>35==0 4;O G5;>25:0. >
40==K< 87 70@C156=KE 8AB>G=8:>2 =5 ?0B>35==0.
Agaricus xanthodermus, Albatrellus confluens,
Albatrellus ovinus, Amanita caesarea, Armillaria
borealis, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea,
Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria tabescens, Ascocoryne
sarcoides, Boletus luridus, Calocybe gambosa,
Calvatia utriformis, Clavariadelphus truncatus,
Clitocybe clavipes, Clitocybe geotropa, Coprinus
comatus, Cordyceps militaris, Cyathus striatus,
Daedaleopsis confragosa, Fistulina hepatica, Fomes
fomentarius, Geastrum fornicatum, Gomphidius
glutinosus, Hygrophorus agathosmus, Hygrophorus
olivaceoalbus, Lactarius rufus, Lentinellus cochleatus,
Lentinula edodes, Lenzites betulina, Lepiota aspera,
Leucopaxillus giganteus, Lycoperdon echinatum,
Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme,
Piptoporus betulinus, Psathyrella candolleana,
Rhodotus palmatus, Sarcodon imbricatus, Sparassis
crispa, Stereum hirsutum, Strobilurus tenacellus,
Suillus cavipes, Tricholoma equestre, Tricholoma
portentosum.

Brucella abortus Meyer et Shav
(@CF5;;57)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K9 :>::, =5 >1@07CNI89 A?>@.
!?>A>15= : 2=CB@8:;5B>G=><C @07<=>65=8N.
>::8 >1;040NB 2KA>:>9 ?@>=8:0NI59 A?>A>1=>ABLN 8 2=54@ONBAO 2 >@30=87< 4065 G5@57
=5?>2@5645==K5 A;878ABK5 >1>;>G:8 ?8I520@8B5;L=>3> B@0:B0, ;53:8E, 3;07, :>6C.  0A?@>AB@0=5=K ?>2A5<5AB=>, >A>15==> 2 >1;0ABOE,
B@048F8>==> 70=8<0NI8EAO 682>B=>2>4AB2><.
# G5;>25:0 2K7K20NB 1@CF5;;57 (?5@5405BAO >B
:>@>2).
Clitocybe geotropa, Cyathus striatus, Lentinula
edodes, Leucopaxillus giganteus.

355


356

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Candida albicans (C.P. Robin) Berkhout
(>;>G=8F0)
@>665?>4>1=K9 3@81>:   2>71C48B5;L >??>@BC=8AB8G5A:8E 8=D5:F89 G5;>25:0, :>B>@K5
?5@540NBAO G5@57 @>B 8 35=8B0;88. 48= 87 >@30=87<>2 D;>@K :8H5G=8:0, 682CI8E 2 G5;>25G5A:>< @B5 8 ?8I52>45. @8 =>@<0;L=KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E C. albicans ?@8ACBAB2C5B C 80 %
?>?C;OF88 ;N459, =5 2K7K20O 1>;57=59, => G@572KG09=>5 C25;8G5=85 53> :>;8G5AB20 2K7K205B
:0=484>7. 0=484>7 G0AB> =01;N405BAO C ?0F85=B>2 A 8<<C=>45D8F8B><, =5@54:> ?>@0605B
:@>2L 8 ?>;>2K5 >@30=K.
Agrocybe dura, Calvatia utriformis, Clitocybe diatreta,
Clitocybe nebularis, Coprinus comatus, Cyathus
striatus, Geastrum fornicatum, Gloeophyllum
sepiarium, Grifola frondosa, Hygrophorus agathosmus,
Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus, Lactarius deliciosus,
Lactarius deterrimus, Lentinellus cochleatus, Lentinula
edodes, Lenzites betulina, Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon
perlatum, Marasmiellus ramealis, Oudemansiella
mucida, Psathyrella candolleana, Rhodocollybia
maculata, Strobilurus tenacellus, Ustilago maydis,
Xerula radicata.

Candida tropicalis Berkhout
48= 87 <5=55 @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE, G5< C.
albicans, 2>71C48B5;59 :0=484>7>2.
Lycoperdon perlatum.

Chlamydia trachomatis (%;0<848>7)
%;0<848>7   8=D5:F8>==>5 701>;520=85, ?5@540NI55AO ?>;>2K< ?CB5<. /2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 A0<KE
@0A?@>AB@0=5==KE 701>;520=89, ?5@540NI8EAO
B0:8< A?>A>1><. C. trachomatis   284 E;0<8489,
?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 =5?>4286=K5, :>::>284=K5,
3@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 >1;830B=K5 2=CB@8:;5B>G=K5
<8:@>>@30=87<K. %;0<8489=0O 8=D5:F8O ?>@0605B 3;02=K< >1@07>< <>G5?>;>2CN A8AB5<C.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O C@>35=8B0;L=K9 E;0<848>7 O2;O5BAO
A0<>9 @0A?@>AB@0=5==>9 (4> 60 %) ?@8G8=>9 =53>=>:>::>2KE C@5B@8B>2. ;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O A:@KB>
ACI5AB2CO, ?@8 =51;03>?@8OB=KE CA;>28OE (2>7459AB285 0=B818>B8:>2, ?5@53@520=85, ?5@5>E;0645=85, ?@>ABC40) E;0<8488 A?>A>1=K B@0=AD>@<8@>20BLAO 2 B0: =07K205<K5 L-D>@<K   :0: 1K
�2?040NB 2 A?OG:C�. 0==K9 D5=><5= A?>A>1AB2C5B
4;8B5;L=><C 2=CB@8:;5B>G=><C ?0@078B8@>20=8N
157 :>=D;8:B>2 A 8<<C==>9 A8AB5<>9 E>7O8=0. @8
45;5=88 :;5B>: >@30=87<0 A?OI85 E;0<8488 ?5@540NBAO 4>G5@=8< :;5B:0<. ">;L:> 2 ?5@8>4 8<<C-

=>AC?@5AA88 (?>402;5=8O 70I8B=KE A8;) 2>7<>6=>
0:B82=>5 @07<=>65=85 8 B0: =07K205<0O @525@A8O
(?@>1C645=85) E;0<8489 87 L-D>@<.
Ganoderma lucidum.

Clostridium tetani (Flgge) Bergey et al.
(!B>;1=OG=0O ?0;>G:0)
@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O A?>@>>1@07CNI0O >1;830B=> 0=0M@>1=0O 10:B5@8O @>40 Clostridium, 2>71C48B5;L AB>;1=O:0.  5AB5AB25==KE CA;>28OE
AB>;1=O:>< 1>;5NB ;>H048 8 <5;:89 @>30BK9
A:>B. !B>;1=O:   >AB@>5 8=D5:F8>==>5 701>;520=85 A :>=B0:B=K< <5E0=87<>< ?5@540G8
2>71C48B5;O, E0@0:B5@87CNI55AO ?>@065=85<
=5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 ?@>O2;ONI55AO B>=8G5A:8<
=0?@O65=85< A:5;5B=>9 <CA:C;0BC@K 8 35=5@0;87>20==K<8 AC4>@>30<8. >;5BL <>3CB 2A5 B5?;>:@>2=K5 682>B=K5. >;L=>9 =5 70@075= 4;O
>:@C60NI8E. -?845<8>;>38G5A:8E <5@>?@8OB89 2 >G035 1>;57=8 =5 ?@>2>4OB. <<C=8B5B ?>A;5 1>;57=8 =5 @0728205BAO.
Pleurotus eryngii.

Corynebacterium xerosis
Lehmann et Neumann
@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5 ?0;>G:>>1@07=K5 10:B5@88, 682CI85 =0 :>65 8 A;878ABKE >1>;>G:0E
G5;>25:0. @8 871KB>G=>< @07<=>65=88 2K7K20NB =5?@8OB=K9 70?0E.
Coprinus micaceus, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius
deterrimus.

Cryptococcus neoformans
(San Felice) Vuill.
@>6652>9 3@81>:, @07<=>60NI89AO ?>G:>20=85<. >71C48B5;L >1=0@C68205BAO 2 ?>G25 8
?@8ACBAB2C5B 2 1>;LH8E :>;8G5AB20E 2 ?><5B5
3>;C159. K7K205B :@8?B>:>::>7   3;C1>:89
<8:>7 A ?>@065=85< F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8;8 ?>@065=85< ;53:8E, 2 B>< G8A;5 :@8?B>:>::>2K9 <5=8=38B. @8?B>:>::>7 >B=>AOB :
!-0AA>F88@>20==K< 8=D5:F8O<.
Cordyceps militaris, Cyathus striatus, Lentinula
edodes, Tricholoma portentosum.

Cytomegalovirus (&8B><530;>28@CA)
&8B><530;>28@CA   @>4 28@CA>2 A5<59AB20 35@?5A28@CA>2 (Herpesviridae). @54AB028B5;L @>40
Human herpesvirus 5 (HCMV-5, 8;8 35@?5A28@CA


5@5G5=L ?0B>35==KE 035=B>2 (?0@078BK, 3@81:8, 10:B5@88, 28@CAK) 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8< 284>2 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2

G5;>25:0 B8? 5) A?>A>15= 8=D8F8@>20BL ;N459,
2K7K20O C =8E F8B><530;8N. @54AB02;O5B >?0A=>ABL B>;L:> 4;O >B45;L=KE :0B53>@89 ;N459 A
?>402;5==>9 8;8 =5AD>@<8@>20==>9 A8AB5<>9
8<<C=8B5B0, >1KG=> 28@CAC E0@0:B5@=0 ?>687=5==0O ?5@A8AB5=F8O.
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Phallus
impudicus, Rozites caperarus.

Ebolavirus
(5<>@@038G5A:0O ;8E>@04:0 -1>;0)
5<>@@038G5A:0O ;8E>@04:0 -1>;0   >AB@0O 28@CA=0O 2KA>:>:>=B038>7=0O 1>;57=L, 2K7K205<0O
28@CA>< -1>;0.  54:>5, => :@09=5 >?0A=>5 701>;520=85 A C@>2=5< A<5@B=>AB8 4> 90 %. 5G5=8O
8;8 20:F8=K >B ;8E>@04:8 -1>;0 =5 ACI5AB2C5B.
>@0605B G5;>25:0, =5:>B>@KE ?@8<0B>2, 0 B0:65, :0: 2KOA=8;>AL, A28=59.   >AA88 1K;> 70@538AB@8@>20=> 420 A;CG0O A<5@B8 >B ;8E>@04:8
-1>;0 (1996 8 2004 33.).
Grifola frondosa.

Enterobacter aerogenes (Ewing and Fife)
Gavini et al
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 ?0;>G:>>1@07=K5 A?>@>=5>1@07CNI85 10:B5@88, D0:C;LB0B82=K5 0=0M@>1K. -=B5@>10:B5@K 2E>4OB 2 A>AB02 =>@<0;L=>9
<8:@>D;>@K :8H5G=8:0 G5;>25:0. >3CB 2K7K20BL 1>;L=8G=K5 8 >??>@BC=8AB8G5A:85 8=D5:F88 2<5AB5 A ?0B>35=0<8 A0<KE @07=KE B8?>2.
Cyathus striatus, Hydnum repandum, Hygrophorus
agathosmus, Lentinula edodes, Lenzites betulina,
Sarcodon imbricatus, Clavariadelphus truncatus.

Enterobius vermicularis Linnaeus
(AB@8F0)
AB@8FK   @>4 48=>D8B>2KE =5<0B>4 A5<59AB20 Oxyuridae, 2K7K20NI85 M=B5@>18>7. =D5:F8O 2>7=8:05B ?>A;5 ?>?040=8O O8F >AB@8F
2 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=K9 B@0:B G5@57 703@O7=5==K5 @C:8, ?@>4C:BK ?8B0=8O, @565   G5@57 2>4C.
E. vermicularis O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 =081>;55 @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE 45BA:8E ?0@078B8G5A:8E G5@259 2
@0728BKE AB@0=0E <8@0.
Cantharellus cibarius.

Enterococcus faecalis
(-=B5@>:>:: D5:0;L=K9)
84 M=B5@>:>::>2, 2E>4OI89 2 A>AB02 =>@<0;L=>9 <8:@>D;>@K ?8I520@8B5;L=>3> B@0:B0 G5-

;>25:0, 0 B0:65 =5:>B>@KE <;5:>?8B0NI8E.
$5:0;L=K9 M=B5@>:>:: <>65B O2;OBLAO 2>71C48B5;5< @07;8G=KE 8=D5:F89: <>G52K2>4OI8E ?CB59, 8=B@0014><8=0;L=KE, >@30=>2 <0;>3> B070,
@0=52KE, M=4>:0@48B0.  B> 65 2@5<O D5:0;L=K5
M=B5@>:>::8 2E>4OB 2 A>AB02 =>@<0;L=>9 <8:@>D;>@K 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=>3> B@0:B0 G5;>25:0
8 <=>38E ?>72>=>G=KE, 83@0NB 206=CN @>;L 2
>15A?5G5=88 :>;>=870F8>==>9 @578AB5=B=>AB8
A;878AB>9 >1>;>G:8.
Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, Ramaria botrytis.

Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani
et Chalmers (8H5G=0O ?0;>G:0)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=0O ?0;>G:>284=0O 10:B5@8O,
H8@>:> 2AB@5G05BAO 2 =86=59 G0AB8 :8H5G=8:0
B5?;>:@>2=KE >@30=87<>2. >;LH8=AB2> HB0<<>2 E. coli 1572@54=K 8 O2;ONBAO G0ABLN =>@<0;L=>9 D;>@K :8H5G=8:0 G5;>25:0 8 682>B=KE.
8H5G=0O ?0;>G:0 ?@8=>A8B ?>;L7C >@30=87<C
E>7O8=0, =0?@8<5@, A8=B578@CO 28B0<8= K, 0 B0:65 ?@54>B2@0I0O @0728B85 ?0B>35==KE <8:@>>@30=87<>2 2 :8H5G=8:5. "5< =5 <5=55 A5@>B8?
O157:H7 <>65B 2K7K20BL BO65;K5 ?8I52K5 >B@02;5=8O C ;N459.  07;8G0NB :8H5G=K5, ?0@0:8H5G=K5 8 A5?B8G5A:85 MH5@8E8>7K.
Calocybe gambosa, Calvatia utriformis,
Clavariadelphus truncatus, Clitocybe candicans,
Clitocybe diatreta, Coprinus comatus, Cordyceps
militaris, Cortinarius sanguineus, Cortinarius traganus,
Cyathus striatus, Daedaleopsis confragosa, Fistulina
hepatica, Flammulina velutipes, Fomitopsis pinicola,
Ganoderma applanatum, Geastrum fornicatum,
Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Hygrophorus agathosmus,
Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Lactarius deliciosus,
Lactarius deterrimus, Lactarius piperatus, Lactarius
rufus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinellus cochleatus,
Lentinula edodes, Lenzites betulina, Lepiota aspera,
Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lycoperdon
perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Marasmius
oreades, Piptoporus betulinus, Sarcodon imbricatus,
Schizophyllum commune, Sparassis crispa, Strobilurus
stephanocystis, Trametes hirsuta, Tricholoma
equestre.

Flavivirus virus
(8@CA :;5I52>3> M=F5D0;8B0)
5@5=>A8<K9 :;5I0<8 0@1>28@CA, 2K7K20NI89
:;5I52>9 M=F5D0;8B. -B> ?@8@>4=>->G03>20O
28@CA=0O 8=D5:F8O, E0@0:B5@87CNI0OAO ;8E>@04:>9, 8=B>:A8:0F859 8 ?>@065=85< A5@>3>
25I5AB20 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (M=F5D0;8B) 8/8;8
>1>;>G5: 3>;>2=>3> 8 A?8==>3> <>730 (<5=8=38B

357


358

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

8 <5=8=3>M=F5D0;8B). 01>;520=85 <>65B ?@825AB8 : AB>9:8< =52@>;>38G5A:8< 8 ?A8E80B@8G5A:8< >A;>6=5=8O< 8 4065 : A<5@B8 1>;L=>3>.
Piptoporus betulinus.

Giardia intestinalis (Lambl) Kofoid
et Christiansen (8H5G=0O ;O<1;8O)
0@078B8G5A:>5 63CB8:>2>5 ?@>AB59H55 87 @>40
;O<1;89, 2>71C48B5;L ;O<1;8>70 G5;>25:0. /2;OOAL ?0@078B>< G5;>25:0, :8H5G=0O ;O<1;8O B0:65 >48= 87 A0<KE @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE ?0@078B>2
:>H5:, A>10: 8 ?B8F. 0@065=85 ?@>8AE>48B ?@8
C?>B@51;5=88 703@O7=5==KE F8AB0<8 ?@>4C:B>2
?8B0=8O (>A>15==> =5 ?>425@30NI8EAO B5@<8G5A:>9 >1@01>B:5   D@C:BK, >2>I8, O3>4K) 8
2>4K, 0 B0:65 G5@57 703@O7=5==K5 F8AB0<8 @C:8
8 ?@54<5BK >18E>40. >?02 2 65;C4>G=>-:8H5G=K9 B@0:B 74>@>2>3> G5;>25:0, ;O<1;88 @07<=>60NBAO 2 B>=:>9 :8H:5, 8=>340 2 1>;LH8E
:>;8G5AB20E, 2K7K20NB @074@065=85 A;878AB>9
>1>;>G:8. @>=8:0O 87 B>=:>9 :8H:8 2 B>;ABCN
(345 CA;>28O 4;O =8E =51;03>?@8OB=K), ;O<1;88
B5@ONB A2>N ?>4286=>ABL 8 ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 F8ABK. &8ABK 2K45;ONBAO 87 >@30=87<0 A 8A?@06=5=8O<8. '0I5 ;O<1;8>7>< 1>;5NB 45B8.
Cantharellus cibarius.

Helicobacter pylori (Marshall et al.)
Goodwin et al.
!?8@0;5284=0O 3@0<>B@8F0B5;L=0O 10:B5@8O,
8=D8F8@CNI0O @07;8G=K5 >1;0AB8 65;C4:0 8
425=04F0B8?5@AB=>9 :8H:8. =>385 A;CG08 O72
65;C4:0 8 425=04F0B8?5@AB=>9 :8H:8, 30AB@8B>2, 4C>45=8B>2, @0:0 65;C4:0 8, 2>7<>6=>, =5:>B>@K5 A;CG08 ;8<D>< 65;C4:0 MB8>;>38G5A:8
A2O70=K A 8=D5:F859 H. pylori. 4=0:> C 1>;LH8=AB20 (4> 90 %) 8=D8F8@>20==KE =>A8B5;59
Helicobacter pylori =5 >1=0@C68205BAO =8:0:8E
A8<?B><>2 701>;520=89.
!?8@0;L=0O D>@<0 10:B5@88 >?@545;O5B A?>A>1=>ABL MB>3> <8:@>>@30=87<0 ?@>=8:0BL 2
A;878ABCN >1>;>G:C 65;C4:0 8 425=04F0B8?5@AB=>9 :8H:8 8 >1;53G05B 42865=85 10:B5@88 2 A;878AB>< 35;5, ?>:@K20NI5< A;878ABCN 65;C4:0.
Hericium erinaceus.

Hepatitis viruses (8@CA=K9 35?0B8B)
8@CAK 35?0B8B0 >B=>AOBAO : @07=K< B0:A>=0< 8
>B;8G0NBAO ?> 18>E8<8G5A:8< 8 <>;5:C;O@=K<
?@87=0:0<, => 2A5 MB8 28@CAK >1J548=O5B B>, GB>

>=8 2K7K20NB 35?0B8BK C ;N459. %@>=8G5A:85
701>;520=8O ?5G5=8, A@548 :>B>@KE 28@CA=K5
35?0B8BK  8 !, 2E>4OB 2 G8A;> 45AOB8 >A=>2=KE
?@8G8= A<5@B=>AB8 2 <8@5.  <8@5 170 <;= G5;>25: AB@0405B 35?0B8B>< ! 8 242>5 1>;LH5   350
<;=   1>;55B 28@CA>< 35?0B8B0 . =D8F8@>20=> 28@CA=K< 35?0B8B>< B, ?> >F5=:0<, >:>;>
42CE <8;;80@4>2 ;N459 2> 2A5< <8@5. 0 40==K9
<><5=B 8725AB=> 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 28@CA>2,
A?>A>1=KE 2K720BL 28@CA=K9 35?0B8B: 28@CA 35?0B8B0 , 28@CA 35?0B8B0 B, 28@CA 35?0B8B0 !, 28@CA 35?0B8B0 D, 28@CA 35?0B8B0 , 28@CA 35?0B8B0
F 8 28@CA 35?0B8B0 G, 28@CAK 35?0B8B>2 TTV 8
SEN. 5:>B>@K5 28@CAK, 2K7K20NI85 28@CA=K9
35?0B8B, =54>AB0B>G=> 87CG5=K.
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa (35?0B8BK  8
!), Lentinula edodes, Phallus impudicus, Polyporus
umbellatus.

Herpes simplex virus (8@CAK ?@>AB>3>
35@?5A28@CA0 G5;>25:0 B8?>2 1 8 2
(HSV-1 8 HSV-2))
-B8 28@CAK O2;ONBAO =59@>B@>D=K<8 8 =59@>8=20782=K<8, B> 5ABL ?>A;5 70@065=8O <83@8@CNB 2 =5@2=CN A8AB5<C. HSV-1 2K7K205B >@0;L=K9 8 35=8B0;L=K9 35@?5A, => G0I5 >@0;L=K9
(35@?5B8G5A:89 AB><0B8B, 3C1=>9 35@?5A). HSV-2
2K7K205B >@0;L=K9 8 35=8B0;L=K9 35@?5A, =>
G0I5 35=8B0;L=K9 8 2038=0;L=K9 35@?5A. 5@540NBAO ?>;>2K<, 2>74CH=>-:0?5;L=K<, B@0=ADC78>==K< (?@8 ?5@5;820=88 70@065==>9 :@>28),
B@0=A?;0F5=B0@=K< ?CBO<8.
AB>G=8:0<8 35@?5B8G5A:>9 8=D5:F88 O2;ONBAO 1>;L=>9 G5;>25: (B> 5ABL A 2848<K<8 ?@>O2;5=8O<8 35@?5A0) 8;8 28@CA>=>A8B5;L. A>15==> >?0A5= 4;O ;N459 A >A;01;5==>9 8<<C==>9
A8AB5<>9, =0?@8<5@ 4;O '-8=D8F8@>20==KE,
0 B0:65 4;O B5E, :B> =5402=> ?5@5=5A >?5@0F8N
?> B@0=A?;0=B0F88 >@30=>2, B0: :0: <548:0<5=BK, 8A?>;L7C5<K5 ?@8 B@0=A?;0=B0F88, ?>402;ONB 8<<C==CN A8AB5<C.
Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Phallus
impudicus, Rozites caperatus.

Human enterovirus C (>;8><85;8B)
>;8><85;8B   45BA:89 A?8==><>73>2>9 ?0@0;8G, >AB@>5, 2KA>:>:>=B038>7=>5 8=D5:F8>==>5 701>;520=85, >1CA;>2;5==>5 ?>@065=85<
A5@>3> 25I5AB20 A?8==>3> <>730 ?>;8>28@CA><
8 E0@0:B5@87CNI55AO ?@58<CI5AB25==> ?0B>-


5@5G5=L ?0B>35==KE 035=B>2 (?0@078BK, 3@81:8, 10:B5@88, 28@CAK) 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8< 284>2 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2

;>3859 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K.  >A=>2=>< ?@>B5:05B 2 15AA8<?B><=>9 8;8 AB5@B>9 D>@<5. =>340
A;CG05BAO B0:, GB> ?>;8>28@CA ?@>=8:05B 2 &!,
@07<=>605BAO 2 <>B>=59@>=0E, GB> ?@82>48B : 8E
3815;8, =5>1@0B8<K< ?0@570< 8;8 ?0@0;8G0< 8==5@28@C5<KE 8<8 <KHF.
Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes.

Human respiratory syncytial virus
( 5A?8@0B>@=K9 A8=F8B80;L=K9
28@CA G5;>25:0, RSV)
8@CA, 2K7K20NI89 8=D5:F88 4KE0B5;L=KE ?CB59.  5A?8@0B>@=K9 A8=F8B80;L=K9 28@CA O2;O5BAO >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 8=D5:F89 =86=8E
4KE0B5;L=KE ?CB59 C =>2>@>645==KE 8 45B59. B
40==>3> 28@CA0 =5 ACI5AB2C5B 20:F8=K. 5G5=85
>3@0=8G5=> ?>445@6820NI59 B5@0?859, 2>7<>6=> ?@8<5=5=85 :8A;>@>4=>9 <0A:8.
Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, Rozites caperatus.

Influenza (8@CA 3@8??0)
8@CAK
3@8??0
>B=>AOBAO
:
A5<59AB2C
Ortomyxoviridae,
:>B>@>5
2:;NG05B
@>4K
Influenza A, B, !. AB@>5 8=D5:F8>==>5 701>;520=85 4KE0B5;L=KE ?CB59, 2K7K205<>5 28@CA><
3@8??0. E>48B 2 3@C??C >AB@KE @5A?8@0B>@=KE
28@CA=KE 8=D5:F89 ( ). 5@8>48G5A:8 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO 2 2845 M?845<89 8 ?0=45<89. 
=0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2KO2;5=> 1>;55 2000 20@80=B>2
28@CA0 3@8??0, @07;8G0NI8EAO <564C A>1>9 0=B835==K< A?5:B@><. > >F5=:0< , >B 2A5E 20@80=B>2 28@CA0 2> 2@5<O A57>==KE M?845<89 2 <8@5
5653>4=> C<8@0NB >B 250 4> 500 BKA. G5;>25:.
Boletus subtomentosus, Flammulina velutipes,
Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola
frondosa, Hypholoma fasciculare, Inonotus obliquus,
Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Lentinula edodes, Phallus
impudicus, Rozites caperatus, Suillus luteus.

Leishmania amazonensis (59H<0=8>7)
59H<0=88   @>4 ?0@078B8G5A:8E ?@>AB59H8E,
2K7K20NI8E ;59H<0=8>7K. 5@5=>AG8:0<8
;59H<0=88 0<07>=A:>9 O2;ONBAO <>A:8BK 87
@>40 Lutzomyia (>2K9 !25B). AB5AB25==K<
@575@2C0@>< MB>3> 2840 A;C60B ?>72>=>G=K5 682>B=K5: 3@K7C=K, A>10:8 8 ;N48, 0 B0:65 >?>AAC<K, ;5=82FK 8 1@>=5=>AFK. . 0<07>=A:0O
2K7K205B A;878AB>-:>6=CN @07=>284=>ABL 8=D5:F88, :>B>@0O =0G8=05BAO :0: @50:F8O =0 C:CA,
2 >A;>6=5==KE A;CG0OE <>65B @0A?@>AB@0=OBLAO
=0 A;878ABK5 >1>;>G:8, 2K7K20O A8;L=K5 45D>@<0F88 (>A>15==> ;8F0).  @54:8E A;CG0OE, ?@8
2>2;5G5=88 2 ?@>F5AA 4KE0B5;L=KE ?CB59, <>65B
?@82>48BL : A<5@B8.
Cyathus striatus.

Listeria monocytogenes
(E. Murray et al.) Pirie (8AB5@8>7)
@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O ?0;>G:>284=0O 10:B5@8O, 2>71C48B5;L ;8AB5@8>70. 5@28G=K< ?@8@>4=K< @575@2C0@>< ;8AB5@89 O2;O5BAO ?>G20, 87 :>B>@>9
>=8 <>3CB ?>?040BL 2 >@30=87<K @0AB5=89. AB>G=8:>< 70@065=8O A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==KE 682>B=KE
O2;ONBAO :>@<0, 2 G0AB=>AB8 A8;>A, 345 ;8AB5@88
@07<=>60NBAO. 0@065=85 ;N459 A2O70=> A C?>B@51;5=85< 2 ?8IC >2>I59 8 ?@>4C:B>2 682>B=>2>4AB20. "5@<>B>;5@0=B=>ABL, ?A8E@>D8;L=>ABL 8
4@C385 >A>15==>AB8 18>;>388 ;8AB5@89 >1CA;>2;820NB 8E A?>A>1=>ABL : 70@065=8N ?@>4C:B>2 ?8B0=8O 8 @07<=>65=8N 2 =8E, GB> ?@825;> 2 1980-E
3>40E : <=>3>G8A;5==K< M?845<8G5A:8< 2A?KH:0<
8 A?>@048G5A:8< A;CG0O< ?8I52>3> ;8AB5@8>70.
8AB5@88 O2;ONBAO 2>71C48B5;O<8 ?8I52>9 8=D5:F88, 2>71C48B5;O<8 H8@>:>3> A?5:B@0 >??>@BC=8AB8G5A:8E 8=D5:F89, ?@8G8=>9 ?5@8=0B0;L=>9 8 =5>=0B0;L=>9 ?0B>;>388 G5;>25:0.
Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, Ramaria botrytis.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter)
Trevisan (0;>G:0 $@84;5=45@0)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=0O D0:C;LB0B82=>-0=0M@>1=0O
?0;>G:>284=0O 10:B5@8O. 48= 87 2>71C48B5;59
?=52<>=88, B0:65 0AA>F88@>20=0 A 8=D5:F8O<8
<>G5?>;>2>9 A8AB5<K 8 =>7>:><80;L=K<8 8=D5:F8O<8 G5;>25:0.
Calvatia utriformis, Cyathus striatus, Fistulina hepatica,
Geastrum fornicatum, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius
deterrimus, Lentinula edodes, Stereum hirsutum.

Microsporum gypseum (E. Bodin)
Guiart et Grigoraki
18B0NI89 2 ?>G25 0A:><8F5B=K9 3@81, 2K7K20NI89 701>;520=85 <8:@>A?>@859 C G5;>25:0,
0 B0:65 C 682>B=KE (8<5NBAO >?8A0=8O A;CG052
701>;520=8O C :>H5:, A>10:, 3@K7C=>2 8 ;>H0459). # G5;>25:0 ?>@060NBAO :>60 8 2>;>AK.
Daedaleopsis confragosa.

359


360

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Zopf
(0;>G:0 >E0)
0;>G:>284=0O <8:>10:B5@8O, A?>A>1=0O 2K7K20BL BC15@:C;57 C G5;>25:0 8 =5:>B>@KE 682>B=KE. "C15@:C;57 >1KG=> ?>@0605B ;53:85,
@565 70B@03820O 4@C385 >@30=K 8 A8AB5<K.
M. tuberculosis ?5@5405BAO 2>74CH=>-:0?5;L=K<
?CB5< ?@8 @073>2>@5, :0H;5 8 G8E0=88 1>;L=>3>.
'0I5 2A53> ?>A;5 8=D8F8@>20=8O <8:>10:B5@8O<8 701>;520=85 ?@>B5:05B 2 15AA8<?B><=>9,
A:@KB>9 D>@<5, => ?@8<5@=> >48= 87 45AOB8 A;CG052 A:@KB>9 8=D5:F88 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 ?5@5E>48B 2 0:B82=CN D>@<C.
Albatrellus confluens, Albatrellus ovinus, Calocybe
gambosa, Cantharellus cibarius, Clitocybe candicans,
Clitocybe diatreta, Clitocybe geotropa, Clitocybe
nebularis, Cordyceps militaris, Cortinarius sanguineus,
Cyathus striatus, Gloeophyllum sepiarium,
Grifola frondosa, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius
deterrimus, Laricifomes officinalis, Lentinula edodes,
Leucopaxillus giganteus, Marasmiellus ramealis,
Phallus impudicus, Stereum hirsutum.

Mycoplasma Nowak (8:>?;07<>7)
8:>?;07<0   @>4 10:B5@89 :;0AA0 8:>?;07<K (Mollicutes), =5 8<5NI8E :;5B>G=>9 AB5=:8.
@54AB028B5;8 2840 <>3CB 1KBL ?0@078B0@=K<8
8;8 A0?@>B@>D=K<8. 5A:>;L:> 284>2 ?0B>35==K 4;O ;N459, 2 B>< G8A;5 M. pneumoniae, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 ?@8G8= 0B8?8G=>9 ?=52<>=88 8 4@C38E @5A?8@0B>@=KE 701>;520=89, 8
M. genitalium, :>B>@0O, :0: AG8B05BAO, CG0AB2C5B 2
?>O2;5=88 B07>2KE 2>A?0;8B5;L=KE 701>;520=89.
Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes.

Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta) Blanchard
(>H0GLO (A818@A:0O) 42CCAB:0)
5G5=>G=K9 A>A0;LI8:, 2K7K20NI89 >?8AB>@E>7. 5;:89 ?0@078B ;0=F5B>284=>9 D>@<K, 4;8=>9 8 18 << 8 H8@8=>9 1,2 2 <<.  0728B85 ?0@078B0 ?@>8AE>48B A CG0AB85< 42CE ?@><56CB>G=KE
E>7O52: <>;;NA:>2 8 :0@?>2KE @K1. >=5G=K<8
E>7O520<8 O2;ONBAO G5;>25: 8 ?;>B>O4=K5 682>B=K5.
Cantharellus cibarius.

Pasteurella multocida (0AB5@5;;57)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=0O, =5?>4286=0O >2>84=0O ?0;>G:0. >@>B0<8 8=D5:F88, :0: ?@028;>, O2;O5BAO
:>60 =0 <5AB5 C:CA0 682>B=>3>. >7<>6=> 35<0B>35==>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 P. multocida A @0728B8-

5< >G03>2 2 @07;8G=KE >@30=0E. 0AB5@5;;57 (35<>@@038G5A:0O A5?B8F5<8O)   >AB@0O 7>>=>7=0O
8=D5:F8>==0O 1>;57=L, 4;O :>B>@>9 E0@0:B5@=K
;8E>@04:0, 8=B>:A8:0F8O, 2>A?0;5=8O :>68, ?>4:>6=>9 :;5BG0B:8, 0@B@8BK, >AB5><85;8BK.
Ramaria botrytis.

Plasmodium falciparum William H. Welch
(0;O@89=K9 ?;07<>489)
0@078B8G5A:>5 ?@>AB59H55, 2K7K20NI55 <0;O@8N 8 ?5@540NI55AO G5;>25:C ?@8 C:CA0E :><0@>2 @>40 Anopheles (�<0;O@89=KE :><0@>2�).
0;O@8O A>?@>2>6405BAO ;8E>@04:>9, >7=>10<8,
C25;8G5=85< @07<5@>2 A5;575=:8 8 ?5G5=8), 0=5<859. %0@0:B5@87C5BAO E@>=8G5A:8< @5F84828@CNI8< B5G5=85<.
Boletus queletii, Laetiporus sulphureus, Polyporus
umbellatus, Russula xerampelina, Stereum hirsutum.

Primate Lentivirus group (8@CA
8<<C=>45D8F8B0 G5;>25:0)
'   28@CA 8<<C=>45D8F8B0 G5;>25:0, 2K7K20NI89 '-8=D5:F8N   701>;520=85, ?>A;54=OO AB048O :>B>@>9 8725AB=0 :0: A8=4@><
?@8>1@5B5==>3> 8<<C=>45D8F8B0 (!). 8@CA ?5@5405BAO G5@57 ?@O<>9 :>=B0:B A;878ABKE
>1>;>G5: (?@8 =0;8G88 =0 =8E <8:@>?>2@5645=89) 8;8 A A>45@60I8<8 ' :@>2LN, A?5@<>9, 2;030;8I=K<8 2K45;5=8O<8, ?@54A5<5==>9
684:>ABLN 8 3@C4=K< <>;>:><.  E>45 '8=D5:F88 C >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 G5;>25:0 2>7=8:0NB =>2K5 HB0<<K (@07=>284=>AB8) 28@CA0, :>B>@K5 @07;8G0NBAO ?> A:>@>AB8 2>A?@>872545=8O 8
A?>A>1=>AB8 8=D8F8@>20BL. 1I0O ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL 1>;57=8 A>AB02;O5B 2 A@54=5< 10 ;5B. 
B5G5=85 2A53> MB>3> 2@5<5=8 =01;N405BAO ?>AB>O==>5 A=865=85 :>;8G5AB20 ;8<D>F8B>2 2 :@>28
?0F85=B0, GB> 2 :>=5G=>< 8B>35 AB0=>28BAO ?@8G8=>9 A<5@B8.
Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus, Laetiporus
sulphureus, Lentinula edodes, Lenzites betulina,
Phallus impudicus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum
commune, Sparassis crispa, Trametes gibbosa,
Trametes versicolor, Xylaria hypoxylon, Xylaria
polymorpha.

Propionibacterium acnes
(Gilchrist) Douglas et Gunter
0;>G:>284=0O 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O 0=0M@>1=0O
10:B5@8O. B=>A8BAO : =>@<0;L=>9 D;>@5 :>68,
>18B05B =0 55 ?>25@E=>AB8, 2 A0;L=KE 65;570E 8


5@5G5=L ?0B>35==KE 035=B>2 (?0@078BK, 3@81:8, 10:B5@88, 28@CAK) 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8< 284>2 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2

C 2>;>AO=KE ;C:>28F. @8 G@57<5@=>< @0728B88
7018205B ?>@K :>68 8 2K7K205B 8E 2>A?0;5=85 A
?>A;54CNI8< >1@07>20=85< C3@59 8 ?@KI59. 
?0B>35==>9 D>@<5 =081>;55 G0AB> 2AB@5G05BAO C
?>4@>AB:>2 2284C =0@CH5==>3> 3>@<>=0;L=>3>
10;0=A0.
Tylopilus felleus.

Proteus vulgaris Hauser (@>B59)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 ?0;>G:>284=K5 =5A?>@>=>A=K5 10:B5@88, ?>:@KBK5 63CB8:0<8. 0A5;ONB
:8H5G=K9 B@0:B G5;>25:0 8 682>B=KE, O2;ONBAO
?@54AB028B5;O<8 CA;>2=> ?0B>35==>9 <8:@>D;>@K. >71C48B5;L ?8I52KE B>:A8:>8=D5:F89, 0
B0:65 8=D5:F89 ?>G5: 8 <>G52K2>4OI8E ?CB59.
Cyathus striatus, Daedaleopsis confragosa,
Gomphidius glutinosus, Lactarius piperatus, Ramaria
botrytis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schrter)
Migula (!8=53=>9=0O ?0;>G:0)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=0O ?>4286=0O (<>=>B@8E) ?0;>G:>284=0O 10:B5@8O. 18B05B 2 2>45 8 ?>G25, CA;>2=> ?0B>35==0 4;O G5;>25:0. >71C48B5;L 1>;L=8G=KE 8=D5:F89 C G5;>25:0, >1=0@C68205BAO
?@8 01AF5AA0E 8 3=>9=KE @0=0E, 0AA>F88@>20=0 A
M=B5@8B0<8 8 F8AB8B0<8. 5G5=85 70B@C4=8B5;L=> 2284C 2KA>:>9 CAB>9G82>AB8 : 0=B818>B8:0<.
Calvatia utriformis, Coprinus comatus, Cyathus
striatus, Daedaleopsis confragosa, Fomes
fomentarius, Geastrum fornicatum, Gomphidius
glutinosus, Hygrophorus agathosmus, Lactarius
deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus, Lentinula
edodes, Lenzites betulina, Lycoperdon perlatum,
Schizophyllum commune, Stereum hirsutum,
Trametes hirsuta, Tricholoma equestre.

Rabies virus (5H5=AB2>)
8@CA 15H5=AB20 2K7K205B A?5F8D8G5A:89 M=F5D0;8B (2>A?0;5=85 3>;>2=>3> <>730) C 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0. 5@5405BAO A> A;N=>9 ?@8 C:CA5
1>;L=K< 682>B=K<. 0B5<, @0A?@>AB@0=OOAL ?>
=5@2=K< ?CBO<, 28@CA 4>AB8305B A;N==KE 65;57
8 =5@2=KE :;5B>: :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730, 38??>:0<?0, 1C;L10@=KE F5=B@>2 8, ?>@060O 8E, 2K7K205B BO65;K5 =5>1@0B8<K5 =0@CH5=8O.
Grifola frondosa.

@0B8DK  8 , AE>4=K5 ?> MB8>;>388, M?845<8>;>388 8 :;8=8G5A:8< ?@>O2;5=8O< A 1@NH=K<
B8D><, 8 ?0@0B8D !, ?@>B5:0NI89 2 2845 ?8I52>9 B>:A8:>8=D5:F88 8 2 4@C38E D>@<0E (2AB@5G05BAO @54:>, 2 >A=>2=>< C ;8F, >A;01;5==KE 4@.
8=D5:F859 8;8 E@>=8G5A:8< 701>;520=85<).
0@0B8D >B;8G05BAO >B 1@NH=>3> B8D0 1>;55
>AB@K< =0G0;><, A@02=8B5;L=> ;53:8< B5G5=85<
8 <5=LH59 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABLN 701>;520=8O.
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Agaricus xanthodermus, Lactarius rufus,
Marasmiellus ramealis.

Salmonella typhi (@NH=>9 B8D)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 D0:C;LB0B82=> 0=0M@>1=K5
?>4286=K5 ?0;>G:>284=K5 10:B5@88. 18B0NB 2 :8H5G=8:5 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0. @NH=>9
B8D   >AB@0O, F8:;8G5A:8 ?@>B5:0NI0O :8H5G=0O 0=B@>?>=>7=0O 8=D5:F8O, 2K7K205<0O 10:B5@8O<8 S. enterica A5@>B8? typhi, A 0;8<5=B0@=K<
?CB5< ?5@540G8 (D5:0;L=>->@0;L=K<), E0@0:B5@87CNI0OAO ;8E>@04:>9, O2;5=8O<8 >1I59
8=B>:A8:0F88 A @0728B85< B8D>7=>3> AB0BCA0,
@>75>;57=K<8 2KAK?0=8O<8 =0 :>65, 35?0B>- 8
A?;5=><530;859 8 A?5F8D8G5A:8< ?>@065=85<
;8<D0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K =86=53> >B45;0 B>=:>9
:8H:8.
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Agaricus xanthodermus, Clitocybe
geotropa, Fistulina hepatica, Lactarius deliciosus,
Lactarius deterrimus, Lactarius rufus, Leucopaxillus
giganteus, Marasmiellus ramealis, Phallus impudicus,
Trametes hirsuta.

Salmonella typhimurium
(0;>G:0 @5A;0C)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 D0:C;LB0B82=> 0=0M@>1=K5
?>4286=K5 ?0;>G:>284=K5 10:B5@88. 18B0NB 2
:8H5G=8:5 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0. K7K20NB ?8I52K5 >B@02;5=8O ?@8 C?>B@51;5=88 B5@<8G5A:8 =5>1@01>B0==>9 ?8I8 (A0;L<>=5;;57).
Agaricus xanthodermus, Calvatia utriformis,
Clavariadelphus truncatus, Geastrum fornicatum,
Hygrophorus agathosmus, Lenzites betulina,
Lycoperdon echinatum, Lycoperdon perlatum,
Psathyrella candolleana, Sarcodon imbricatus.

Salmonella paratyphi (0@0B8D)

Sarcina lutea (!0@F8=0 65;B0O)

@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 D0:C;LB0B82=> 0=0M@>1=K5
?>4286=K5 ?0;>G:>284=K5 10:B5@88. 18B0NB 2
:8H5G=8:5 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0.  07;8G0NB ?0-

@0<?>;>68B5;L=K9 :>::. 1=0@C68205BAO =0
?>25@E=>AB8 :>68 G5;>25:0, CA;>2=> ?0B>35=5=.
Cyathus striatus, Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes.

361


362

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Serratia marcescens Bizio (!5@@0F8O)
0;>G:>284=K5 3@0<>B@8F0B5;L=K5 10:B5@88.
=B5@5A : 87CG5=8N A5@@0F89 ?>4B>;:=C;0 A?>A>1=>ABL MB8E 10:B5@89 : >1@07>20=8N :@0A=>3> ?83<5=B0.  4@52=85 2@5<5=0 ?>O2;5=85 :@>202KE ?OB5= =0 @07;8G=KE ?@>4C:B0E, >A>15==>
>A2OI5==>9 ?8I5, AG8B0;8 4LO2>;LA:8< =020645=85<, GB> =5@54:> AB0=>28;>AL ?@8G8=>9 =0@>4=KE 2>;=5=89. !5@@0F88 @0A?@>AB@0=5=K
?>2A5<5AB=> 2 >:@C60NI59 A@545   8E 2K45;ONB 87 ?>G2K, 2>4K, 2>74CE0, A @0AB5=89, @07;8G=KE ?@54<5B>2, 0 B0:65 87 8A?@06=5=89 =0A5:><KE 8 3@K7C=>2.  60-5 3>4K 1K;0 CAB0=>2;5=0
A?>A>1=>ABL A5@@0F89 2K7K20BL 10:B5@85<8N C
AB0F8>=0@=KE ?0F85=B>2 8 =0@:><0=>2. >74=55 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> C 27@>A;KE ;N459 A5@@0F88
=081>;55 G0AB> :>;>=878@CNB <>G52K2>4OI85 8
2>74CE>=>A=K5 ?CB8, 0 C 45B59   ". K7K205B
4> 10% 3>A?8B0;L=KE 10:B5@85<88 8 ?=52<>=89,
5% 8=D5:F89 <>G52K2>4OI8E ?CB59, E8@C@38G5A:8E @0= 8 3=>9=8G:>2KE ?>@065=89 :>68.
Fomes fomentarius, Laetiporus sulphureus.

Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach
(!B0D8;>:>:: 7>;>B8ABK9)
(0@>284=0O 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O 10:B5@8O @>40
AB0D8;>:>::. :>;> 20 % =0A5;5=8O O2;ONBAO
?>AB>O==K<8 =>A8B5;O<8 MB>9 10:B5@88, :>B>@0O <>65B A>E@0=OBLAO =0 :>6=KE ?>:@>20E
8 A;878ABKE >1>;>G:0E 25@E=8E 4KE0B5;L=KE
?CB59. >65B 2K7K20BL H8@>:89 480?07>= 701>;520=89, =0G8=0O A ;53:8E :>6=KE 8=D5:F89:
C3@8, 8<?5B83>, DC@C=:C;, D;53<>=0, :0@1C=:C;, AB0D8;>:>::>2K9 >6>3>?>4>1=K9 :>6=K9
A8=4@>< 8 01AF5AA   4> A<5@B5;L=> >?0A=KE 701>;520=89: ?=52<>=8O, <5=8=38B, >AB5><85;8B,
M=4>:0@48B, 8=D5:F8>==>-B>:A8G5A:89 H>: 8
A5?A8A. 80?07>= 701>;520=89 ?@>AB8@05BAO >B
:>6=KE, <O3:8E B:0=59, @5A?8@0B>@=KE, :>AB=KE, ACAB02=KE 8 M=4>20A:C;O@=KE 4> @0=52KE
8=D5:F89. = 4> A8E ?>@ O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 G5BK@5E =081>;55 G0ABKE ?@8G8= 2=CB@81>;L=8G=KE 8=D5:F89, G0AB> 2K7K20O ?>A;5>?5@0F8>==K5 @0=52K5 8=D5:F88.
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis, Agaricus
campestris, Albatrellus confluens, Albatrellus ovinus,
Amanita caesarea, Armillaria borealis, Armillaria
gallica, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae,
Armillaria tabescens, Ascocoryne sarcoides, Calvatia
excipuliformis, Calvatia utriformis, Clavariadelphus

truncatus, Clitocybe geotropa, Collybia peronata,
Coprinus comatus, Coprinus micaceus, Cordyceps
militaris, Cyathus striatus, Daedaleopsis confragosa,
Daldinia concentrica, Fistulina hepatica, Flammulina
velutipes, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma
applanatum, Gomphidius glutinosus, Grifola
frondosa, Hericium erinaceus, Hydnum repandum,
Hygrophorus agathosmus, Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus,
Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Lactarius deliciosus,
Lactarius deterrimus, Lactarius repraesentaneus,
Lactarius rufus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula
edodes, Lenzites betulina, Lepista nuda, Leucopaxillus
giganteus, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lycoperdon
perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Marasmius oreades,
Marasmius scorodonius, Morchella conica, Polyporus
umbellatus, Psathyrella candolleana, Russula
paludosa, Sarcodon imbricatus, Schizophyllum
commune, Sparassis crispa, Stereum hirsutum,
Trametes hirsuta, Tricholoma equestre.

Staphylococcus epidermidis
(Winslow et Winslow) Evans
(0@>284=0O 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O 10:B5@8O @>40
AB0D8;>:>::. E>48B 2 A>AB02 =>@<0;L=>9 :>6=>9 D;>@K. %>BO S. epidermidis >1KG=> =5 O2;O5BAO ?0B>35=><, ?0F85=BK A >A;01;5==K<
8<<C=8B5B>< <>3CB ?>425@3=CBLAO @0728B8N 8=D5:F88.
Coprinus comatus, Cordyceps militaris, Cyathus
striatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Gomphidius glutinosus,
Hydnum repandum, Hygrophorus agathosmus,
Lentinula edodes, Lenzites betulina, Polyporus
umbellatus, Sarcodon imbricatus, Tricholoma
equestre.

Streptococcus agalactiae
Lehmann et Neumann
!D5@8G5A:85 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5 10:B5@88,
�-35<>;8B8G5A:85, 87 AB@5?B>:>::>2>9 3@C??K .
 G5;>25G5A:>< >@30=87<5 >A=>2=K< @575@2C0@>< 40==KE AB@5?B>:>::>2 O2;O5BAO 3;>B:0, E>BO
B0:65 :>;>=878@CNBAO :>60, ?@O<0O :8H:0 8 ?>;>2K5 ?CB8. =D5:F88, 2K720==K5 S. agalactiae,
E0@0:B5@87CNBAO @07=>>1@0785< :;8=8G5A:8E
?@>O2;5=89.  ?>A;54=85 3>4K >=8 AB0;8 >1J5:B>< ?@8AB0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O 8AA;54>20B5;59
:0: 2>71C48B5;8 <>G5?>;>2KE 8=D5:F89 G5;>25:0. E 2K45;ONB 87 C@5B@K <C6G8= 8 87 @>4>2KE ?CB59 65=I8=. 01;N405BAO >4=>2@5<5==>5
=>A8B5;LAB2> C A5:AC0;L=KE ?0@B=5@>2. ><8<>
MB>3> S. agalactiae >A=>2=K5 2>71C48B5;8 B0:8E
8=D5:F89, :0: A5?A8A 8 <5=8=38B C =>2>@>645==KE, ?>A;5@>4>2>9 A5?A8A 8 M=4><5B@8B.
Lentinula edodes, Ramaria botrytis.


5@5G5=L ?0B>35==KE 035=B>2 (?0@078BK, 3@81:8, 10:B5@88, 28@CAK) 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8< 284>2 ;5:0@AB25==KE 3@81>2

Streptococcus mutans Clarke (0@85A)

Taenia solium Linnaeus (!28=>9 F5?5=L)

@0<?>;>68B5;L=0O, D0:C;LB0B82=> 0=0M@>1=0O
10:B5@8O, >1KG=> >1=0@C68205<0O 2 @>B>2>9
?>;>AB8 G5;>25:0, 2=>A8B ACI5AB25==K9 2:;04 2
2>7=8:=>25=85 :0@85A0. S. mutans 83@05B 3;02=CN @>;L 2 @07@CH5=88 7C1>2, ?5@52>4O A0E0@>7C
2 <>;>G=CN :8A;>BC. 8A;0O A@540, A>740205<0O 2>
@BC MB8< ?@>F5AA><, O2;O5BAO ?@8G8=>9 B>3>, GB>
2KA>:><8=5@0;87>20==0O 7C1=0O M<0;L 8A?5I@O5BAO 8 AB0=>28BAO CO728<>9 4;O @07@CH5=8O.

K7K205B B5=8>7 8;8 F8AB8F5@:>7   35;L<8=B>7K 87 3@C??K F5AB>4>7>2, E0@0:B5@87CNI85AO
?>@065=85< B>=:>3> :8H5G=8:0. ;8=0 ?0@078B0   1,5 2 <, G8A;> G;5=8:>2 >B 800 4> 1000.  0728B85 A28=>3> F5?=O ?@>8AE>48B A> A<5=>9 E>7O52. :>=G0B5;L=K< E>7O8=>< O2;O5BAO G5;>25:,
?@><56CB>G=K<   A28=LO, :>B>@0O 70@0605BAO
?@8 ?>540=88 G;5=8:>2 8;8 O8F 35;L<8=B0. AB>G=8:>< 70@065=8O G5;>25:0 B5=8>7>< A;C68B
=54>AB0B>G=> >15770@065==>5 <OA> A28=59 8
@565   48:8E :010=>2, 709F52, :@>;8:>2, 25@1;N4>2.

Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, Trametes hirsuta.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein)
Chester (=52<>:>::)
5?>4286=K9 ;0=F5B>284=K9 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K9 48?;>:>::, D0:C;LB0B82=K9 0=0M@>1.
=52<>:>::8 O2;ONBAO >4=8< 87 >A=>2=KE 2>71C48B5;59 <5=8=38B0, A@54=53> >B8B0, A8=CA8B0,
2=51>;L=8G=>9 ?=52<>=88 C 45B59 8 27@>A;KE.
 1>;55 @54:8E A;CG0OE ?=52<>:>:: <>65B 2K7K20BL 8=D5:F88 4@C3>9 ;>:0;870F88 (M=4>:0@48B, A5?B8G5A:89 0@B@8B, ?5@28G=K9 ?5@8B>=8B,
D;53<>=K 8 4@.).  ?>A;54=85 3>4K ?@>1;5<0 @578AB5=B=>AB8 ?=52<>:>::>2 : 0=B8<8:@>1=K<
?@5?0@0B0< ?@8>1@5B05B 2A5 1>;LHCN 0:BC0;L=>ABL.  >AB @578AB5=B=>AB8 S. pneumoniae >B<5G5= 2> <=>38E AB@0=0E <8@0.
Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola
frondosa, Lentinula edodes.

Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach
!D5@8G5A:85 3@0<?>;>68B5;L=K5 10:B5@88,
�-35<>;8B8G5A:85, 87 AB@5?B>:>::>2>9 3@C??K .
 G5;>25G5A:>< >@30=87<5 >A=>2=K< @575@2C0@>< 40==KE AB@5?B>:>::>2 O2;O5BAO 3;>B:0,
E>BO B0:65 G0AB> :>;>=878@CNBAO :>60, ?@O<0O
:8H:0 8 2;030;8I5. -B> 4>2>;L=> @54:0O, =>,
:0: ?@028;>, ?0B>35==0O A>AB02=0O G0ABL D;>@K
:>68. =D5:F88, 2K720==K5 S. pyogenes, E0@0:B5@87CNBAO @07=>>1@0785< :;8=8G5A:8E ?@>O2;5=89.  =081>;55 BO65;K< 87 =8E >B=>A8BAO
AB@5?B>:>::>2K9 A8=4@>< B>:A8G5A:>3> H>:0 8
?>A;5@>4>2K9 A5?A8A. 1KG=> 65 >=8 2K7K20NB
0=38=C (>4=C 87 A0<KE @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE A@548
45B59 H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0 8=D5:F89), 0 B0:65
H8@>:> 8725AB=K5 ?>AB8=D5:F8>==K5 701>;520=8O   @52<0B87< 8 >AB@K9 3;><5@C;>=5D@8B.
Calvatia utriformis, Geastrum fornicatum, Grifola
frondosa, Lentinula edodes, Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon
echinatum, Lycoperdon perlatum, Ramaria botrytis.

Cantharellus cibarius.

Trichomonas vaginalis Donn
(;030;8I=0O B@8E><>=040)
4=>:;5B>G=K9 <8:@>>@30=87< @>40 B@8E><>=04. <55B 2 4;8=C 13 40 <:<. ;03>40@O 42865=8O< 63CB8:>2 8 2>;=>>1@07=>9 (C=4C;8@CNI59) <5<1@0=K B@8E><>=04K <>3CB 0:B82=>
?5@5<5I0BLAO, >1@07>2K20BL ?A524>?>488 8 ?@>=8:0BL 2 <56:;5B>G=K5 ?@>AB@0=AB20.
#@>35=8B0;L=K5 B@8E><>=04K >18B0NB B>;L:> 2 <>G5?>;>2KE >@30=0E. K7K205B B@8E><>=807. "@8E><>=807 70=8<05B ?5@2>5 <5AB> ?>
@0A?@>AB@0=5==>AB8 A@548 701>;520=89 <>G5?>;>2>3> B@0:B0. @><5 B>3>, B@8E><>=807 45@68B
?5@25=AB2> 8 A@548 701>;520=89, ?5@540205<KE
?>;>2K< ?CB5<. > 40==K< , 10 % =0A5;5=8O
75<=>3> H0@0 1>;5NB B@8E><>=807><. "@8E><>=807 >?0A5= 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L BO65;K<8 ?>A;54AB28O<8 2 2845 >A;>6=5=89, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 1KBL
?@8G8=>9 15A?;>48O, ?0B>;>388 15@5<5==>AB8
8 B. ?. A=>2=>5 <5AB> >18B0=8O B@8E><>=8070
2 <C6A:>< >@30=87<5   C@5B@0, ?@54AB0B5;L=0O
65;570 8 A5<5==K5 ?C7K@L:8, 2 65=A:><   2;030;8I5. 4=0:> ?@8 ?5@2>< ?>?040=88 2 >@30=87<
B@8E><>=04K 2A5340 2K7K20NB C@5B@8B. 0@065=85 ?@>8AE>48B ?>;>2K< ?CB5< ?@8 :>=B0:B5 A
1>;L=K< 8;8 =>A8B5;5< 8=D5:F88.
Ganoderma lucidum.

Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas
(>;57=L (030A0)
@>AB59H85 15AF25B=K5 >4=>:;5B>G=K5 >@30=87<K, 8<5NI85 25@5B5=>>1@07=CN D>@<C. >;57=L (030A0 2AB@5G05BAO B>;L:> 2 0B8=A:>9
<5@8:5, 345 ?@8G8=O5B 1>;LH5 A<5@B59, G5<

363


364

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

;N10O 4@C30O ?0@078B0@=0O 1>;57=L, 2 B>< G8A;5
<0;O@8O. 5@5=>AG8:>< 701>;520=8O O2;ONBAO
:;>?K ?>4A5<59AB20 Triatominae. ;>?>2 @07=>AOB 4><0H=85 8 48:85 682>B=K5, 3@K7C=K, 0
B0:65 70@065==K5 ;N48. !0<8 :;>?K 70@060NBAO ?@8 C:CA5 1>;L=KE ;N459 8 <>3CB ?5@54020BL
B@8?0=>A><K G5@57 =545;N-425, 0 ?>A;5 =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A59 687=8 (4> 42CE ;5B).
Cyathus striatus.

Trichuris trichiura L. (;0A>3;02)
@C3;K9 G5@2L, 2K7K20NI89 701>;520=85 B@8E>F5D0;57. ;0A>3;02 2K7K205B ?>2@5645=85 A;878AB>9 >1>;>G:8 B>;AB>9 :8H:8 8 8=B>:A8:0F8N >@30=87<0 ?@>4C:B0<8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8.
0@078B B0:65 <>65B 2K720BL 2>A?0;5=85 0??5=48:A0. >;L=K5 60;CNBAO =0 1>;8 2 682>B5, 3>;>25, 3>;>2>:@C65=85.
Cantharellus cibarius, Piptoporus betulinus.

Ureaplasma urealyticum (#@50?;07<>7)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=0O 10:B5@8O, 8<5NI0O 4>?>;=8B5;L=CN ;8?84=CN <5<1@0=C, A:@K20NICN :;5B>G=CN AB5=:C. K7K205B C@50?;07<>7. =D5:F8O ?5@5405BAO :0: ?@8 ?>;>2>< 0:B5, B0: 8 ?@8
@>645=88 >B 1>;L=>9 <0B5@8 (<8:@>1K <>3CB
?>?040BL 2 ?>;>2K5 ?CB8 @515=:0 2> 2@5<O @>4>2
8 A>E@0=OBLAO B0< 2AN 687=L, =0E>4OAL 2 =50:B82=>< A>AB>O=88).  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O C1548B5;L=KE 4>:070B5;LAB2 2>7<>6=>AB8 8=D8F8@>20=8O
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Ganoderma lucidum.

Varicella zoster virus (5B@O=0O >A?0)
8@CA 2K7K205B 425 1>;57=8:
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8;8 >?>OAK20NI89 ;8H09,   M=4>35==0O 8=-

D5:F8O 27@>A;KE, ?5@5=5AH8E 2 45BAB25 25B@O=CN >A?C. >;57=L ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 2845 2578:C;57=>9 AK?8 ?> E>4C =5@2=KE 2>;>:>=.
Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, Rozites caperatus.

Variola major virus (0BC@0;L=0O >A?0)
0BC@0;L=0O >A?0 (;0B. Variola vera), 8;8, :0: 55
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major (A<5@B=>ABL 20 40 %, ?> =5:>B>@K< 40==K<   4> 90 %) 8 Variola minor (A<5@B=>ABL
1 3%), :>B>@K5 >B=>AOBAO A5<59AB2C Poxviridae,
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Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes.

Vibrio cholera Pacini
(%>;5@=K9 281@8>=)
@0<>B@8F0B5;L=0O, D0:C;LB0B82=>-0=0M@>1=0O
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2 ?;0=:B>=5, >18B0NI5< 2 ?@5A=>9 8 A>;5=>9
2>45, 8AB>G=8:>< B0:65 O2;ONBAO 701>;52H85 8
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8 139 O2;ONBAO 2>71C48B5;O<8 E>;5@K 8 >B=5A5=K :> II 3@C??5 ?0B>35==>AB8.
Marasmiellus ramealis, Pleurotus eryngii.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer)
Smith et Thal (A524>BC15@:C;57)
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!?8A>: 284>2 3@81>2
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A

Amanita caesarea

Amanita rubescens var. congolensis

Amanita caesarea var. caesareoides

Amanita spissa

Agaricus abruptibulbus

Amanita caesareoides

Amanita vaginata

Agaricus arvensis

Amanita citrina

Amanita vaginata var. alba

Agaricus augustus

Amanita citrina var. alba

Amanita vaginata var. olivaceoviridis

Agaricus bisporus

Amanita citrina var. grisea

Amanita vaginata var. plumbea

Agaricus bitorquis

Amanita citrina var. lavendula

Amanita vaginata var. vaginata

Agaricus campestris

Amanita hemibapha

Amanita virosa

Agaricus phaeolepidotus

Amanita lanei

Armillaria borealis

Agaricus placomyces

Amanita muscaria

Armillaria gallica

Agaricus silvaticus

Amanita muscaria var. alba

Armillaria mellea

Agaricus sylvicola

Amanita muscaria var. formosa

Armillaria ostoyae

Agaricus xanthodermus

Amanita muscaria var. muscaria

Armillaria tabescens

Agrocybe molesta

Amanita muscaria var. persicina

Arrhenia epichysium

Agrocybe paludosa

Amanita pantherina

Ascocoryne sarcoides

Agrocybe praecox

Amanita phalloides

Aspergillus oryzae

Albatrellus confluens

Amanita porphyria

Astraeus hygrometricus

Albatrellus cristatus

Amanita regalis

Auricularia auricula-judae

Albatrellus ovinus

Amanita rubescens

Albatrellus subrubescens

Amanita rubescens var. alba

B

Aleuria aurantia

Amanita rubescens var.
annulosulphurea

Boletus aereus

Amanita brunnescens

Boletus badius


374

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oletus chrysenteronBoletus edulis

Coprinus plicatilis

Flammulina velutipes

Boletus erythropus

Coprinus truncorum

Fomes fomentarius

Boletus luridiformis

Cordyceps memorabilis

Fomitopsis pinicola

Boletus luridus

Cordyceps militaris

Boletus pinophilus

Cordyceps ophioglossoides

G

Boletus queletii

Cordyceps sinensis

Galerina marginata

Boletus reticulatus

Cortinarius alboviolaceus

Ganoderma applanatum

Boletus satanas

Cortinarius armillatus

Ganoderma australe

Boletus subtomentosus

Cortinarius camphoratus

Ganoderma carnosum

Bulgaria inquinans

Cortinarius infractus

Ganoderma lucidum

Cortinarius phoeniceus

Ganoderma tsugae

C

Cortinarius sanguineus

Ganoderma valesiacum

Calocera viscosa

Cortinarius traganus

Geastrum fimbriatum

Calocybe gambosa

Cortinarius triumphans

Geastrum fornicatum

Calocybe georgii

Cortinarius violaceus

Geastrum rufescens

Calvatia excipuliformis

Craterellus cornucopioides

Geastrum saccatum

Calvatia utriformis

Crepidotus mollis

Geastrum triplex

Cantharellus cibarius

Crucibulum leave

Gloeophyllum sepiarium

Cantharellus cinereus

Cryptoporus volvatus

Gomphidius glutinosus

Cerrena unicolor

Cyathus stercoreus

Gomphidius maculatus

Chalciporus piperatus

Cyathus striatus

Gomphidius roseus

Chlorophyllum rhacodes

Grifola frondosa

Chroogomphus rutilus

D

Claviceps purpurea

Daedalea quercina

Gyromitra fastigiata

Clitocybe candicans

Daedaleopsis confragosa

Gyromitra esculenta

Clitocybe cerussata

Daedaleopsis septentrionalis

Gyroporus cyanescens

Clitocybe clavipes

Daedaleopsis tricolor

Clitocybe dealbata

Daldinia concentrica

H

Clitocybe diatreta

Daldinia vernicosa

Hericium alpestre

Clitocybe fragrans

Discina carolinensis

Hericium coralloides

Clitocybe geotropa

Discina gigas

Hericium erinaceus

Clitocybe nebularis

Dyctiophora duplicata

Heterobasidion annosum

Clitopilus prunulus

Gyromitra brunnea

Hydnum albidum

Collybia butyracea

E

Collybia distorta

Elaphomyces granulatus

Hydnum rufescens

Collybia dryophila

Elaphomyces muricatus

Hygrocybe chloroides

Coltricia perennis

Exidia glandulosa

Hygrocybe conica

Coprinus atramentarius

Exidia recisa

Hygrocybe conicoides

Coprinus comatus

Exidia truncata

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

Coprinus disseminatus
Coprinus domesticus

F

Coprinus micaceus

Fistulina hepatica

Hydnum repandum

Hygrophorus agathosmus
Hygrophorus discoxanthus
Hygrophorus eburneus


375

!?8A>: 284>2 3@81>2 =0 ;0B8=A:>< O7K:5

Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus

Lenzites betulina

Peziza vesiculosa

Hygrophorus persoonii

Lepista nuda

Phallus duplicatus

Hygrophorus russula

Lepista personata

Phallus hadriani

Hypholoma capnoides

Lepista sordida

Phallus impudicus

Hypholoma fasciculare

Leucopaxillus giganteus

Phellinus chrysoloma

Hypholoma lateritium

Lycoperdon echinatum

Phellinus igniarius

Lycoperdon perlatum

Phellinus pini

Lycoperdon pyriforme

Pholiota alnicola

Lyophyllum decastes

Pholiota aurivella

I
Inocybe rimosa
Inonotus obliquus f. sterilis
Irpex lacteus

M

Pholiota gummosa
Pholiota lubrica

Macrolepiota procera

Pholiota squarrosa

Marasmiellus ramealis

Piptoporus betulinus

Kuehneromyces lignicola

Marasmiellus vaillantii

Pisolithus tinctorius

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

Marasmius alliaceus

Pleurotus citrinopileatus

Marasmius androsaceus

Pleurotus cornucopiae

Marasmius oreades

Pleurotus eryngii

Laccaria laccata

Marasmius prasiosmus

Pleurotus ostreatus

Lactarius deliciosus

Marasmius rotula

Pleurotus pulmonarius

Lactarius deterrimus

Marasmius scorodonius

Pluteus atromarginatus

Lactarius helvus

Megacollybia platyphylla

Pluteus cervinus

Lactarius mitissimus

Meripilus giganteus

Polyporus squamosus

Lactarius pergamenus

Morchella conica

Polyporus tuberaster

Lactarius piperatus

Morchella crassipes

Polyporus umbellatus

Lactarius repraesentaneus

Morchella deliciosa

Porodaedalea laricis

Lactarius resimus

Morchella esculenta

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

Lactarius rufus

Morchella hortensis

Psilocybe semilanceata

Lactarius salmonicolor

Morchella semilibera

Pycnoporellus fulgens

Lactarius sanguifluus

Mycenastrum corium

Pycnoporus cinnabarinus

Lactarius vellereus

O

R

Lactarius volemus

Omphalotus olearius

Ramaria botrytis

Laetiporus conifericola

Onnia tomentosa

Ramaria formosa

Laetiporus gilbertsonii

Oudemansiella mucida

Rhodocollybia maculata

K

L

Lactarius scrobiculatus

Laetiporus sulphureus

Rhodotus palmatus

Langermannia gigantea

P

Laricifomes officinalis

Panellus serotinus

Russula cyanoxantha

Leccinum aurantiacum

Panellus stipticus

Russula delica

Leccinum scabrum

Panus conchatus

Russula densifolia

Leccinum versipelle

Paxillus atrotomentosus

Russula foetens

Lentinula edodes

Paxillus involutus

Russula nigricans

Lentinus sajor-caju

Paxillus panuoides

Russula pseudo-olivascens

Rozites caperatus


376

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

Russula vesca

Tricholoma portentosum

Russula virescens

Tricholoma saponaceum

Russula xerampelina

Tricholoma terreum

S

Tricholoma virgatum
Tricholoma viridilutescens

Sarcodon imbricatus

Tricholomopsis rutilans

Sarcoscypha austriaca

Tylopilus felleus

Sarcosoma globosum
Schizophyllum commune

U

Scleroderma aurantium

Urnula craterium

Scleroderma verrucosum

Ustilago maydis

Sparassis crispa
Sparassis laminosa

V

Stereum hirsutum

Volvariella bombycina

Stereum subtomentosum

Volvariella volvacea

Strobilurus esculentus
Strobilurus stephanocystis

X

Strobilurus tenacellus

Xerula radicata

Stropharia aeruginosa

Xylaria hypoxylon

Stropharia rugosoannulata

Xylaria polymorpha

Suillus asiaticus
Suillus bovinus
Suillus cavipes
Suillus clintonianus
Suillus granulatus
Suillus grevillei
Suillus luteus
Suillus variegatus

T
Trametes gibbosa
Trametes hirsuta
Trametes pubescens
Trametes versicolor
Tremella fuciformis
Tremella mesenterica
Tricholoma album
Tricholoma aurantium
Tricholoma equestre
Tricholoma inamoenum
Tricholoma matsutake
Tricholoma nauseosum


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(5@<L, 7-13 A5=BO1@O 2009 3.) / ?>4 @54. . . 5@52545=F52>9, ". . 3>H8=>9, . . !B>@>65=:>. 5@<L:
5@<. 3>A. ?54. C=-B, 2009. !. 7 10.
010O=F . ., CHC;O= . ., 0;>38=0 . A.
Phallus impudicus L.: Pers.   ?5@A?5:B82K 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 <548F8=5 // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388.
". V: <0B5@80;K B@5BL53> A5@>AA89A:>3> :>=3@5AA0
?> <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. >A:20: 0F8>=0;L=0O
0:045<8O <8:>;>388, 2005. !. 240-242.
040;O= !. . !8AB5<0B8:0, 18>M:>;>38O 8 D878>;>38G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL A5@=>65;B>3> >?5=:0. @520=:
74-2> @520=A:>3> C=-B0, 1993.
040;O= !. ., 0A?0@O= . ., 0@81O= . .
AA;54>20=85 0=B8>:A840=B=>9 0:B82=>AB8 C 1078480;L=KE <0:@><8F5B>2 // 8:>;>38O 8 D8B>?0B>;>38O,
2003. ". 37. K?. 5. !. 63-68.
040;O= !. ., LN7 #., 25B8AO= . . !:@8=8=3
0=B8>:A840=B=>9 0:B82=>AB8 =5:>B>@KE :>?@8=>2KE
3@81>2 // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. ". V: <0B5@80;K B@5BL53> A5@>AA89A:>3> :>=3@5AA0 ?> <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. >A:20, 0F8>=0;L=0O 0:045<8O
<8:>;>388, 2005. !. 176 178.
040;O= !. ., !0:5O= . 3. 5:0@AB25==K5 A2>9AB20
=5:>B>@KE 45@52>@07@CH0NI8E 3@81>2 87 ?>@O4:0
Aphyllophorales // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388.

". V: <0B5@80;K B@5BL53> A5@>AA89A:>3> :>=3@5AA0
?> <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. >A:20, 0F8>=0;L=0O
0:045<8O <8:>;>388, 2005. !. 178 181.
09 . !B@C:BC@0 8 18>;>38G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL ?>;8A0E0@840 Marasmius androsaceus, @0AB2>@8<>3>
2 I5;>G8 // C@=0; ?@8:;04=>9 E8<88, 2001, 1(8):
487 489.
0BLO=>20 .. CE><>@ 2 ;5G51=>9 8 >1@O4>2>9
?@0:B8:5 =0@>4>2 !818@8 // 0B5@80;K 564C=0@>4=>3> :>=3@5AA0 �(0<0=87< 8 8=K5 B@048F8>==K5
25@>20=8O 8 ?@0:B8:8�. >A:20: 1999.
5::5@ 3.-. $878>;>38O 3@81>2 8 8E ?@0:B8G5A:>5
8A?>;L7>20=85. >A:20: 74-2> >A:. C=-B0, 1963.
269 A.
5;>20 .. @8@>40 18>;>38G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8
2KAH8E 3@81>2 // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388.
".1: <0B5@80;K ?5@2>3> A5@>AA89A:>3> :>=3@5AA0
?> <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. >A:20: 0F8>=0;L=0O
0:045<8O <8:>;>388, 2003. !. 230 233.
5;>20 .. 5@A?5:B82K 8A?>;L7>20=8O 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=KE A>548=5=89 2KAH8E 107848><8F5B>2 2
 >AA88 // 8:>;>38O 8 D8B>?0B>;>38O, 2004. ". 38 (!
2). !. 1 7.
5;>20 . . -@>B8G5A:0O A8<2>;8:0 3@81>2 2 =0@>4=KE ?@54AB02;5=8OE A;02O= // !5:A 8 M@>B8:0 2
@CAA:>9 B@048F8>==>9 :C;LBC@5. >A:20, 1996.
8AL:> . ., 8B@>?>;LA:0O ..., C;8G ..,
;LH52A:0O 0.., /BG5=:> .. 5@A?5:B82K 8A?>;L7>20=8O ;5:0@AB25==>3> 3@810 Ganoderma lucidum 2
;5G51=>-?@>D8;0:B8G5A:8E F5;OE // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. ". 1: <0B5@80;K ?5@2>3> A5@>AA89-


383

!?8A>: 8A?>;L7>20==>9 ;8B5@0BC@K

A:>3> :>=3@5AA0 ?> <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. >A:20:
0F8>=0;L=0O 0:045<8O <8:>;>388, 2003. !. 234 235
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@038=F520 .. @81K   8AB>G=8: 18>;>38G5A:8
0:B82=KE 25I5AB2 //#A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388.
". 1: <0B5@80;K ?5@2>3> A5@>AA89A:>3> :>=3@5AA0
?> <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. >A:20: 0F8>=0;L=0O
0:045<8O <8:>;>388, 2003. !. 242 244.
C;0E .. @81K   8AB>G=8: 687=5==>9 A8;K. ;0482>AB>::  CAA:89 >AB@>2, 2001.
CE0;> .!. 8 4@. 5:0@AB25==K5 ?@5?0@0BK 8 ?8I52K5 4>102:8 87 <0:@><8F5B>2 // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9
<8:>;>388. ". V: <0B5@80;K B@5BL53> A5@>AA89A:>3>
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8>B5E=>;>38O, 2003. !. 45 53.
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8:A>= . 8AB5@88 <CE><>@0. @8<5=5=85 30;;NF8=>35==>3> 3@810 2 H0<0=A:>9 ?@0:B8:5. >A:20,
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8:A>= . 8 >@0. "09=K 703@>1=>3> <8@0. >A:20,
2003.

0AA5@ !.. $;>@0 3@81>2 #:@08=K. Basidiomycetes.
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>1:8= 45  8>A 0@;8=.  0AB8B5;L=K5 30;;NF8=>35=K. >A:20, 1997.

8H=52A:89 .. 0 3@810<8 A =>O1@O ?> <09. >A:20, >AB>:-0?04, 2005.

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8H=52A:89 .. 0AB>;L=0O :=830 =0G8=0NI53>
3@81=8:0. >A:20: -:A<>, 2013.

;870@5=:>20 "./., ">?>@>2 .. 8D>;>38G5A:85
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>@1C=>20 .., ;0A5=:> .., "5?;O:>20 "..,
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1>@50;L=>9 7>=K, 2009. !1, A. 12 21.
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>@;5=:> .., 0@81>20 .. 8 4@. A5 > 3@810E.
>A:20: 5A=. ?@><-ABL, 1986.
>@>2>9 .$. @5?0@0B �8:>B>=�, ?>;CG5==K9 87
2KAH8E 10M8480;L=KE 3@81>2 // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9
<8:>;>388. ". 1: <0B5@80;K ?5@2>3> A5@>AA89A:>3>
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>@H8=0 .!., !:2>@F>20 .. "@0<5;0=   >B5G5AB25==0O 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=0O 4>102:0 =0 >A=>25
ACE>9 18><0AAK ;5:0@AB25==>3> 107848><8F5B0
Trametes pubescens (Schumach.) Pilt 8 4@C385 ?@5?0@0BK 3@81>2 @>40 Trametes (Coriolus) // #A?5E8
<548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. ". V: <0B5@80;K B@5BL53>
A5@>AA89A:>3> :>=3@5AA0 ?> <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388. >A:20, 0F8>=0;L=0O 0:045<8O <8:>;>388,
2005. !. 262 266.
>@H8=0 .!., !:2>@F>20 .., 8@N:>2 ..
"5E=>;>38O ?>;CG5=8O 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=>9 AC1AB0=F88 ;5:0@AB25==>3> 3@810 :>@8>;0 >?CH5==>3> //

@H>20 ..., D@5<5=:>20 .., 5=:>20 .. 8
4@. 1=0@C65=85 0=B8<8:@>1=>9 0:B82=>AB8 C ?@54AB028B5;59 @>40 Coprinus // 8:>;>38O 8 D8B>?0B>;>38O, 2001. ". 35, 2K?. 6. !. 32-37.
8E0@52 .. >25ABL >1 D0=0A88 LOG:>25,
68B5;5 A5;0 0@:>20, CG8B5;5, 8AB>@8:5-:@052545,
MB=>3@0D5. 03040=, 1992.
20=>2 .. @81K ;5A>AB5?=>3> >2>;6LO. !0@0B>2, @82>;6. :=. 874-2>, 1993.
010=>2 .!., (8H:8=0 .., "5?;O:>20 ".. 8 4@.
7CG5=85 ?@>B82>28@CA=>9 MDD5:B82=>AB8 M:AB@0:B>2, 2K45;5==KE 87 1078480;L=KE 3@81>2, 2 >B=>H5=88 28@CA0 3@8??0 ?B8F // <<C=>?0B>;>38O, 0;;5@3>;>38O, 8=D5:B>;>38O. 2009. ! 2. !. 185 186.
0?8G .., 2>74:>20 ".!., 20G520 .. 8 4@.
=B8>:A840=B=0O, @048>?@>B5:B>@=0O 8 0=B828@CA=0O
A2>9AB20 <8F5;80;L=>3> M:AB@0:B0 3@810 Laetiporus
sulphureus // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9 <8:>;>388, 2004. ".
3. !. 146.
8B09A:0O :CE=O. >A:20:  �<846 LTD�, 1992.
>20;52 ..  CAA:0O :C;8=0@8O. >A:20, -:>=><8:0, 1981.
>20;5=:> .. >@O4>: Hygrophorales. 5=8=3@04,
0C:0, 1989.
>I552 .. @81K =0 AB>;5. 5@<L: 5@<A:. :=. 8742>, 1985.
>I552 .., 0@5B=8:>2 .. 200 1;N4 87 3@81>2
!818@8. #;0=-#4M: C@OB. :=. 874-2>, 1984.


384

. . 8H=52A:89. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K

@0A=>?>;LA:0O .. 8 4@. @>B82>>?CE>;520O
0:B82=>ABL :A8;><0==0=0   =>2>3> ?>;8A0E0@840
87 <8F5;8O Ganoderma lucidum // 7CG5=85 3@81>2 2
18>35>F5=>70E: A1. <0B5@80;>2 V 564C=0@. :>=D5@5=F88 (5@<L, 7-13 A5=BO1@O 2009 3.) / ?>4 @54. ..
5@52545=F52>9, ".. 3>H8=>9, .. !B>@>65=:>.
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<0B5@80;K 2B>@>3> A5@>AA89A:>3> :>=3@5AA0 ?>
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>;LA:0O :CE=O. 0@H020: >;LA:>5 3>AC40@AB25==>5
8740B5;LAB2>, 1958.

@K;>20 .. ;N40 87 >2>I59 8 D@C:B>2. 8H8=52:
0@BO >;4>25=OA:M, 1978.

>E;51:8= .. 0F8>=0;L=K5 :CE=8 =0H8E =0@>4>2.
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C@G5=:> .. 8 4@. 5E0=87< A>@1F88 BO65;KE <5B0;;>2 3@81=K<8 <5;0=8=0<8 // #A?5E8 <548F8=A:>9
<8:>;>388. ". V: <0B5@80;K B@5BL53> A5@>AA89A:>3>
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 07C<>2 .. KAH85 1078480;L=K5 3@81K   ?@>4CF5=BK 0=B828@CA=KE A>548=5=89 // !>2@5<5==0O <8:>;>38O 2  >AA88: A1. AB. >A:20, 2008. ". 2. !. 518.

5154520 .. @81K. 03>B>2:0 8 ?5@5@01>B:0. .., >AB>@38740B, 1937.
5:0@AB25==K5 @0AB5=8O 8 8E ?@8<5=5=85. 74. 5-5,
?5@5@01. 8. 4>?. 8=A:: 0C:0 8 B5E=8:0, 1974.
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8 .9 8 4@. 5:0@AB25==K5 3@81K 2 B@048F8>==>9
:8B09A:>9 <548F8=5 8 A>2@5<5==KE 18>B5E=>;>38OE /
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5B@CE8= ./. 8DK D8==>-C3@>2. >A:20, 2003.
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